Table 2 depicts the summery of the proposed meta atom. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett (2016).

ess Propag Lett (2016). DOI: 10.1109/

The unit cell presented negative index characteristics for z- LAWP.2016.2624757.
directions wave propagations at 8.40 GHz (X-band) and 12. D. Smith, D. Vier, T. Koschny, and C. Soukoulis, Electromagnetic
12.07 GHz (Ku-band). Whereas, the estimations of the permit- parameter retrieval from inhomogeneous metamaterials, Phys Rev E
71 (2005), 036617.
tivity, permeability and refractive index at 8.40 GHz are 26.41
dB, 253.44 dB, 220.70 dB and at 12.07 GHz are 212.10 dB,
C 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
24.97 dB, 28.80 dB, respectively.
A comparative characteristics of the anticipated structure with
respect to the previously reported literature is provided in Table PIN-DIODE BASED SWITCHABLE
3. It is noticed that the designed meta atom is only 9 3 9 mm2 MULTIBAND DUAL FEED
and have 5.81 GHz bandwidth that is larger than the mentioned MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
references. Besides it is applicable for tri (C-, X-, Ku) bands
applications and effective medium ratio is 5 that means compact Gaurav Upadhyay and Vijay Shanker Tripathi
in size, flexible, etc.; In addition, Ref [8,10] were compact in Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Motilal
Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad 211004, India;
size but they were only applicable for X-band and bandwidth
Corresponding author: [email protected]
were one third than the proposed meta atom structure. Similarly,
Ref. [7] was applicable for the dual band operations, whereas the
Received 13 November 2016
bandwidth and effective medium ration was less than the pre-
sented meta atom. Moreover, Ref. [9] bandwidth enlarged only
42.9% and but applicable for the S-, C-, and X-band operations. ABSTRACT: In this article, a switchable coplanar linearly polarized
multiband microstrip patch antenna is proposed and analyzed. This
antenna can be used in many modern wireless communication systems
6. CONCLUSION
like ITS, WLAN, WiMAX, Direct broadcast satellite etc. The antenna is
In this article, we experimentally and numerically demonstrate a loaded with two PIN-diodes. Proposed antenna has two patches that are
single layer negative index meta atom. The structure is excited by two microstrip feeds to operate in frequency 3 to 20 GHz
designed, simulated and analyzed by CST Microwave Studio. bands. The induced current can be changed by switching the diodes,
This structure can achieve multi-bands and negative indexes at resulting in different operating frequency bands. The measured and sim-
microwave frequency band. The designed structure provides ulated results are in good comparison with each other. The impedance
5.81 GHz (from 7 to 12.81 GHz) wide bandwidth in the major bandwidth of proposed antenna is up to 25% and a peak gain of 8 dB.
C 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:1454–
V
portion of C- and X-band. These design also explained by
1460, 2017; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI
inductive-capacitive circuit, where the inductive effect shifted
10.1002/mop.30563
resonances towards the lower frequency and capacitive effects
shifted resonances towards the higher frequency band. However,
Key words: microstrip patch antenna; multiband antenna; PIN-diode;
the experimentally results and compact size reported that these switchable
design can be used in long distance telecommunications for
C-band, satellite communications for X- and Ku-band.
1. INTRODUCTION

REFERENCES Currently, wireless communication devices have become smaller

and functionally diverse owing to increasing demand and
1. D.R. Smith, W.J. Padilla, D.C. Vier, S.C. Nemat-Nasser, and S.
Schultz, Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeabil-
advancements in technology for VLSI, signal processing, com-
ity and permittivity, Phys Rev Lett 84 (2000), 4184–4187. puting and communication [1]. So, modern wireless devices
2. D. Vrba, D.B. Rodrigues, J. Vrba, and P.R. Stauffer, Metamaterial require an antenna that has multiband and switching capabilities.
antenna array for improved uniformity of microwave hyperthermia Switching capability makes a single antenna useful for different
treatments, Electromagn Res 156 (2016), 1–12. applications operating at different frequency bands. A number
3. P.T. Bowen, A. Baron, and D.R. Smith, Theory of patch-antenna of switchable antennas have been developed for wireless devi-
metamaterial perfect absorbers, Phys Rev A 93 (2016). ces, cell phones, radars and satellite communication systems [2].
4. K. Li and P. Rizzo, Experimental parametric analysis of an energy To have switching capability between frequencies, use of PIN-
harvester based on highly nonlinear solitary waves, Intell Mater Syst diodes is suggested in the literature. An annular slotted antenna
Struct (2016), 1–10.
is presented that uses PIN-diodes to reconfigure the impedance
5. M. Miniaci, A. Krusynska, F. Bosia, and N.M. Pugno, Large scale
matching and to modify radiation pattern [3]. An equilateral-
mechanical metamaterial as seismic shields, N J Phys 18 (2016), 083041.
6. C. Caloz and P. Montreal, Tomorrow’s metamaterials: Manipulation triangular patch antenna with switchable resonant frequency is
of electromagnetic waves in space, time and spacetime, Phys Opt presented for dual frequency by using PIN-diodes and a pair of
(2016). slits in triangular patch [4]. A reconfigurable antenna is pre-
7. M.M. Hasan, M.R.I. Faruque, S.S. Islam, and M.T. Islam, A new sented using the L-shaped slot, lumped capacitors, and PIN-
compact double-negative miniaturized metamaterial for wideband diodes for wireless devices [5]. A reconfigurable antenna for
operation, Materials 9 (2016), 830. USPCS/WCDMA/m-WiMAX/WLAN is presented using a fine-
8. P. Liu, S. Yang, A. Jain, Q. Wang, H. Jiang, J. Song, T. Koschny, tuning varactor and PIN-diodes [6]. For wireless communication
C.M. Soukoulis, and L. Dong, Tunable meta-atom using liquid metal a monopole patch antenna with ultra-wideband operation is pre-
embedded in stretchable polymer, J Appl Phys 118 (2015), 014504.
sented using electromagnetic band-gap structure loaded with
9. M.I. Hossain, M.R.I. Faruque, S.S. Islam, and M.T. Islam, Sub
PIN-diodes [7]. For WLAN/WiMAX applications, a CPW-fed
wavelength operating metamaterial for multiband applications,
Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58 (2016). antenna with an E-shaped strip inside C-shaped radiating
10. S.H. Liu, L.X. Guo, and J.C. Li, Left-handed metamaterials based elements is presented [8]. A reconfigurable patch antenna using
on only modified circular electric resonators, J Mod Opt (2016). dual feed ports with four polarization states is presented using
11. M.R.I. Faruque, M.M. Hasan, and M.T. Islam, Wideband 908 only two PIN-diodes switches [9]. For cognitive radio, a
azimuthal miniaturized meta atom with left-handed characteristics, frequency-reconfigurable monopole antenna is proposed using

1454 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 6, June 2017 DOI 10.1002/mop
 Figure 1 The schematic structure of proposed antenna

specifications. Results and discussion are covered in Section 3.

PIN-diodes with wide tuning range [10]. A PIN-diode loaded
Section 4 concludes the vitals of the current proposed design.
frequency reconfigurable antenna is presented for mobile appli-
cations [11,12]. With low specific absorption rate and high gain
2. ANTENNA DESIGN SPECIFICATION
a reconfigurable beam steering patch antenna using U-slot is
presented for wireless headset applications [13]. For WiMAX The schematic structure of proposed antenna shown in Figure 1
and WLAN applications, a single layer structure including circu- is designed on substrate having dielectric constant 2.2 and thick-
lar disc and four PIN-diodes is presented [14]. A PIN-diode ness of 1.57 mm. The antenna is excited by two symmetric
loaded, E-shaped frequency reconfigurable patch antenna is microstrip feeding lines. The coupling length of the slot is
reported for medical applications [15]. Multiband antenna for reduced when diode is in On-state. There are two slotted square
ITS application is reported [16]. patches with the different dimensions and shapes, one is similar
Various shapes of the excitation slots to be used in micro- to H-shaped patch and other is similar to square ring slotted
strip patch antenna such as open stubs, slot loop, and slots for interdigital structure shaped patch.
capacitive and inductively coupling are presented [17]. The Two similar PIN-diodes D1 and D2 (Infineon BAR64-04),
return loss along with front-to-back radiated power ratio is also are loaded in the excitation slot with a diode resistance of 0.85
investigated for these shapes. X and a diode reverse capacitance of 0.23 pF. To reduce the
In this article, switchable multiband microstrip patch antenna, coupling length of the slot, the PIN-diodes are inserted in the
loaded with two PIN-diodes, with a dimension of 96 3 96 3 excitation slot. Diodes essentially behave as short circuits to
1.57 mm3 is proposed and fabricated on microstrip substrate reduce the length of the slot in the On-state and the length of
Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (tm). Section 2 gives the antenna design coupling slot remains unchanged in the Off-state [18].

TABLE 1 Antenna Parameters (in mm)

Parameter H W1 3 l1 W1 3 l2 W3 3 l3 W4 3 l4 W5 3 l5 W6 3 l6 W7
Value 3 96 3 96 64 3 64 32 3 32 3 3 25 3 3 48 10 3 28 9

Parameter W8 W9 G1 G2 G3 l7 l8 l9
Value 19 6 1 1.5 0.5 1 29 3

Parameter l10 W10 l11 W11 W12 l12 D1 D1

Value 5 14 3.5 13 2 12

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 6, June 2017 1455
Figure 2 (a) Photograph of fabricated antenna when diodes are loaded close to port 1 (b) when diodes are loaded close to port 2. [Color figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

In designing antenna, a square ground plane and a 1.57mm slot with the dimension of W10 3 l10 mm2 and two slots with
thickness (H) substrate W1 3 l1 mm2 with dielectric constant equal length and width of W11 3 l11 mm2. Structural parameters
2.2 is used, a slotted square ring interdigital structure patch with and dimensions of the proposed antenna are given in Table 1.
the dimension of W2 3 l2 mm2 and the square inner path looks The fabricated hardware of the proposed antenna is shown in
like H-shape with the dimension of W3 3 l3 mm2. Microstrip Figures 2(a) and 2(b). The proposed antenna is implemented in
inset feeding with the dimension of W4 3 l4 mm2 and micro- microstrip technology on a 1.57-mm-thick Rogers RT/duroid
strip coupled feed with the dimension of W5 3 l5 mm2. 5880 (tm) substrate with er 5 2.2 and tan d 5 0.0009. The anten-
Eighteen vertical slots having equal width and length of W12 3 na is fed by a 50-X microstrip line. When the PIN-diodes are in
l12 mm2 are etched from square ring patch and two other slots On-state, the circuit is drawing a 60 mA of currents. High fre-
are etched with equal length and width of W6 3 l6 mm2. Next, quency structure simulator (HFSS) v15 is used for designing
three slots are etched from the inner square patch in which one and simulation of the proposed antenna structure [19]. Measured
results of proposed antenna are discussed in next section.

Figure 3 Measured and simulated reflection coefficient at (a) port 1, Figure 4 Measured and simulated reflection coefficient at (a) port 1,
and (b) port 2, when diodes are in On-state. [Color figure can be viewed and (b) port 2, when diodes are in Off-state. [Color figure can be viewed
at wileyonlinelibrary.com] at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

1456 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 6, June 2017 DOI 10.1002/mop
TABLE 2 Results of Return Loss at Port 1 and Port 2 When Diodes are Close to Port 1

Port Diode State Resonant Frequency No. of Bands

At Port 1 D1 On f1 5 4.73, f2 5 5.93, f3 5 7.16, f4 5 9.43, f5 5 11.08, f6 5 13.30, and f7 5 16.85 GHz 7
D2
D1 Off f1 5 4.8, f2 5 5.95, f3 5 7.25, f4 5 9.43, f5 5 11.05, f6 5 13.3, and f7 5 16.80 GHz 7
D2
At Port 2 D1 On f1 5 3.43, f2 5 6.00, f3 5 8.13, f4 5 11.57, f5 5 15.02, and f6 5 18.68 GHz 6
D2
D1 Off f1 5 3.85, f2 5 5.73, f3 5 8.10, f4 5 11.55, f5 5 15.05, and f6 5 18.67 GHz 6
D2

Figure 5 Measured and simulated reflection coefficient at (a) port 1 when diodes are in On-state, (b) port 2 when diodes are in On-state, (c) port 1
when diodes are in Off-state, and (d) port 2 when diodes are in Off-state. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

and f6 5 18.68 GHz with return loss (S22) 238, 224.8, 213,
3.1. When Diodes are Loaded Close to Port 1 224.73, 217, and 231.9 dB, respectively as shown in Figure
The reflection coefficients of proposed antenna when diodes are 3(b). In this case measured results at port 1 show 10 dB
loaded close to port 1 are shown in Figures 3 and 4. Figure 3 return loss bandwidth as 50 MHz (4.70–4.75 GHz), 450 MHz
shows the return-loss when both the diodes are in On-state. (5.70–6.15 GHz), 50 MHz (7.15–7.20 GHz), 50 MHz (9.40–
The measured usable resonant frequencies achieved at port 1 9.45 GHz), 1650 MHz (10.25–11.90 GHz), 800 MHz (12.90–
are f1 5 4.73, f2 5 5.93, f3 5 7.16, f4 5 9.43, f5 5 11.08, 13.70 GHz), and 4300 MHz (14.70–19 GHz), and at port 2,
f6 5 13.30, and f7 5 16.85 GHz with return loss (S11) 212, 150 MHz (3.35–3.50 GHz), 600 MHz (5.70–6.30 GHz), 450
215, 214.2, 217.25, 222, 216.3, and 241.18 dB, respective- MHz (7.90–8.35 GHz), 650 MHz (11.25–11.90 GHz), 1350
ly as shown in Figure 3(a), and at port 2 the resonant frequen- MHz (14.35–15.70 GHz), and 2650 MHz (17.35–20 GHz)
cies are f1 5 3.43, f2 5 6.00, f3 5 8.13, f4 5 11.57, f5 5 15.02, respectively.

TABLE 3 Results of Return Loss at Port 1 and Port 2 When Diodes are Close to Port 2

Port Diode State Resonant Frequency No. of bands

At Port 1 D1 On f1 5 3.60, f2 5 6.78, f3 5 9.08, f4 5 13.15, f5 5 15.33, and f6 5 17.55 GHz 6
D2
D1 Off f1 5 4.70, f2 5 6.58, f3 5 8.56, f4 5 9.5, f5 5 13.13, f6 5 15.35, and f7 5 17.5 GHz 7
D2
At Port 2 D1 On f1 5 6.33, f2 5 8.07, f3 5 9.43, f4 5 11.6, f5 5 14.8, and f6 5 18.55 GHz 6
D2
D1 Off f1 5 3.85, f2 5 6.4, f3 5 8.03, f4 5 9.5, f5 5 11.6, f6 5 14.8, and f7 5 18.55 GHz 7
D2

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 6, June 2017 1457
 (14.35–15.75 GHz), and 2650 MHz (17.35–20 GHz) respective-
ly. The operating frequency bands for this case are shown in
Table 2.

3.2. When Diodes are Loaded Close to Port 2

The reflection coefficients of proposed antenna when diodes are
loaded close to port 2 are shown in Figure 5. Figure 5(a) and
5(b) shows the measured reflection coefficient versus frequency
when both diodes are in On-state. At port 1 the usable resonant
frequencies are f1 5 3.60, f2 5 6.78, f3 5 9.08, f4 5 13.15, f5 5
15.33, and f6 5 17.55 GHz with return loss (S11) 212.5, 214.6,
222, 219.2, 224.6, and 214.8 dB, respectively as shown in
Figure 5(a) and at port 2 the resonant frequencies are f1 5 6.33,
f2 5 8.07, f3 5 9.43, f4 5 11.6, f5 5 14.8, and f6 5 18.55 GHz
with return loss (S22) 217.5, 213, 213.5, 230, 217.5, and
216 dB, respectively as shown in Figure 5(b).
In this case the measured results at port 1 show 10 dB return
loss bandwidth as pencil beam 3.60 GHz, 150 MHz (6.70–
6.85 GHz), 840 MHz (8.66–9.50 GHz), 500 MHz (12.90–
13.40 GHz), 750 MHz (14.95–15.70 GHz), and 1900 MHz
(16.60–18.50 GHz), and at port 2, 150 MHz (6.25–6.40 GHz),
150 MHz (8.00–8.15 GHz), 60 MHz (9.40–9.46 GHz), 700
MHz (11.25–11.95 GHz), 900 MHz (14.35–15.25 GHz), and
2900 MHz (17.10–20 GHz) respectively.
The measured results when both diodes are in Off-state are
shown in Figures 5(c) and 5(d). The resonant frequencies
received at port 1 are f1 5 4.70, f2 5 6.58, f3 5 8.56, f4 5 9.5,
f5 5 13.13, f6 5 15.35, and f7 5 17.5 GHz with return loss (S11)
221, 218.6, 216.2, 225, 215.2, 225 and 213.8 dB, respec-
tively as shown in Figure 5(c) and at port 2 the resonant fre-
quencies are f1 5 3.85, f2 5 6.4, f3 5 8.03, f4 5 9.5, f5 5 11.6,
f6 5 14.8, and f7 5 18.55 GHz with return loss (S22) 221,
212.3, 212.2, 212.3, 230, 218.8 dB, and 216.8 dB, respec-
tively as shown in Figure 5(d).
In this case, the measured results at port 1 show 10 dB
return loss bandwidth as pencil beam 4.70 GHz, 150 MHz
(6.50–6.65 GHz), 550 MHz (8.25–8.80 GHz), 300 MHz
(9.35–9.65 GHz), 550 MHz (12.85–13.40 GHz), 800 MHz
(14.95–15.75) and 1800 MHz (16.60–18.40 GHz), and at port 2,
pencil beam (3.85 GHz) 100 MHz (6.35–6.45 GHz), 150 MHz
(7.95–8.10 GHz), 100 MHz (9.45–9.55 GHz), 700 MHz (11.25–
11.95 GHz), 900 MHz (14.35–15.25 GHz), and 2900 MHz
(17.10–20 GHz) respectively. The operating frequency bands for
Figure 6 Measured radiation patterns of proposed antenna at (a) this case are shown in Table 3.
4.8 GHz, (b) 5.95 GHz, (c) 6.58 GHz, and (d) 8.03 GHz. [Color figure In the proposed antenna, multiband frequencies are obtained.
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] The common usable resonant frequencies at port 1(S11) and port
2 (S22) are achieved because both the diodes are loaded between

Figure 4 show the measured reflection coefficient when both

diodes are in Off-state. Measured resonant frequencies are
achieved at port 1 are f1 5 4.8, f2 5 5.95, f3 5 7.25, f4 5 9.43,
f5 5 11.05, f6 5 13.3, and f7 5 16.80 GHz with return loss (S11)
221.6, 219.8, 230, 216, 222.5, 217.5, and 240.15 dB,
respectively as shown in Figure 4(a) and at port 2 the resonant
frequencies are f1 5 3.85, f2 5 5.73, f3 5 8.10, f4 5 11.55,
f5 5 15.05, and f6 5 18.67 GHz with return loss (S11) 212, 217,
215.5, 225.5, 216, and 231.9 dB, respectively, as shown in
Figure 4(b). In this case measured results at port 1 show 10 dB
return loss bandwidth as 100 MHz (4.75–4.85 GHz), 440 MHz
(5.70–6.20 GHz), 100 MHz (7.20–7.30 GHz), 50 MHz (9.40–
9.45 GHz), 1600 MHz (10.25–11.85 GHz), 600 MHz (13.00–
13.60 GHz), and 4300 MHz (14.65–18.95 GHz), and at port 2,
narrow band (3.85 GHz), 50 MHz (5.70–5.75 GHz), 300 MHz Figure 7 Measured gain of proposed multiband antenna. [Color figure
(7.95–8.25 GHz), 700 MHz (11.20–11.90 GHz), 1400 MHz can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

1458 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 6, June 2017 DOI 10.1002/mop
 Figure 8 Current distribution of proposed antenna at (a) 4.8 GHz and (b) 5.9 GHz. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

two patches and make a common circuit. There exists high cou- 8dB. Figure 8 shows the surface current distribution of the
pling due to interdigital structure and strong coupling between proposed antenna.
the feed line and patch. The slot in inner patch also produces Figures 9(a) and 9(b) show the isolation level between two
multi-frequency band. ports of proposed antenna when the diodes are close to port 1,
Figure 6 shows the measured characteristics of far-field radi- the isolation in On-state and Off-state of diodes is higher than
ation patterns in E-plane and H-plane of the proposed multiband 11 dB for the operating frequency bands.
antenna. Anechoic chamber was used for measuring the radia-
tion patterns of proposed antenna. Some distortions in far-field 4. CONCLUSION
radiation pattern are due to of imperfection in anechoic chamber A switchable dual-fed multiband antenna for multiple applica-
setup. The measured radiation patterns show that the antenna is tions is designed and fabricated. Two hardware fabrications for
linearly polarized. The measured peak realized gains of pro- both the cases of diodes are given in Figure 2. The antenna is
posed antenna is shown in Figure 7. The measured peak gain is controlled by using two symmetric PIN-diodes that makes it
switchable. The usable resonant frequencies of the antenna can
be adjusted by setting PIN-diodes Off or On. Isolation for all
operating frequency bands is higher than 11 dB. Maximum gain
is achieved 8 dB and bandwidth obtained is up to 25%.

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C 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MIMO systems [7,9]. Many approaches have been used to
V
achieve high isolation between antenna elements, while keeping
the electrical size of the antenna small, by utilizing decoupling
COMPACT UWB MIMO ANTENNA WITH structures as DGS [5]. Another approach was presented in Ref.
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REJECTION CHARACTERISTICS tion loss lower than 215 dB decoupled by two stubs separated
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Ahmed A. Ibrahim,1,2 Jan Machac,3 and Raed M. Shubair4,5 The main advantage of CPW fed antenna [10] is its simplici-
1
Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minya, UAE;
Corresponding author: [email protected]
ty for integration with microwave circuits. However, the CPW-
2
Institute of Micro- and Sensor Systems, University of Magdeburg, fed antenna occupies a large area. The asymmetric coplanar
Magdeburg, Germany strip (ACS) used instead of CPW reduces the overall antenna
3
Department of Electromagnetic Field, Czech Technical University in size to about one half of the CPW-fed antennas [11].
Prague, Technicka 2, Prague 166 27, Czech Republic This article presents a two-element UWB MIMO antenna
4
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Khalifa University,
UAE with notched-band response and with a compact size. The anten-
5
Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachetts Institute of na consists of two semi-elliptical radiating elements fed by ACS
Technology, USA to achieve the bandwidth allocated for UWB applications which
ranges from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, with more than 218 dB measured
Received 11 November 2016 insertion loss through the entire UWB frequency range, without
using decoupling structures between the elements. Simulations
done in the CST Microwave Studio verified the behavior of the
ABSTRACT: This article presents a compact size asymmetric CPW
designed UWB MIMO antenna and are fully in conformity with
strip-fed UWB two-element MIMO antenna, with notched-band behavior.
The single-antenna element of the MIMO configuration is composed of a
measurements of the fabricated antenna specimen.
semi-elliptical patch radiator with asymmetric ground plane. The
notched-band behavior of the proposed antenna is achieved by inserting 2. UWB MIMO ANTENNA CONFIGURATION
a simple folded stub to the patch radiator. This stub achieves the desired Figure 1 shows the layout of presented antenna designed on
single stop-band from 3.3 to 3.9 GHz for WIMAX. The two-antenna ele- FR4 substrate 1.6 mm in thickness and with permittivity equal
ments are placed orthogonally to achieve pattern diversity which leads to 4.4. To achieve 50 X characteristic impedance of the feeding
to an improved MIMO system performance and enhances the isolation
ACS line, the ACS structure with a single strip 3 mm in width
between elements without using any decoupling structures. The antenna
and gap distance 0.3 mm is used. The two-antenna elements are
has dimensions of 50 3 28 mm2. The edge-to-edge distance between
antenna elements is 0.15k0 at 3 GHz. The proposed antenna is designed, composed of semi-elliptical patch radiator with simple folded
simulated, fabricated, and tested. Results show that the two-antenna ele- stub to achieve notched-band features. The two antenna ele-
ments operate at frequencies ranging from 2.8 to 11.5 GHz with return ments are put orthogonally, so one element is horizontally excit-
loss lower than 210 dB and insertion loss lower than 218 dB. The per- ed, and the other is vertically excited, to achieve the desired
formance of the MIMO antenna diversity characteristics were verified diversity behavior. The ACS ground has a small curvature that

1460 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 6, June 2017 DOI 10.1002/mop