1. What are the different components present in IOT?
i. Devices/Sensors: These are the physical objects equipped with sensors and actuators that collect data from the environment (e.g., temperature sensors, smart thermostats, cameras). ii. Connectivity: This component refers to the communication technologies used to connect devices to the internet or to each other. Common methods include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks. iii. Data Processing: Once data is collected, it needs to be processed. This can occur on the device itself (edge computing) or in the cloud, where more extensive computing resources are available. iv. User Interface: This allows users to interact with the IoT system. It can include mobile apps, web dashboards, or other forms of user interfaces that display data and allow for user control. v. Cloud/Backend Services: These services manage data storage, processing, and analysis. They provide the infrastructure for data management and are essential for scalability. 2. What are the characteristics of IOT system? i. Connectivity: Devices are connected to the internet or local networks, enabling communication and data exchange. ii. Automation and Control: IoT systems can automate tasks and provide remote control over devices, improving efficiency and convenience. iii. Data Collection and Analysis: Sensors and devices collect data, which is processed and analysed for insights, enabling informed decision-making. iv. Scalability: IoT systems can easily scale by adding more devices without significant changes to the existing infrastructure. v. Real-time Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of devices and environments allows for immediate responses to changing conditions. vi. Security: Protecting data and devices from unauthorized access and cyber threats is crucial in IoT systems. 3. What are the different functional block of an IOT system? Sensor/Actuator Block Sensors: These are responsible for collecting data from the environment, such as temperature, humidity, light, and motion. They serve as the entry point for data into the IoT system. Actuators: These components perform actions based on the data received, such as turning on lights or adjusting machinery Connectivity Block This block facilitates communication between IoT devices and the internet or other devices. It includes various communication protocols such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks Data Processing Block After data is collected by sensors, it is processed in this block. This involves filtering noise, converting raw data into a usable format, and performing analytics to derive insights or trigger actions Application Block This component utilizes the processed data to deliver specific services or insights to users. Applications can range from smart home controls to industrial monitoring systems Security Block Ensuring the security of an IoT system is crucial. This block manages authentication, authorization, and data encryption to protect against unauthorized access and data breaches Management Block: This block oversees the overall operation of the IoT system, including device configuration, firmware updates, and performance monitoring. It helps in managing resources efficiently
4. What is the significance of Request response communication
model? Request & Response Model – This model follows a client-server architecture. ➢ The client, when required, requests the information from the server. This request is usually in the encoded format. ➢ This model is stateless since the data between the requests is not retained and each request is independently handled. ➢ The server Categories the request, and fetches the data from the database and its resource representation. This data is converted to response and is transferred in an encoded format to the client. The client, in turn, receives the response. ➢ On the other hand — In Request-Response communication model client sends a request to the server and the server responds to the request. When the server receives the request it decides how to respond, fetches the data retrieves resources, and prepares the response, and sends it to the client.
5. What is the significance of representational State transfer?
rest communication? Representational State Transfer (REST) is a software architectural style that's important for web development because it helps to create high-quality applications that are scalable, performant, and simple: Simplicity REST builds on existing internet features and systems, rather than creating new ones. Scalability REST's separation of concerns makes it easier to implement components and tune applications for improved performance. Performance REST's layered architecture promotes caching to reduce latency and enforce security. Interoperability RESTful systems are easy to integrate into various systems. Uniform interface REST's uniform interface makes it easy to use, even if you don't know the inner workings of an application. Stateless REST's stateless communication protocol means that each interaction doesn't interfere with the next. REST is commonly used to build web-based APIs, or Application Programming Interfaces, that enable communication and data exchange between software systems. REST APIs are used for a variety of purposes, including data retrieval, modification, integration, and automation 6. What Is published subscribe communication model? It is a model of comprises of three. (Publisher, consumer and Broker): Publishers are the source of data. It sends the data to the topic which is managed by the broker. They are not aware of consumers.
Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by
the broker.
Brokers' responsibility is to accept data from publishers
and send it to the appropriate consumers. The broker only has the information regarding the consumer to which a particular topic belongs which the publisher is unaware.
7. What is push pull communication model?
The push-pull model constitutes data publishers, data
consumers, and data queues.
Publishers and Consumers are not aware of each other.
Publishers publish the message/data and push it into the
queue. The consumers, present on the other side, pull the data out of the queue. Thus, the queue acts as the buffer for the message when the difference occurs in the rate of push or pull of data on the side of a publisher and consumer.
Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the
producer and consumer. Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations where there is a mismatch between the rate at which the producers push the data and consumers pull the data.
8. Exclusive pair communication model?
Exclusive Pair is the bi-directional model, including full-
duplex communication between client and server. The connection is constant and remains open till the client sends a request to close the connection.
The Server has the record of all the connections which has been opened.
This is a state-full connection model and the server is aware
of all open connections.
WebSocket-based communication API is fully based on this
model.
9. What Is IOT security and what are the types of IOT
security?
This block secures the IoT system and by providing
functions such as authentication, authorization, message and content integrity, and data security.
10. What Is the architecture of ZigBee network?
Zigbee builds on the physical layer and media access control
defined in IEEE standard 802.15. 4 for low-rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs).
11. What Is the advantage and disadvantages of WIFI
as a communication protocol in IOT system?
Advantages of Wi-Fi in IoT Systems
High Data Rate: Wi-Fi offers high data transfer rates,
making it suitable for applications requiring real-time data transmission, such as video surveillance or remote control of devices.
Wide Availability: Wi-Fi infrastructure is widely available
in homes and public spaces, reducing the need for additional network setup.
Cost-Effective: Wi-Fi is a relatively inexpensive
technology, especially when considering the cost of cellular connectivity. Easy Installation: Wi-Fi devices are easy to set up and configure, making it a convenient choice for many IoT applications.
Disadvantages of Wi-Fi in IoT Systems
Limited Range: Wi-Fi signals are susceptible to
interference and have a limited range, making it unsuitable for devices deployed in remote or outdoor areas.
Power Consumption: Wi-Fi devices consume more
power than other wireless technologies like Zigbee or BLE, which can be a significant drawback for battery-powered devices.
Security Concerns: Wi-Fi networks can be vulnerable to
hacking and cyberattacks, making it essential to implement strong security measures to protect IoT devices.
Network Congestion: In densely populated areas, Wi-Fi
networks can become congested, leading to slower data transfer rates and increased latency.
12. What is the difference between wired and
wireless network in IOT communication?
S.No Wired Network Wireless Network
A wired network employs “Wireless” means without wire, media
wires to link devices to the that is made up of electromagnetic 1. Internet or another waves (EM Waves) or infrared waves. network, such as laptops or Antennas or sensors will be present desktop PCs. on all wireless devices
Hub, Switch, etc. devices Wireless routers, access points, etc.
8. are used are used.
13. What is RPL protocol and what is the significance
of RPL protocol?
RPL (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks)
is a routing protocol for wireless networks that are susceptible to packet loss and have low power consumption. It's designed to support a variety of link layers, including those with limitations or that are used in devices with limited resources.
14. What Is the ibv4 and ibv6 addressing and what
are the disadvantages?
IPv4 IPv6
IPv4 has a 32-bit address
IPv6 has a 128-bit address length length
It Supports Manual It supports Auto and renumbering and DHCP address address configuration configuration
In IPv4 end to end, connection In IPv6 end-to-end, connection integrity
integrity is Unachievable is Achievable IPv4 IPv6
It can generate The address space of IPv6 is quite large
4.29×10 9 address space it can produce 3.4×10 38 address space
The Security feature is IPSEC is an inbuilt security feature in the
dependent on the application IPv6 protocol
Address representation of IPv4 Address representation of IPv6 is in
is in decimal hexadecimal
15. What are the 3 main power sources use in IOT
device?
The three main power sources for Internet of Things (IoT)
devices are batteries, solar panels, and thermoelectric effect power:
Batteries
The most common power source for IoT devices, with
lithium-ion batteries being a popular choice.
Solar panels
A mature technology that uses the sun's ultraviolet rays to
generate electricity.
Thermoelectric effect power
Can be used when there's no vibration or mechanical
energy, and there's a hot surface nearby. Semiconductor devices harvest the waste heat from the hot surface and convert it into electrical power.
16. What are the characteristics of RFID?
Radio frequency identification (RFID) has several
characteristics, Here I discuss about some of these.:
Unique identification Each RFID tag has a unique serial number that can't be cloned, allowing for product authenticity verification.
Automatic reading
RFID tags can be read automatically in large numbers
without the need to scan each item individually.
Reading without line of sight
RFID tags can be scanned without being visible, even if
they're in closed boxes or hard-to-reach places.
Data storage
RFID tags can store several kilobytes of information,
including process and inspection history
17. What is RFID technology?
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless
technology that uses radio waves to identify objects, people, or animals. RFID systems are made up of two parts: a tag and a reader. The reader emits radio waves and receives signals back from the tag.
18. What are the characteristics of wireless sensor
network?
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have many
characteristics, including:
• Power efficiency: Nodes are battery-powered and have
limited power capacity. WSNs are designed to maximize network lifetime by being energy efficient. • Fault tolerance: WSNs should be able to maintain network functionality even if some nodes fail. • Scalability: WSNs should be able to manage large numbers of nodes. • Responsiveness: WSNs should be able to adapt to changes in the network topology. • Communication failures: WSNs should be able to quickly inform the base station if a node fails to communicate with other nodes. • Heterogeneity: WSNs typically use different types of sensors and nodes, each with different capabilities. • Security: WSNs are vulnerable to security threats like eavesdropping, jamming, and spoofing. • Interference: WSNs may have trouble communicating in environments with a lot of wireless activity. • Reliability: WSNs should be able to function consistently and accurately in all conditions
19. What are the different wireless sensor network
tropology?
Here are some different wireless sensor network topologies:
• Bus topology
A node sends a broadcast message to the network, but only
the intended recipient processes it. This topology is easy to install but works best with a limited number of nodes.
• Star topology
Sensor nodes are connected to a central node, which acts as
a coordinator. This topology is commonly used in personal area networks.
• Mesh topology A common topology for wireless sensor networks. A home monitoring network may use a self-healing mesh topology.
• Hybrid topology
Nodes are divided into clusters, and each cluster is managed
by one or more cluster heads. This is an effective method for saving energy
20. How IOT correlates with cloud services?
The Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing are
closely related technologies that work together to improve efficiency and productivity across many industries:
Data storage
Cloud computing provides a centralized, scalable, and
flexible way to store and retrieve the large amounts of data generated by IoT devices.
Data processing
Cloud computing provides the computational power needed
to process IoT data in real-time, which can lead to data- driven decision making.
Security
Cloud-based solutions can help enhance security for IoT
