Unite 2

1.what is white box testing and black box testing 2. discuss in details experince based testing 3. explain test case templete . desing test case for login page

White Box Testing (aka Glass Box Testing) Key Types of Experience-Based Testing: 1. Test Case ID: A unique identifier for the test case.

 What it is: Testing the inside of the application (the code). 1. Exploratory Testing: The tester explores the system freely, discovering issues as they 2. Test Case Title: A brief description of what the test is verifying.
interact with it. There’s no set script, and test cases are created on the fly based on what
 What the tester knows: The tester has access to the code and knows how the software 3. Test Objective: The goal of the test.
the tester learns.
works internally.
4. Preconditions: Any setup or environment requirements before executing the test.
2. Error Guessing: The tester uses their experience to predict areas where defects are
 Focus: Checking if the code works correctly (e.g., making sure all parts of the code run
most likely, such as known problem areas or common user errors. They then focus their 5. Test Data: Input values needed for the test (e.g., username, password).
properly).
testing on these areas.
6. Test Steps: Detailed steps for executing the test.
 Example: A tester might check if a function handles all conditions correctly, or if a loop
3. Session-Based Testing: This technique involves structured, time-boxed sessions where
runs the right number of times. 7. Expected Result: What should happen if the test passes.
the tester has a specific goal to explore during that time. After each session, they
Black Box Testing document their findings. 8. Actual Result: The outcome after the test is executed.
 What it is: Testing the outside of the application (the features and functions). Advantages: 9. Status: Pass/Fail based on the actual result.
 What the tester knows: The tester does not know anything about the code. They only  Flexibility: The tester can adapt the testing process as they uncover new information. 10. Comments: Any additional notes or observations.
know what the software is supposed to do.
 Speed: It can be faster than traditional testing since it doesn’t require detailed Example Test Case for Login Page:
 Focus: Checking if the software works as expected for the user (e.g., does the login page documentation or predefined test cases.
accept correct usernames and passwords?). Test Case ID: TC_001
 Real-World Focus: It’s often more focused on real user behavior and practical usage Test Case Title: Verify login with valid credentials
 Example: A tester might enter a valid username and password to see if they can log in rather than edge cases or theoretical scenarios. Test Objective: Ensure users can log in with valid username and password.
successfully, or test if a calculator app adds numbers correctly. Preconditions: User has a valid account.
 Uncovers Hidden Defects: It can identify bugs that formal testing might miss,
especially in complex or unclear systems. Test Data:

Challenges:  Username: [email protected]

 Inconsistent Coverage: Because it’s not scripted, there’s a risk that some parts of the  Password: ValidPassword123
application might be missed. Test Steps:

 Heavily Dependent on Tester Skill: The e ectiveness of this approach depends on the 1. Open login page.
tester's experience and intuition, so less experienced testers may not catch all potential 2. Enter username [email protected].
issues.
3. Enter password ValidPassword123.
 Lack of Documentation: Test results may not be as well-documented as in more formal
testing methods, making it harder to track defects or repeat tests. 4. Click Login.
Expected Result: User is redirected to the dashboard, and a welcome message
appears.
Actual Result: (To be filled out after execution)
Status: (Pass/Fail)
Comments: Ensure case sensitivity is tested.

 Improves user satisfaction.

 Reduces risk of failures in production.
 Increases confidence in the product's usability and functionality.
5. explain sqa plan in detail 7.explain unit testing in details 8. explain software metrics and its importance
 Introduction: Purpose, scope, and audience of the SQA plan. Key Points: Types of Software Metrics:
 SQA Objectives: Quality goals, metrics, and acceptance criteria.
 SQA Activities: Process definitions, testing strategies, code reviews, and  Purpose: To verify that each unit of the software works correctly by testing its behavior 1. Product Metrics: Measure the software’s features (e.g., size, complexity,
configuration management. with various inputs. maintainability).
 Roles and Responsibilities: Defines the roles of team members (e.g., SQA
 Scope: Focuses on small units of code (e.g., a single function or class method). 2. Process Metrics: Evaluate the development process (e.g., defect density, development
manager, testers, developers).
time).
 Testing Strategy: Details on test levels (unit, integration, system) and types  Automation: Typically automated using testing frameworks like JUnit, NUnit, pytest,
(functional, regression, performance). etc. 3. Project Metrics: Track project progress (e.g., schedule variance, resource utilization).
 Tools and Resources: Identifies tools for testing, automation, and defect tracking.
 Isolated Testing: Tests are performed on individual units, often using mocks or stubs to 4. Quality Metrics: Measure the quality of the software (e.g., defect arrival rate, test
 Risk Management: Identifies potential risks and how to mitigate them.
simulate external dependencies. coverage).
 Reviews and Audits: Code reviews, process audits, and internal/external audits.
 Quality Standards and Compliance: Adherence to industry standards (e.g., ISO, Process: 5. Performance Metrics: Evaluate system performance (e.g., response time, throughput).
CMMI) and regulatory requirements.
 Documentation and Reporting: Documentation requirements and how test results 1. Write Test Cases: Create tests for valid and invalid inputs, including edge cases. Importance of Software Metrics:
and metrics will be reported. 2. Run Tests: Execute the tests using a test framework.  Improves Software Quality: Helps identify defects and improve code quality.

6. explain bva and exquivalence partitioning 3. Analyze Results: Fix any issues if tests fail and re-run the tests.  Tracks Progress: Monitors project timelines, resources, and costs.
Boundary Value Analysis (BVA):  Facilitates Decision-Making: Provides data for informed decisions.
Advantages:
 Focus: Tests values at the edges (boundaries) of input ranges where errors are likely to
occur.  Early Bug Detection: Catch issues early in development.  Predicts Future Performance: Helps estimate future outcomes and manage risks.
 Test Cases: Include values at the boundaries and just inside/outside of them.
 Faster Debugging: Easy to debug due to isolated tests.  Supports Continuous Improvement: Identifies process ine iciencies for optimization.
Example: For an age input field (18-60):
o Boundary values: 17, 18, 59, 60, 61.  Code Quality: Encourages better code design and modularity.
Equivalence Partitioning (EP):
 Confidence in Changes: Safeguards code during refactoring. 9. WHAT IS INTEGRATION TESTING EXPLAIN IN VARIOUS TYPE
 Focus: Divides the input space into equivalence classes where values in the same
Types of Integration Testing:
class should behave similarly.
Big Bang Integration Testing:
 Test Cases: Test one value from each equivalence class (valid and invalid).
o All components are integrated at once, and the entire system is tested.
Example: For an age input field (18-60):
o Advantage: Quick setup.
o Valid class: Any value between 18-60 (e.g., 30). 7. explain validation testing and its requirement o Disadvantage: Hard to identify which integration caused errors.
o Invalid class: Age < 18 (e.g., 15) and > 60 (e.g., 70). Key Points: Incremental Integration Testing:
 Purpose: To verify that the software meets user expectations and is fit for its intended o Components are integrated and tested one by one.
purpose. o Advantages: Easier to isolate issues.
 When: Conducted after verification testing, usually during User Acceptance Testing o Disadvantages: Takes more time.
(UAT) or Beta Testing. o Top-Down: Test from top-level to lower-level modules.
 How: Involves testing with real users or stakeholders to confirm the software meets o Bottom-Up: Test from lower-level to top-level modules.
functional and non-functional requirements. Sandwich (Hybrid) Testing:
 Focus: Does the software solve the problem it was intended to solve and deliver the o Combines both Top-Down and Bottom-Up approaches.
expected value to users? Interface Testing:
Requirements for Validation Testing: o Focuses on testing the interactions between components, ensuring correct data
 Clear, complete requirements. exchange.
 User involvement for feedback. Regression Integration Testing:
 Test environment similar to production. o Ensures new changes or integrations don't a ect existing system functionality.
Benefits: Smoke Integration Testing:
 o A quick test to check if critical functionalities work after integration. Smoke testing is often integrated into CI/CD pipelines to ensure that every new
build is stable enough to proceed with further testing.

10.write short note on system testing 13. what is validation testing

10. writre short note on black box testing
Key Aspects of System Testing: Purpose: Validation testing ensures that the software meets end-user requirements and fulfills
 Functional Testing: Ensures that the software performs all required functions correctly
its intended purpose or business goals.
 End-to-End Testing: Validates the full functionality of the software, from start to finish, (e.g., verifying that a user can log in or submit a form).
as a complete unit.  Regression Testing: Verifies that new code changes have not negatively a ected existing Focus: It focuses on verifying that the right product has been built to solve the user’s problem or
 Types of System Tests: functionality. meet their needs.
o Functional Testing: Verifies that the system performs all intended functions  Acceptance Testing: Confirms that the software meets the user’s needs and
correctly. User-Centric: Validation testing checks the system’s behavior from the user’s perspective,
requirements, usually performed as User Acceptance Testing (UAT).
o Non-Functional Testing: Includes performance testing, security testing, usability ensuring it works as expected in real-world usage.
 Boundary Value Testing: Focuses on testing the boundaries or edge cases of input
testing, etc. ranges to identify any errors that occur at the limits of acceptable values. Post-Verification: It is typically performed after verification testing, which ensures the system is
 Test Environment: Conducted in an environment that mirrors the production Example: If a system accepts age between 18 and 60, test with values like 17, 18, 60, built according to the design specifications.
environment as closely as possible. and 61.
 Testing Scope: Includes all integrated components, external interfaces, and interactions Common Type - UAT: A common form of validation testing is User Acceptance Testing (UAT),
 Equivalence Partitioning: Divides input data into equivalent partitions that can be
with other systems. where actual users test the system to verify it meets their needs.
treated the same way for testing, reducing the total number of test cases.
Importance: Example: For a field accepting values between 1 and 100, you can test 1, 50, and 100 as Ensures Business Alignment: It ensures that the software aligns with business goals and
 Comprehensive Evaluation: Ensures the system meets both functional and non- representative test cases, while others are excluded. customer expectations.
functional requirements.  Smoke Testing: A basic set of tests to ensure that the critical functionalities of the
 End-to-End Verification: Verifies that all parts of the system work together smoothly. Functional and Non-Functional Testing: Validation testing includes both functional (e.g.,
application are working after a new build or deployment.
 Risk Mitigation: Identifies issues that may not have been detected in previous phases features working correctly) and non-functional aspects (e.g., performance, usability).
like unit or integration testing. Risk Mitigation: It helps identify any gaps or mismatches between the user’s needs and the
software before the product is released.

Final Test: Validation is often one of the final tests before the software is deployed, confirming
11.what is smoke testing and its benefits it’s ready for production use.
12.writre short note on white box testing
Key Characteristics:
 Basic and Shallow: Tests the core features of the system (e.g., login, main workflows) to  Unit Testing: Tests individual units or components (functions, methods, or classes) of
ensure they are functional. the software to ensure they work as expected.
 Fast Execution: Smoke tests are designed to be quick and provide immediate feedback.  Integration Testing: Verifies the interaction between di erent modules or components in
14. define software metrics and its importance
 First Step in Testing: Conducted before more exhaustive testing like functional testing or the system.
regression testing.  Code Coverage Testing: Ensures that all the code paths, branches, and conditions are Informed Decision-Making: Provides data for better decisions in development and project
Benefits: covered during testing. management.
1. Quick Identification of Critical Issues:  Path Testing: Focuses on validating di erent execution paths through the code, checking
Quality Assurance: Helps track and improve software quality (e.g., defect density, test
dentifies major, showstopper defects (e.g., crashes or missing key functionality) if every possible path is tested.
coverage).
early in the testing cycle.  Mutation Testing: Involves modifying the software’s code (mutating) to check whether
2. Saves Time: the test cases can detect errors. Process Optimization: Identifies ine iciencies and areas for improvement in the development
Ensures that more detailed tests aren’t performed on an unstable build, process.
preventing wasted e ort.
3. Prevents Wasting Resources: Risk Management: Detects potential issues early, allowing for proactive risk mitigation.
If smoke tests fail, the build is rejected, avoiding the need for time-consuming Performance Tracking: Monitors the software's performance, ensuring it meets user
testing on a broken application. expectations.
4. Confidence in the Build:
Provides developers and testers confidence that the essential functionality Predictability: Helps predict timelines, costs, and future trends in development.
works before diving into more complex tests. Continuous Improvement: Fosters ongoing improvement of both software and development
5. Supports Continuous Integration: processes.

15. Top-Down Integration Testing: 17. what is error guessing 19.exeplain state transition testing

Testing Starts at the Top: Testing begins with the high-level modules or components that perform Experience-Based Technique: Error guessing relies on the tester's experience and intuition to Based on States and Transitions: State Transition Testing focuses on how the system behaves in
core functionality. identify potential areas where defects are likely to occur in the software. di erent states and how it transitions between those states based on specific events or inputs.

Use of Stubs: Since lower-level modules may not be available initially, stubs (placeholders) are Focus on High-Risk Areas: Testers use their knowledge to focus on high-risk areas, such as States: A state is a particular condition or situation of the system, such as "Logged In," "Idle," or
used to simulate their behavior during testing. complex features, areas with recent changes, or parts of the system prone to common errors. "Error," depending on the system’s functionality.

Incremental Integration: After testing the top-level module, lower-level modules are integrated Targeting Defects: It aims to anticipate defects that may not be uncovered through formal test Transitions: Transitions are the changes from one state to another triggered by events or actions,
and tested one by one. cases, particularly those that are di icult to predict. such as clicking a button or entering data.

Early Detection of Critical Issues: Issues in the core functionality are identified early, which Supplementary Method: Error guessing is often used alongside other testing techniques (e.g., State Table/Diagram: A state table or state diagram is used to represent the di erent states,
helps in addressing critical defects sooner. functional testing, boundary value analysis) to improve test coverage. events, and transitions, helping to visualize how the system should behave under various
conditions.
Focus on System Behavior: Helps in verifying the overall system behavior and interactions Quick and E icient: It allows testers to quickly identify potential issues without needing
between high-level components. exhaustive test cases or automated tools. Test Case Design: Test cases are created to verify the correct state transitions. These test cases
ensure that the system behaves as expected when moving from one state to another.
Stub Maintenance: Requires e ort to create and maintain stubs, which may not fully replicate Subjective and Incomplete: Since it is based on the tester's intuition, error guessing can be
the behavior of the actual modules. inconsistent, and may miss defects in areas not covered by the tester’s experience. Ideal for Event-Driven Systems: It is particularly e ective for testing systems where behavior
changes based on specific user inputs or events, such as login systems or workflows.
Delayed Testing of Lower-Level Modules: Lower-level modules are tested later in the process,
which can delay identifying defects in these parts. Helps Identify Missing Transitions: This method can uncover missing, incorrect, or undefined
18. what is check list testing
state transitions, ensuring comprehensive test coverage.
Predefined List: Checklist testing uses a predefined list of tasks, conditions, or common issues
16. Bottom-Up Integration Testing to verify that essential software features or requirements are covered during testing.
20. write a note on basic path testing
Testing Starts at the Bottom: In Bottom-Up Integration Testing, testing begins with the lowest- Simple Approach: It is a simple and quick testing technique that doesn’t require the creation of
level modules (often the foundational or utility components) that perform basic tasks. detailed test cases. Focus on Control Flow: Basic Path Testing ensures that the logical flow of the program is
thoroughly tested by identifying and executing independent paths through the software.
Use of Drivers: Since higher-level modules may not be available initially, drivers (test scripts or Based on Experience: Checklists are often created based on previous project experience,
temporary code) are used to simulate the behavior of the missing higher-level modules. common defects, or best practices to ensure important areas are covered. Control Flow Graph (CFG): The process begins with creating a Control Flow Graph, where nodes
represent program statements, and edges represent the flow of control (e.g., decisions, loops).
Incremental Integration: After testing the bottom-level module, higher-level modules are E iciency: It allows for fast execution, making it ideal for smaller projects or when time is
integrated and tested one by one, progressing upward in the system. limited. Independent Paths: Test cases are designed to cover independent paths, which are unique
paths that provide new test coverage and do not repeat previously tested conditions.
Focus on Low-Level Functionality: This approach allows thorough testing of the core Ensures Key Areas Are Tested: The checklist ensures that critical functionality and known issues
functionality and smaller components first, ensuring that lower-level modules are robust before are not overlooked, such as basic requirements or common defects. Cyclomatic Complexity: The Cyclomatic Complexity metric helps calculate the number of
moving to more complex interactions. independent paths that need to be tested. It is based on the control flow graph's nodes and
Limited Coverage: While e icient, checklist testing may miss edge cases or rare issues not
edges.
Early Detection of Low-Level Issues: It helps in identifying issues in the foundational code (e.g., listed in the checklist, providing limited test coverage.
libraries, utility functions) early in the development process. Path Coverage: Basic Path Testing ensures that all possible paths, including all decisions and
Helpful for Regression Testing: It is useful for regression testing to ensure that previously fixed
loops, are tested at least once, ensuring thorough logical testing.
Driver Maintenance: Requires e ort to create and maintain drivers, which simulate the behavior defects or core features still work as expected in new releases.
of the unimplemented higher-level modules, and may not fully replicate the actual module’s ss Advantages: It helps identify logical errors, unreachable code, and issues with complex
decision-making in the program, providing a clear structure for test case design.
Delayed Testing of High-Level Modules: Higher-level features and user-facing functionality are
tested later in the process, which may delay discovering issues in overall system behavior. Disadvantages: For complex programs, the number of independent paths can grow
exponentially, leading to an increase in the number of test cases, making testing time-
consuming and di icult to manage.
 2. What is TQM 3. DEFINE SIX SIGMA

21. write a note on branch testing

Customer Focus: TQM prioritizes meeting and exceeding customer expectations, Definition: Six Sigma is a data-driven methodology for improving quality by
Focus on Decision Points: Branch Testing focuses on testing each decision point (like if ensuring that products and services consistently satisfy their needs and requirements. identifying and eliminating defects in processes, aiming to achieve near-perfect
statements or loops) to ensure that all possible branches (true and false outcomes) are performance (no more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities).
executed. Continuous Improvement: TQM promotes a culture of ongoing improvement in
all processes, systems, and products to increase quality and efficiency over time. Focus on Process Improvement: Six Sigma focuses on improving processes by
True and False Conditions: For each decision point, test cases are designed to cover both the reducing variability and defects, ensuring more consistent and efficient operations.
true and false outcomes, ensuring that all paths of execution are validated. Employee Involvement: All employees, from top management to frontline workers,
are encouraged to participate in decision-making and quality improvement DMAIC Methodology: Six Sigma uses the DMAIC approach for process
Improves Code Coverage: Branch testing increases branch coverage, a metric that measures
initiatives, fostering a sense of ownership and engagement. improvement, which stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control. This
how much of the code's branching logic has been tested.
structured method helps identify root causes of defects and implements sustainable
Simple Example: In a basic if-else statement, branch testing would require one test where the Process-Centered Approach: TQM focuses on improving and optimizing processes solutions.
condition is true (executing the if block) and another where it is false (executing the else block). to prevent defects and inefficiencies, ensuring quality is built into every step, not just
the final product. Statistical Tools: Six Sigma relies heavily on statistical analysis and data to measure
Helps Detect Logical Errors: It is useful for identifying logical errors in conditions and decision- and monitor process performance, identify problems, and validate improvements.
making, such as faulty comparisons or unexpected behavior in branching logic. Integrated System: TQM integrates quality management into all functions of the
organization, from production to customer service, ensuring that every department Roles and Structure: Six Sigma has a clear hierarchy of roles such as Green Belts,
Limited to Branches: While branch testing ensures each branch is executed, it does not
works toward common quality goals. Black Belts, and Master Black Belts, where trained experts lead projects, and
guarantee full path coverage or check for combinations of conditions, which may still leave
employees are involved in process improvements.
certain bugs undiscovered. Fact-Based Decision Making: Decisions in TQM are driven by data and metrics,
E icient and Cost-E ective: Branch testing is more cost-e ective than exhaustive path testing, using tools like Six Sigma, statistical analysis, and customer feedback to guide Goal of Near-Perfect Quality: The ultimate goal of Six Sigma is to achieve
as it focuses on key decision points rather than every possible path through the program. improvements. 99.99966% process accuracy, equating to just 3.4 defects per million opportunities,
ensuring high product and service quality.
Leadership Commitment: Successful TQM implementation requires strong
leadership to provide vision, resources, and support for quality initiatives and to
cultivate a culture of quality throughout the organization.
Unite 3

1.write s short note iso 9000 standard

Quality Management Principles: ISO 9000 is based on key principles like customer
focus, leadership, engagement of people, process approach, improvement, evidence-
based decision making, and relationship management.

ISO 9001: The most widely used standard in the ISO 9000 family is ISO 9001, which
specifies the criteria for a QMS. It focuses on ensuring consistent quality and
customer satisfaction through continual improvement.

Customer Satisfaction: The standard emphasizes meeting customer requirements

and striving to exceed their expectations by improving product and service quality.

Process-Based Approach: ISO 9000 encourages organizations to view their activities

as interconnected processes that are part of a larger quality system, aiming for
efficiency and effectiveness.

Continuous Improvement: A core concept of ISO 9000 is the commitment to

continuous improvement in all areas of the organization, ensuring that quality
management processes evolve over time.

4. EXPLAIN THE STEP OF DEFECTE MANAGEMENT PROCESS 5 LIST TYPE OF QUALITY COST 6. WRITE SHORT NOTE ON CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAMS
 Prevention Costs:
Defect Identification: The first step is recognizing and reporting a defect during Costs incurred to prevent defects from occurring in the first place. This includes  Structure: The diagram resembles a fishbone, where the "head" represents the
testing or usage. It could be identified by testers, developers, or users and is logged in activities such as quality training, process improvement, preventive maintenance, and problem or effect, and the "bones" represent the main categories of potential causes.
a defect tracking system with details such as steps to reproduce and severity. quality audits.
 Appraisal Costs:  Categories of Causes: Typically, causes are categorized into broad categories like
Defect Logging: Once identified, the defect is logged into a defect management Costs associated with measuring and monitoring quality to ensure standards are met. Man (people), Machine (equipment), Method (processes), Material (resources),
system (like Jira or Bugzilla). The log contains important information: defect This includes inspection, testing, quality audits, and the cost of quality control Measurement, and Environment. These categories help structure the analysis.
description, priority, severity, environment, and screenshots (if applicable). This equipment.
ensures proper tracking throughout its lifecycle.  Problem Identification: The diagram is used to visually represent possible root
 Internal Failure Costs:
Costs resulting from defects that are detected before the product or service reaches the causes, making it easier to identify areas that need attention and improvement.
Defect Assignment: The defect is then assigned to the appropriate team (e.g.,
customer. These include rework, scrap, and downtime due to defects found during
developer or support team) for investigation and resolution. The project manager  Brainstorming Tool: It encourages team brainstorming, bringing together multiple
production.
typically decides based on the nature of the issue, severity, and available resources. perspectives to identify all possible causes of an issue.
 External Failure Costs:
Defect Analysis: In this step, the assigned team analyzes the defect to understand its Costs incurred when defects are found after the product or service reaches the
 Root Cause Analysis: The diagram helps identify the root causes of a problem
root cause, replicating the issue and reviewing the code or system logs. This helps customer. This includes warranty claims, repairs, returns, and loss of customer
rather than just its symptoms, leading to more effective problem-solving.
determine the best solution and whether it affects other parts of the system. goodwill.
 Hidden Costs:
 Simple and Effective: It is easy to construct and use, requiring only basic
Defect Resolution: The developer or team works on applying a fix to resolve the Indirect costs that are not always easily measured but still a ect the overall quality,
information, and is effective in guiding teams to analyze and solve problems
defect. This can involve modifying the code, reconfiguring settings, or changing such as customer dissatisfaction, damage to brand reputation, and lost future business collaboratively.
business logic. Once a solution is implemented, the fix is tested to ensure the defect is due to poor quality.
eliminated.  Opportunity Costs:
Costs of missed opportunities because of focusing too much on fixing defects rather
Defect Verification: After the fix, the testing team verifies the resolution by than improving product quality or creating new opportunities for innovation and market
retesting the defect in the same environment. growth.

6.SHORT NOTE ON RUN CHART

 Definition: A Run Chart is a graphical representation that displays data points in a time-
ordered sequence to observe trends and patterns over time.
 Time-Based Analysis: The horizontal axis represents time, while the vertical axis
represents the data or measured variable, allowing for tracking of performance over a
period.
 Trend Identification: It helps identify trends, shifts, or patterns in the data, making it easy
to spot anomalies, irregularities, or sudden changes in the process.
 Simple to Create and Use: Run charts are easy to create and interpret, even without
advanced statistical knowledge, making them accessible for quality improvement
teams.
 Application in Quality Control: Run charts are commonly used in quality management to
monitor processes, detect defects, and evaluate the e ectiveness of improvements
over time.
 Helps in Decision-Making: By showing how data behaves over time, run charts provide
valuable insights that help teams make informed decisions and drive continuous
improvement.
7. WRITE IN BRIEF ANY THREE RELIABILITY METRICS 11. what is v model in software testing
9. EXPLAIN DEFECT LIFE CYCLE
 Requirements Analysis:
 New  The requirements for the software are gathered and documented in detail.
Description: This is the initial state when a defect is discovered and reported. It has not
 Corresponding Testing Phase: Acceptance Testing – The acceptance criteria for the
yet been analyzed or assigned for resolution.
system are defined, ensuring the software will meet user needs.
 Assigned
Description: After the defect is reported, it is assigned to a developer or a team for  System Design:
investigation and resolution.
 The overall system architecture and design are created.
 Open
Description: Once the defect has been acknowledged, the developer begins analyzing  Corresponding Testing Phase: System Testing – The system is tested as a whole to
the defect and works to find the root cause and solution. ensure that it functions correctly according to the specifications.
 Fixed
Description: The defect is resolved when the developer has implemented a fix for the  High-Level Design (or Architecture Design):
issue.  The high-level architecture of the system is designed.
 Retesting
Description: After the defect has been fixed, it enters the retesting phase. The testing  Corresponding Testing Phase: Integration Testing – Focuses on testing the interfaces and
team verifies if the defect has been successfully fixed without introducing new issues. interactions between di erent components or modules.
 Closed  Low-Level Design:
Description: If the defect passes the retesting phase and is confirmed to be fixed, it is
closed.  This phase breaks down the high-level design into detailed design and development of
 Reopened (Optional) individual components.
Description: If the defect reappears after being fixed (e.g., due to incomplete resolution  Corresponding Testing Phase: Unit Testing – Individual components or units of code are
or regression issues), it is reopened. tested for correctness.

10. EXPLAIN THE CONCEPT OF QUALITY  Coding:

Conformance to Requirements: Quality means meeting the specified requirements
 The actual code is written based on the design specifications.
and ensuring the product performs as expected.
Fitness for Use: The product should be suitable for the intended purpose and satisfy  Corresponding Testing Phase: After coding, the corresponding testing (e.g., unit testing)
8.HOW Using Defects for Process Improvement user needs and expectations. occurs in parallel, validating the functionality at the individual level.
Defect Data Collection: Gather detailed data on each defect, including its nature, Customer Satisfaction: A high-quality product delivers a positive experience and fulfills
severity, and occurrence. Categorize defects to identify recurring issues and prioritize customer desires and demands.
them for resolution. Consistency: Quality involves consistent performance, ensuring reliability and stability
Root Cause Analysis: Investigate the root causes of defects using techniques like 5 over time.
Whys or Fishbone diagrams. This helps identify systemic issues and prevents Defect-Free: A key aspect of quality is minimizing defects and errors, delivering a
addressing only the symptoms. product with minimal issues.
Process Mapping & Refinement: Map out the process flow to identify ine iciencies or Continuous Improvement: Quality is an ongoing process of refinement, ensuring that
bottlenecks. Use the defect data to refine and optimize the process, eliminating weak the product or service improves over time based on feedback and analysis.
spots that contribute to defects.
Corrective & Preventive Actions: Implement corrective actions to fix existing defects
and preventive measures to avoid future occurrences. Focus on process changes such
as better training or enhanced quality checks.
Early Detection (Shift-Left): Integrate quality checks earlier in the development
process (e.g., during design or coding), catching defects before they become more
costly or widespread.
Employee Involvement & Continuous Monitoring: Involve cross-functional teams in
defect analysis and process improvement. Continuously monitor defect trends to
ensure that improvements are sustained and adjust the process as needed.

12. explain the concept of testing in each phase of sdlc 14. list various methodologies of quality improverment . explinn any four
 Requirements Gathering: 13. what are software testing metrics explin di ernt type metrics  Six Sigma
Testing: Review requirements for clarity and testability.
Focus: Data-driven approach to eliminate defects and reduce process variability.
Goal: Ensure requirements are complete and unambiguous for test planning.  Test Coverage Metrics:
 Design Phase: Purpose: Measure how much of the software is tested. Method: Uses the DMAIC process: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control.
Testing: Review system designs and prepare test cases. Examples: Code coverage, requirement coverage, test case coverage.
Goal: Achieve near-perfect quality with fewer than 3.4 defects per million.
Goal: Ensure the design aligns with requirements and is testable.  Defect Metrics:
 Development (Coding): Purpose: Track the number and severity of defects.  Total Quality Management (TQM)
Testing: Unit testing by developers. Examples: Defect density, defect discovery rate, defect resolution time, defect leakage.
Goal: Test individual components to ensure they function correctly.  Test Execution Metrics: Focus: Organization-wide approach to continuous improvement and customer
satisfaction.
 Integration: Purpose: Monitor test execution progress and outcomes.
Testing: Integration testing. Examples: Test pass/fail rate, test execution progress, defect reopen rate. Principles: Customer focus, continuous improvement, employee involvement, process
Goal: Verify that di erent modules and systems work together.  Test Productivity Metrics: optimization.
 System Testing: Purpose: Measure the e iciency of testing.
Testing: System testing (functional, non-functional). Examples: Test case preparation time, test execution time, test cost. Goal: Long-term success through customer satisfaction and quality improvement.
Goal: Validate that the complete system meets requirements.  Test E ectiveness Metrics:  Lean
 Acceptance Testing: Purpose: Evaluate the e ectiveness of the testing process.
Testing: User Acceptance Testing (UAT). Examples: Defect detection percentage (DDP), defect removal e iciency (DRE). Focus: Eliminate waste and improve process e iciency.
Goal: Ensure the system meets business needs and is ready for deployment.  Test Resource Metrics: Principles: Value stream mapping, flow optimization, pull systems.
 Deployment & Maintenance: Purpose: Track the usage of resources (time, people, tools).
Testing: Post-deployment and maintenance testing (e.g., regression, performance). Examples: Test team productivity, resource allocation. Goal: Maximize value for customers by minimizing waste.
Goal: Ensure the system works in production and resolve any issues.  Test Progress Metrics:  Kaizen
Purpose: Track the overall progress of testing.
Examples: Test completion percentage, test plan adherence. Focus: Continuous, small improvements in processes.
 Customer-Related Metrics: Principles: Involve employees in identifying ine iciencies and making small,
Purpose: Focus on customer satisfaction and post-release defects. incremental improvements.
Examples: Customer-reported defects, customer satisfaction.
 Quality Metrics: o Goal: Foster a culture of ongoing improvement and employee engagement.
Purpose: Measure the overall quality of the product.
Examples: Test coverage, test execution e iciency.