Flexible AC Transmission Systems

(FACTS Devices)

Dr S. P. Gawande
Associate Editor IEEE Access, MIEEE, LMISTE, LMIE(I)
[email protected]

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur 10-July-2020

FACTS – Introduction – Unit - I

• Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) - Alternating

current transmission systems incorporating power-
electronic based and other static controllers to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer capability

Flexibility- The ability to accommodate changes in the electric

transmission system or operating conditions while maintaining sufficient
steady state and transient margins

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 10-July-2020

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AC Power System Configuration

T1 T2 T3
Generation Transmission
66 kV 11 kV
Line

400 kV
22 kV Commercial
Industrial Customer
Customer
Domestic
Subtransmission Line Customer

Distribution
System
Renewable Energy
Sources (PV/Wind)

• To Improve the Power handling capability of the Transmission line

• To compensate Power quality problems
• To stabilize the system against renewable energy systems

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 10-July-2020

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Technical Solutions
T1 T2 Custom Power Devices
Generation Transmission
Line 11 kV/400-440 V

66 kV
22 kV T3 Commercial
FACTS Devices
Industrial Customer
Customer
Domestic
Subtransmission Line Customer

Distribution
System
Renewable Energy
Sources (PV/Wind) Smart Loads

• In order to utilize the full capacity of cheaper resources, the

transmission facility needs to be upgraded
• Alternatives are-
 Construct a new line in parallel
 Modify the parameters of the line that control the power flow
over the line
• Use of Custom power devices
• Implementation of smart grid technologies
Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 10-July-2020

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Transmission Interconnections

• To pool the load centers and power plants in order to minimize the
total power generation capacity and fuel cost.
• It takes the benefit of diversity of load, availability of sources and
fuel prices in order to supply electricity to the loads at minimum cost
with required reliability.
• To improve the transmission capability to reduce the generation
resources and cost of generation.

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 10-July-2020

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Impacts of Transmission Interconnections and improved
Transmission Capability

• The Power system becomes increasingly more complex.

• Power System will become less secure for riding through major outages.
• The large power flow with inadequate control capability.
• Excessive reactive power flows in various parts of the power systems.
• Large dynamic swings between different parts of the systems.
• Full potential of Transmission interconnections can not be utilized.

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 13-July-2020

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Benefits of FACTS Devices/Controllers/Technology
• Increase controllability and improve the power handling
capability of Transmission system by maintaining system
stability.
• Conversion, Control and Conditioning.
• It Increase / control of power transmission capacity in a line
• Improvement of system transient stability limit
• Enhancement of system damping .
• Mitigation of sub-synchronous resonance (SSR).
• Alleviation of voltage instability.
• Limiting short circuit currents .
• Improvement of HVDC converter terminal performance .
• Load Compensation.
• Grid Integration of Renewable Power Generation Systems.
• To improve the transmission capability to reduce the
generation resources and cost of generation.
Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 13-July-2020

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FACTS Devices
FACTS Family (Devices)

Shunt Series Series-Shunt Series-Series

Controllers Controllers Controllers Controllers

Unified Power
Static
Thyristor Flow Controller
Synchronous GTO Controlled
Switched Series Series Capacitor (UPFC)
Series
Compensator Capacitor (GCSC)
STATCOM (Static (TSSC)
(SSSC)
Compensator)
Interline Power Multifunctional
Thyristor Flow Controller Interline Power
Static VAR (IPFC) Flow Controller
Controlled Series
Compensator (IPFC)
Capacitor
(SVC)
(TCSC)

Thyristor Thyristor Fixed Capacitor- Thyristor Thyristor Switched

Switched Reactor Controlled Thyristor Switched Capacitor-Thyristor
(TSR) Reactor (TCR) Controlled Capacitor (TSC) Controlled Reactor
Reactor (FC- (TSC-TCR)
TCR)
Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 13-July-2020

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Different Limits of Power Flow
• Thermal Limit :

Thermal limit decides the overall

limit of on the amount of the power carried
by the conductor.
Thermal Limit of Transmission line
is a function ambient temp, wind conditions,
conductor conditions and ground clearance
Thermal Limit is the amount of
current passing through the conductor.
The current limit is decided by the
cross-sectional area of the conductor,
however, Insulators decides the voltage
rating of the conductors.

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 13-July-2020

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AC Transmission System

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 13-July-2020

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TWO generator Transmission system

The power flow over the transmission Line is

VSVr
P Sin(1   2 )
XL
(  1   2 )
VSVr
P Sin 
XL

The power flow can be control by controlling

1. Voltage (either at sending / receiving end)
2. Line Reactance
3. Sending end or Receiving end phase Angle

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 13-July-2020

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Transmission Line Flexibility

How to improve Voltage ?

1. Using Tap Changing Transformer
2. Using Shunt Capacitor
3. Using Series Injected Voltage in Phase
How to decrease line reactance ?
1. Using Series Capacitor
2. By Injecting voltage in quadrature with Line current
How to Improve Phase Angle ?
1. By injecting voltage in quadrature with either sending end voltage or
receiving end voltage
2. By injecting voltage in quadrature with line current
3. By injecting voltage in phase with line current.
4. By injecting voltage at any arbitrary angle with sending/receiving end
voltage
Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 13-July-2020

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 Improving Voltage of Transmission Line
Using Tap Changing
Transformer
Vs   1 V seff  V S  Vinj Vr   2

Tap Changing
Transformer
Using Shunt
By injecting a voltage
Capacitor
V s  1 Vr  2 in series with line

Vs   1 V inj Vr   2

V s e ff  V 1  V in j
Cshunt
V seff  V S  V inj

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 13-July-2020

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 Improving Voltage of Transmission Line

Vs1 
Vr  2  Vseff  V S  Vinj 
P(MW)

Tap Changing Vinj V2

Pmax 
Transformer X

Cshunt   90  0

VSeff VR
P2  sin 
X
Uncompensated Power VV
P1  S R sin 
X
V V
P  P1  S r Sin
X
Compensated Power
  300   900   1800

Vseff Vr Load Angle, δ (Degree)

Peff  P2  Sin
X

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 13-July-2020

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Decreasing Transmission Line Reactance

Using Series Capacitor

Vs1 S Vr  2

XC XL

S1 S2 S3
Injecting Voltage in in quadrature
with line current
XC1 XC2 XC3
Vs   1 V inj Vr   2

V seff  V S  V inj

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 15-July-2020

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Improvement in Phase Angle

Vs1 Vr  2
Vinj

Vseff  V S  Vinj

• Injecting voltage in quadrature with the sending/receiving end

voltage
• Injecting voltage such that Vs = Vseff
• Injecting Voltage in quadrature with the Line current
• Injecting voltage at any angle wrt sending end/receiving end
voltage except in phase.

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 20-July-2020

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 Improving Voltage using Tap changing Transformer/Shunt capacitor

Vs1 Vseff  V S  Vinj

Vr  2
P(MW)
VSeff Vr
Tap Changing X Pmax 
XL
Transformer

Cshunt
  90  0

Vinj Pmax 
V V
S
X L
  90 
r 0

Vs VSeff VR
P2  sin 
IlineX X
VR VV
P1  S R sin 
X
Iline new
VSeff
Iline

δ   300   900   1800

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 20-July-2020

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 Improving Voltage by injecting voltage in phase with sending end

Vs1 Vr  2 P(MW)
Vinj X
VSeff Vr
Pmax 
XL

Vseff  V S  Vinj   90  0

Vinj Pmax 
V V
S
X L
  90 
r 0

Vs VSeff VR
P2  sin 
IlineX X
VR VV
P1  S R sin 
X
Iline new
VSeff
Iline

δ   300   900   1800

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 20-July-2020

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 Improving Voltage by injecting voltage in phase with receiving end

Vs1 Vr  2
X Vinj
P(MW)

VReff  V R  Vinj Pmax 

V S V reff
X

Vs Vinj
Pmax 
VS Vr
XL

  900 
IlineX
VS Vreff
VR P2  sin 
X
Iline new
VV
Vreff P1  S R sin 
X
Iline

δ
  300   900   1800

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 20-July-2020

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 Decreasing Reactance Using Series Capacitor

Vs1 S Vr  2
XL VSVr
Puncomp  Sin
XL
XC Iline
VSVr
Pcomp  Sin
Virtual Bus
I2 XC
(X L  XC )
VSeff

I2 XL
VSeff Vs  XC  K XL
I1 XL
VR VSVr
Pcomp  Sin
(X L  K X L )
VSVr
Iline Pcomp  Sin
X L (1  K )
δ
Where, K = Degree of Compensation

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 20-July-2020

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 P(MW)

4VsVr
Pmax 
XL
( Xc  0.75 X L )

Vs1 S Vr  2 Pmax 
2VsVr
XL XL
( Xc  0.5 X L )

XC Iline
VsVr
Virtual Bus Pmax 
VSeff XL
VSVR
P1  sin 
X

VSVr
Pcomp  Sin
X L (1  K )
  300   900   1800
Load Angle, δ (Degree)
Uncompensated
Depending on Degree of Compensation Power Changes
Compensated (XC = 0.5 XL)

Compensated (XC = 0.75 XL)

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 20-July-2020

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 Decreasing Reactance by injecting voltage in
quadrature with Line current

Vs   1 V Vr   2
inj XL
VSVr
Puncomp  Sin
I XL
V seff  V S  Vinj
VSVr
Pcomp  Sin
K IX
L I XL (X L  XC )
IXc (1-K)
I XL  XC  K XL
VSeff Vs
I XL VSVr
VR Pcomp  Sin
(X L  K X L )
VSVr
Iline Pcomp  Sin
X L (1  K )

δ Where, K = Degree of Compensation

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur 20-July-2020

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 P(MW)

4VsVr
Pmax 
XL
( Xc  0.75 X L )
Vs   1 V Vr   2
inj XL

2VsVr
I Pmax 
XL
V seff  V S  Vinj ( Xc  0.5 X L )

VsVr
VSVr Pmax 
Pcomp  Sin XL

X L (1  K ) P1 
VSVR
X
sin 

OR
Vseff Vr
Pcomp  Sin(   )   300   900   1800
XL Load Angle, δ (Degree)
Uncompensated

Depending on Degree of Compensation Power Changes Compensated (XC = 0.5 XL)

Compensated (XC = 0.75 XL)

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 20-July-2020

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 Improving Phase Angle by injecting voltage in quadrature with
sending end

V s  1 VSeff Vr 2
V in j XL

Iline
  90 0
Vseff
Vinj
  90 0 I XL
Vinj Vs IXL
Vs
VR VR
Vseff Inew
I I

   

 

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur 22-July-2020

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Improving Phase Angle by injecting voltage in quadrature with
sending end
V s  1 VSeff Vr 2
XL

V in j Iline

VSVR
P(MW) Puncomp  sin 
X

Vseff VR
Pcomp  sin(   )
X Vseff VR
Pcomp  sin(   )
X

    90
Load Angle, δ (Degree)

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 22-July-2020

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 Improving Phase Angle by injecting voltage such that Vs = Vseff

V s  1 VSeff Vr 2
XL

VSVR
P(MW) Puncomp  sin 
V inj Iline XL

Vseff VR
Pcomp  sin(   ) Vseff VR
X Pcomp  sin(   )
 0
V 2 X
  900  90
 Sin(   )
2 I XL XL V2
 Sin(   )
Vs XL
 VR
2

Vinj I

Vseff
2
      90
Load Angle, δ (Degree)



Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 22-July-2020

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Improving Phase Angle by injecting voltage in quadrature with current

V s  1 VSeff Vr 2
XL P(MW)

Vseff Vr
Iline = I1 Puncomp 
XL
V in j
VsVr
Vinj Pmax_ uncomp 
XL
VSeff Vs Vseff Vr
I1 XL Pcomp  Sin(   )
VR XL
VSVR
Puncomp  sin 
 X
Iline
 
δ    900   1800
Load Angle, δ (Degree)

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 22-July-2020

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Improving Phase Angle by injecting voltage arbitrarily w.r.t. Vs
V s  1 VSeff Vr 2
V in j XL
In ∆ ABC

Vseff 2  Vs 2  V pq 2  2 Vs V pq cos(1800   )
Vs Iline = I1
C Vseff  Vs 2  V pq 2  2 Vs V pq cos(1800   )
VSeff  Inew X Similarly
Vinj L
B V pq Vseff

sin  sin(1800   )
18

Vs VR
0
0

I1XL


 The Transmitted Power is

Iline
  Vseff Vr
Pcomp  sin(   )
δ XL

A
Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 22-July-2020

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 P(MW)

Pmax_xc2

Pmax_xc1
Pmax_xc0

Pmax 2 2VsVr
Pmax 
Pmax1 XL
Pmax 0
V V
P  S R sin(   )
X V V
P  S R sin  Pmax2  Pmax1  Pmax
X

   900   1800
Load Angle, δ (Degree)

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 22-July-2020

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 Expression for Active and Reactive Power ( w.r.t. receiving end )

Vs1 Vr  2  Vr 0
XL
1 2 From the given phasor, We have

I S S I PR  V I cos 
 VR I R cos  R
I R R  I R XCos R  VS sin  
VS VR as a Reference V sin   
 VR s  I Cos  VS sin  
X  R R 
 X 
V V sin 
 S R if VS  VR 
IR X X
I R XCosR
R
VS Cos VS sin  
V2
 VR P sin 
R X
I R XSinR
I IR
VS Cos  VR 

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 22-July-2020

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 Vs1 Vr  2  Vr 0
XL
1 2 From the given phasor, We have
QR  V I sin  R
I S S I  VR I R sin  R
 I R X sin  R  VS cos   VR 
I R R  VS cos   VR  
 VR   

VS cos   VR 
VS VR as a Reference  X   I R sin  R  
 X 
V V cos  VRVR
 S R  if VS  VR 
X X
IR X V 2 cos  V 2
I R XCosR  
R X X
VS Cos VS sin  
V2
 VR QR  cos   1
R X
I R XSinR
I IR
VS Cos  VR 

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 22-July-2020

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 Expression for Active and Reactive Power ( w.r.t. Sending end )
Vs1 Vr  2  Vr 0
XL
1 2
From the given phasor, We have

I
I S S
VS as a Reference I S X sin  S
(VS  Vr cos  )
VS

?
Is X

os
RC

S
V

I S X coss
 s
V2
(VR sin 
P sin 
VR X

I Is

Department of Electrical Engineering YCCE, Nagpur Dr. S. P. Gawande 22-July-2020

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Thank You ?