Lesson 1

Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

This chapter will deal with fluids in motion which is based on the following principles:
 The principle of conservation of mass
 The energy principle (kinetic and potential energies)
 The principle of momentum

Discharge or Flow Rate, Q

The amount of fluid passing through a section per unit time.
 Volume flow rate, Q
𝐐=𝐀𝐯
 Mass flow rate, 𝐌̇

𝐌̇ = 𝛒 𝐐

 Weight flow rate, 𝐖̇

𝐖̇ = 𝛄 Q
Where:
m3 ft 3
𝐐 = discharge in ,
s s
kg slugs
𝐌̇ = mass flow rate in ,
s s
N lbf
𝐖̇ = weight flow rate in ,
s s
𝐀 = cross − sectional area of flow in m2 , ft 2
m ft
𝐯 = mean velocity of flow in ,
s s
kg slugs
𝛒 = density in ,
m3 ft 3
N lbf
𝛄 = specific weight in ,
m3 ft 3
Fluid Flow
 May be steady or unsteady; uniform or non-uniform; continuous; laminar or turbulent;
one-dimensional, two dimensional or three dimensional; and rotational and irrotational.
Steady Flow
 This occurs when the Q passing a given cross-section is constant with time.
Unsteady Flow
 If Q at the cross-section varies with time, the flow is unsteady.
Uniform Flow
 This occurs if, with steady flow for a given length, or reach, of a stream, the average
velocity of flow is the same at every cross-section.
Non-Uniform Flow
 In the stream where the cross-sections and velocity changes, the flow is said to be non-
uniform.
Continuous Flow
 This occurs when at any time, the discharge Q at every section of the stream is the same
(principle of conservation of mass)
Continuity Equation
For incompressible fluids
𝑸 = 𝐀𝟏 𝐯𝟏 = 𝐀𝟐 𝐯𝟐 = 𝐀𝟑 𝐯𝟑 = constant
For compressible fluids
𝛒𝟏 𝐀𝟏 𝐯𝟏 = 𝛒𝟐 𝐀𝟐 𝐯𝟐 = 𝛒𝟑 𝐀𝟑 𝐯𝟑 = constant
𝛄𝟏 𝐀𝟏 𝐯𝟏 = 𝛄𝟐 𝐀𝟐 𝐯𝟐 = 𝛄𝟑 𝐀𝟑 𝐯𝟑 = constant
Laminar Flow
 The flow is said to be laminar when the path of individual fluid particles does not cross
or intersect.
 The flow is always laminar when the Reynolds number is less than (approximately)
2,100.
Turbulent Flow
 The flow is said to be turbulent when the path of individual particles is irregular and
continuously cross each other.
 Turbulent flow occurs when the Reynolds number exceed 2,100

One-Dimensional Flow
 This occurs when in an incompressible fluid, the direction and magnitude of the velocity
at all points are identical
Two-Dimensional Flow
 When the fluid particles move in planes or parallel planes and the streamline patterns
are identical.
Streamlines
 These are imaginary curves drawn through a fluid to indicate the direction of motion in
various sections of the flow of the fluid system.

ENERGY AND HEAD

 The energy possessed by a flowing fluid consists of the kinetic and potential energy.
Potential Energy
 May in turn be subdivided into energy due to position or elevation above a given datum,
and energy due to pressure in the fluid. The amount of energy per pound force or Newton
of fluid is called the head.
Kinetic Energy
 The ability of the fluid mass to do work by virtue of its velocity.
𝟏 𝟏𝐖 𝟐
𝐊. 𝐄 = 𝐌𝐯 𝟐 = 𝐯
𝟐 𝟐𝐠
𝐊. 𝐄 𝐯 𝟐
𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝 = =
𝐖 𝟐𝐠
For circular pipes of diameter D flowing full

𝐯𝟐 𝟖𝐐𝟐
= 𝟐 𝟒
𝟐𝐠 𝛑 𝐠𝐃
Elevation Energy (Potential Energy)
 The energy possessed by the fluid by virtue of its position or elevation with respect to
datum plane.
𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 = 𝐖𝐳 = 𝐌𝐠𝐳
𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲
𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝 = =𝐳
𝐖
Pressure Energy (Potential Energy)
𝐩
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 = 𝐖
𝛄
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐩
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝 = =
𝐖 𝛄
Where:
𝐳 = position of the fluid above (+) or below (−)the datum plane
𝐩 = fluid pressure

Total Flow Energy, E

Total Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energies
𝐯𝟐 𝐩
𝐄= + +𝐳
𝟐𝐠 𝛄
Power and Efficiency
 Power is the rate at which work is done.
𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 = 𝐐 𝛄 𝐄
𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲, 𝐧 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭
Note:
1 hp = 746 Watts
ft ∙ lbf
1 hp = 550
s
N∙m Joule
1 Watt = 1 =1
s s
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
 The Bernoulli’s energy theorem results from the application of the principles of
conservation of energy.

𝐄𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟏 + 𝐄𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 − 𝐄𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 = 𝐄𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟐

Energy Equation without Head Lost:

 If the fluid experiences no head lost in moving form section 1 to section 2 then the total
energy at section 1 must be equal to the total energy at section 2. The values that we
get are called ideal or theoretical values.
𝐄𝟏 = 𝐄𝟐
𝐯𝟏 𝟐 𝐩𝟏 𝐯𝟐 𝟐 𝐩𝟐
+ + 𝐳𝟏 = + + 𝐳𝟐
𝟐𝐠 𝛄 𝟐𝐠 𝛄
Energy Equation with Head Lost:
 Considering head lost, the values that we can attain are called actual values.

𝐄𝟏 − 𝐇𝐋𝟏−𝟐 = 𝐄𝟐

𝐄𝟏 = 𝐄𝟐 + 𝐇𝐋𝟏−𝟐
𝐯𝟏 𝟐 𝐩𝟏 𝐯𝟐 𝟐 𝐩𝟐
+ + 𝐳𝟏 = + + 𝐳𝟐 + 𝐇𝐋𝟏−𝟐
𝟐𝐠 𝛄 𝟐𝐠 𝛄
Energy Equation with Pump:
 Pump is used basically to increase the head. (Usually to raise water from a lower to
higher elevation).
 The input power (Pinput )of the pump is electrical energy and its output power (Poutput )
is the flow energy.
 𝐄𝟏 + 𝐇𝐀 − 𝐇𝐋𝟏−𝟐 = 𝐄𝟐

𝐯𝟏 𝟐 𝐩𝟏 𝐯𝟐 𝟐 𝐩𝟐
+ + 𝐳𝟏 + 𝐇𝐀 = + + 𝐳𝟐 + 𝐇𝐋𝟏−𝟐
𝟐𝐠 𝛄 𝟐𝐠 𝛄
𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐮𝐦𝐩 = 𝐐 𝛄 𝐇𝐀

Energy Equation with Turbine or Motor:

 Turbines or motors extract flow energy to do mechanical work which in turn converted
into electrical energy for turbines.

𝐄𝟏 − 𝐇𝐄 = 𝐄𝟐 +𝐇𝐋𝟏−𝟐

𝐯𝟏 𝟐 𝐩𝟏 𝐯𝟐 𝟐 𝐩𝟐
+ + 𝐳𝟏 − 𝐇𝐄 = + + 𝐳𝟐 + 𝐇𝐋𝟏−𝟐
𝟐𝐠 𝛄 𝟐𝐠 𝛄
𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞 = 𝐐 𝛄 𝐇𝐄
Lesson 2
Sample Problems
1. Water flows through a 75 mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 3 m/s. Find
a) The volume flow rate in m3/s and L/s
b) The mass flow rate in kg/s
c) The weight flow rate in N/s

2. What is the rate of flow of water passing through a pipe with a diameter of 20 mm and
speed of 0.5 m/s.?

3. When 0.03 m3/s of water flows through a 300-mm pipe that later reduces to 150-mm
pipe, calculate the average velocities in the two pipes.

4. A gas flows through a square conduit. At one point along the conduit, the conduit sides
are 10 cm, the velocity is 7.55 m/s, and the gas’s density is (for its particular pressure and
temperature) 1.09 kg/m3. At a second point, the conduit sides are 25 cm and the velocity
is 2.02 m/s. Find the mass flow rate of the gas and the gas’s mass density at the second
point.

5. Gas flows through a conduit as shown in figure. For the data indicated on the figure,
determine the mass flow rate of the gas and its density at section 2.

6. A 300-mm pipe carries oil of s = 0.812 at a rate of 0.111 m3/s, and the pressure at a point
A is 18.4 kPa gage. If point A is 1.89 m above datum plane, calculate the energy at A.
Lesson 3
7. Water flows through a horizontal 150-mm pipe under a pressure of 414 kPa. Assuming no
losses, what is the flow rate if the pressure at a 75-mm diameter reduction is 138 kPa?

8. If oil of s=0.752 flows in problem no.7

9. Water flows in a vertical 300-mm pipe at the rate of 0.222 m3/s. At point A in the pipe the
pressure is 210 kPa. At B, 4.57 m above A, the diameter is 600 mm, and the lost head A to
B equals 1.83 m. Determine the pressure at B.

10. The pump shown draws water from reservoir A at elevation 10 m and lifts it to reservoir
B at elevation 60 m. The loss of head from A to 1 is two times the velocity head in the 200-
mm diameter pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is ten times the velocity head in 150-
mm diameter pipe. Determine the rated horsepower of the pump and the pressure heads
at 1 and 2 in meters when the discharge is 0.03 m3/s.
Lesson 4
11. For the 50-mm-diameter siphon drawing oil (s=0.82) from the oil reservoir as shown in
figure, the head lost from point 1 to point 2 is 1.50 m and from point 2 to point 3 is 2.40
m. Find
a) The velocity in the outlet at point 3
b) The discharge of oil from the siphon and
c) The oil pressure at point 2.

12. Water enters a motor through a 600-mm diameter pipe under a pressure of 14 kPa. It
leaves through a 900-mm-diameter exhaust pipe with a pressure of 4 kPa. A vertical
distance of 2.5 m separates the center of the two pipes at the sections where the
pressures are measured. If 500 Liters of water pass the motor each second, compute
a) The extracted head
b) The power supplied to the motor.