15.1 Reliability Studies

ETAP Workshop Notes
Reliability Analysis
Theoretical Concepts:
Need for Reliability Studies:
The fundamental planning in system planning is the correct determination of reserve capacity. Too low
a value means excessive interruption, while too high a value results in excessive costs. The greater the
uncertainty regarding the actual reliability of any installations, the greater is the investment cost wasted.
System behaviour is stochastic in nature and therefore it is logical to consider that the assessment of
such systems should be based on techniques that respond to this behaviour i.e. probabilistic techniques.
Definition of Reliability:
Probability whether a device does its task adequately in the given intended time, for a particular
operation (given operating conditions) with adequate performance. It therefore is a function of time.
Fig 1.1 Bath-Tub curve

ETAP Workshop Notes
The factors that affect the system reliability studies are:
1. Failure rate: The failure rate of a component at time (t) is the probability of a component
failing at time (t) if the component is still functioning at time (t).
2. Failure intensity: It is the anticipated number of times an item will fail in a specified time
period, given that it was as good as new at t=0 and is functioning at time t. In ETAP, the failure
rate per year  of which there are two rates, a Active Failure Rate and p Passive Failure
Rate.
3. Failure density: It is defined as the probability per unit time that the component experiences
its first failure at time t, given that the component or system was operating at time (t) =0.
4. Mean time to failure (MTTF): It is the expected time the component will take to fail from the
state of being healthy.
5. Mean time to repair (MTTR): It is the expected time the component will take for a failure to
be repaired.
6. Availability of a component: Probability that the component or system is operating at time t,
given that it was operating at time (t) = 0.
7. Unavailability of a component: Probability that the component or system is not operating at
the time t, given that it was operating at time (t) =0.
For the ease of understanding the system and conducting the reliability studies, the system is reduced
and studied under the following configurations:
1. Series Configuration: A system whose subsystem or components form a series network. For the
system to fail, only 1 components/subsystem needs to fail.
 For a series system consisting on ‘n’ identical components, as the component reliability
increases, the system reliability also increases.
 However for a system reliability decreases as the number of identical series
components increases.
2. Parallel Configuration: A system whose subsystem or components form a parallel network. For
the system to fail all the components /subsystem must fail.
 For a parallel system consisting of ‘n’ components, as the number of components
increases (in parallel connection), reliability increases.
 However, increasing the number of components increases:
 Weight
 Cost
 Volume of the system
 Required maintenance.
ETAP Workshop Notes
(A) (B)
Fig: (A) Series System Configuration (B) Component reliability v/s system reliability
graph
(A) (B)
Fig: (A) Parallel System Configuration (B) Component reliability v/s system
reliability graph.
The formulae required are:
a is the active failure in (failures/year)
p is the passive failure in (failure/year)

MTTR is the mean time to repair in hours
s or i is the overall or net failure/year

Us is the overall annual system outage in hours/year
rs =Us /s. Overall System Outage Rate (Comprising many components in series)
sis the Overall System Failure Rate per year.

The basic formulae for series and parallel system are discussed in the next section.
ETAP Workshop Notes
FUNCTION & FORMULAE
For series elements
For parallel elements

(general)
ETAP Workshop Notes
For 2 parallel elements
For 3 parallel elements
Unavailability (FOR) Availability
𝜆
U=
𝜆+µ
ETAP Workshop Notes
Below table shows ETAP default values of the parameters for Grid, CB, Bus, Transformer and cable defined
above.
a in p in ri = MTTRi in
Component
Failures/year Failures/year
hours
GRID 0.643 0 2
CB 0.003 0.0045 50
BUS 0.001 0 2
Transformer 0.015 0 200
Cable 0.02 0.02 25
CASE 1:
1) Drag and drop Grid, CB and bus as shown below (default values as per Table1)
2) Go to Reliability Assessment module and click on Study Case and check the following options.
3) Run Reliability Assessment.

ETAP Workshop Notes
4) Change from the display option to view Average Outage Duration (hours) or Annual Outage
Duration (Hours/year) and select Buses, Sources and Load Points in order to view the complete
results.
ETAP Workshop Notes
5) ETAP results are found to match with the excel results shown below:
ETAP Workshop Notes
CASE 2:
1) Connect as shown below.

ETAP Workshop Notes
ETAP Workshop Notes
4) ETAP results are found to match with the excel results shown. (In the excel factor for passive
failure is zero for all outgoing CBs).
ETAP Workshop Notes
CASE3-1: WITHOUT FORCED REPLACEMENT TIME
ETAP Workshop Notes
Average Outage Duration (hr)
Annual Outage Duration (hr/yr)

ETAP Workshop Notes
failure is zero for all CBs except the 1st link i.e. for CB91, CB92, CB93 & CB94 p is 0).
ETAP Workshop Notes
CASE 3-2: WITH FORCED REPLACEMENT TIME
1) Go to transformer, click on Reliability page and check availability of replacement with a

faster repair time (because of easily replaceable spare or a changeover switch).
2) Run Reliability Assessment. It can be noted that the results are different from Case 3-1 since,
the lowest of the repair times are taken to compute rs (overall outage time in hours)
ETAP Workshop Notes
failure is zero for all CBs except the 1st link i.e. for CB91, CB92, CB93 & CB94 p is 0).
ETAP Workshop Notes
CASE 3-3: WITH ALTERNATIVE SUPPLY TIME LESS THAN MTTR

failure is zero for all CBs in the 1st link i.e. CB90, CB95 & CB96).
ETAP Workshop Notes
CASE 3-4:

failure is zero for all CBs in the 1st link i.e. CB90, CB95 & CB96).
ETAP Workshop Notes
CASE4:
2) Run Reliability Assessment
3) ETAP results are found to match with the excel results shown. (Results for Bus 32)
ETAP Workshop Notes
Length 30 km
For Bus 32 1 year= 8760 hours
CASE 4
Factor for λ
 a in  p in N ET  i in ri = MTTRi
Component  i * ri
Failures/year Failures/year
λ afactor λ pfactor Failures/year in hours
GRID U6 0.643 0 1 1 0.643 2 1.286

CB29 0.003 0.0045 1 1 0.0075 50 0.375
BUS31 0.001 0 1 1 0.001 2 0.002
O/g CB34 0.003 0.0045 1 1 0.0075 50 0.375
Cable1 0.6 0.6 1 1 1.2 25 30
BUS 33
0.001 0 1 1 0.001 2 0.002
(terminal box)
T4 0.015 0 1 0 0.015 200 3
O/g CB35 0.003 0 1 0 0.003 50 0.15
Bus32 0.001 0 1 1 0.001 2 0.002

n
 i
i
i
i .r i
1.879 35.192
(failures/year) failure-hours/year
Calculated value ETAP results

Overall systemfailure=NET λi=λs in failure/year 1.879 1.879
Overall annual system outage (hours/year)=Us 35.192 35.19
Overall outage time (system rs i.e., MTTR) in hours=Us/λs 18.72911123 18.8
4) ETAP results are found to match with the excel results shown. (Results for Bus 33)
For Bus 33 1 year= 8760 hours
CASE 4
Factor for λ
 a in  p in N ET  i in ri = MTTRi
GRID U6 0.643 0 1 1 0.643 2 1.286

CB29 0.003 0.0045 1 1 0.0075 50 0.375
BUS31 0.001 0 1 1 0.001 2 0.002
O/g CB34 0.003 0.0045 1 1 0.0075 50 0.375
Cable1 0.6 0.6 1 1 1.2 25 30
BUS 33
0.001 0.0045 1 1 0.0055 2 0.011
(terminal box)
T4 0.015 0 1 0 0.015 200 3

O/g CB35 0.003 0 1 0 0.003 50 0.15
Bus32 0.001 0 1 1 0.001 2 0.002

n
 i
i
i
i .r i
1.8825 35.199

Overall outage time (system rs i.e., MTTR) in hours=Us/λs 18.69800797 18.7
ETAP Workshop Notes
CASE 5: SINGLE AND DOUBLE CONTINGENCY
Cut-sets are considered here for performing the Single Contingency and Double
Contingency calculations.
The following circuit can be considered as three cut-sets as shown below:
Cut-set 1: series
Cut-set 2: parallel
Cut-set 3: series
For Single Contingency only the series cut-sets are considered, while for Double
Contingency, both series and parallel cut-sets are considered.
ETAP Workshop Notes
1) Connect as shown below and keep the CB41 in the open condition.
2) Single contingency and double contingency for the above circuit will be discussed.
Single Contingency
a. Go to Reliability Assessment module and click on Study Case and check the
following options.
ETAP Workshop Notes
b. Run Reliability Assessment
c. Excel results
ETAP Workshop Notes
Single contingency
Length 30 km
1 year= 8760 hours
CASE 5
Factor for λ
 a in  p in N ET  i in ri = MTTRi in
λ afactor λ pfactor
Failures/year Failures/year Failures/year hours
GRID U6 0.643 0 1 1 0.643 2 1.286

CB29 0.003 0.0045 1 1 0.0075 50 0.375
BUS34 0.001 0 1 1 0.001 2 0.002
O/g CB37 0.003 0.0045 1 1 0.0075 50 0.375
Cable2 0.6 0.6 1 1 1.2 25 30
BUS 36 (terminal box) 0.001 0 1 1 0.001 2 0.002
T5 0.015 0 1 1 0.015 200 3
O/g CB38 0.003 0.0045 1 1 0.0075 50 0.375
Bus 35 0.001 0 1 1 0.001 2 0.002

n
i
i
i
i .r i
1.8835 35.417

Overall outage time (system rs i.e., Rp) in hours=Us/λs 18.80382267 18.8
Double contingency
For computation of double contingency, the above circuit has been divided into 3 sections:
1) Upper series section

a) Circuit
b) Excel
ETAP Workshop Notes
Double contingency
Upper series section 1 year= 8760 hours

CASE 5
Factor for λ
 a in  p in N ET  i in ri = MTTRi in
λ afactor λ pfactor Failures/year hours
GRID U6 0.643 0 1 1 0.643 2 1.286

CB42 0.003 0.0045 1 1 0.0075 50 0.375
BUS39 0.001 0 1 1 0.001 2 0.002
CB43 0.003 0.0045 1 0 0.003 50 0.15
CB 44 0.003 0.0045 1 0 0.003 50 0.15

n
i
i
i
i .r i
0.6575 1.963
Calculated value
Overall systemfailure=NET λi=λs in failure/year λs1 0.66
Overall annual system outage (hours/year)=Us Us1 1.96
Overall outage time (system rs i.e., Rp) in hours=Us/λs Rp1 2.9856
2) Middle parallel section

a) Circuit
b) Excel
ETAP Workshop Notes
Double Contingency
Middle trafo parallel section
Length 30 km 1 year= 8760 hours
 p in Factor for λ
 a in N ET  i in ri = MTTRi in
Component Failures/yea  i * ri
λ afactor λ pfactor
Failures/year Failures/year hours
r
GRID U6 0.643 0 1 1 0.643 2 1.286

CB29 0.003 0.0045 1 1 0.0075 50 0.375
BUS34 0.001 0 1 1 0.001 2 0.002
O/g CB37 0.003 0.0045 1 1 0.0075 50 0.375
Cable2 0.6 0.6 1 1 1.2 25 30
BUS 36 (terminal
0.001 0 1 1 0.001 2 0.002
box)
T5 0.015 0 1 1 0.015 200 3
O/g CB38 0.003 0.0045 1 1 0.0075 50 0.375
Bus 35 0.001 0 1 1 0.001 2 0.002
n

n
i
i
i
i .r i
1.216 33.002
λ1 λ2 Up1 Up2 R1 R2 R1 R2
failure/year hours/year Years Hours
1.2160 1.2160 33.0020 33.0020 27.1398 27.1398 0.0031 0.0031
λp 0.0092
Rp 13.5699
Up 0.1243
3) Lower series section

a) Circuit
b) Excel
Double contingency
Lower series section 1 year= 8760 hours

CASE 5
 a in  p in Factor for λ
N ET  i in ri = MTTRi
Component Failures/y Failures/y  i * ri
ear ear
CB 38 0.003 0.0045 1 0 0.003 50 0.15

BUS35 0.001 0 1 1 0.001 2 0.002
CB 41 0.003 0.0045 1 0 0.003 50 0.15
n
  .r
n
i
i i
i i
0.007 0.302
Calculated value
Overall systemfailure=NET λi=λs in failure/year λs2 0.007
Overall annual system outage (hours/year)=Us 0.302
Us2
Overall outage time (system rs i.e., Rp) in hours=Us/λs Rp2 43.143
ETAP Workshop Notes
4) Results of double contingency of Overall circuit
Note: the circuit breaker CB41 has to be kept closed while performing the double
contingency test.
Excel results
Units Upper series section Middle trafo parallel section Lower section Overall system results
Failurs/year λs1 0.66 λp 0.0092 λs2 0.007 0.674
Houys/year Us1 1.96 Up 0.1243 Us2 0.302 2.389
Hours Rp1 2.99 Rp 13.5699 Rp2 43.143 3.547

15.1 Reliability Studies

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ETAP Workshop Notes

Fig 1.1 Bath-Tub curve

The formulae required are:

a is the active failure in (failures/year)

p is the passive failure in (failure/year)

s or i is the overall or net failure/year

sis the Overall System Failure Rate per year.

For series elements

For parallel elements

For 2 parallel elements

For 3 parallel elements

Unavailability (FOR) Availability

3) Run Reliability Assessment.

1) Connect as shown below.

3) Run Reliability Assessment.

1) Connect as shown below.

Average Outage Duration (hr)

Annual Outage Duration (hr/yr)

1) Go to transformer, click on Reliability page and check availability of replacement with a

1) Go to transformer, click on Reliability page and check availability of replacement with a

1) Go to transformer, click on Reliability page and check availability of replacement with a

2) Run Reliability Assessment

GRID U6 0.643 0 1 1 0.643 2 1.286

Calculated value ETAP results

GRID U6 0.643 0 1 1 0.643 2 1.286

T4 0.015 0 1 0 0.015 200 3

Calculated value ETAP results

The following circuit can be considered as three cut-sets as shown below:

b. Run Reliability Assessment

GRID U6 0.643 0 1 1 0.643 2 1.286

Calculated value ETAP results

1) Upper series section

Upper series section 1 year= 8760 hours

GRID U6 0.643 0 1 1 0.643 2 1.286

2) Middle parallel section

GRID U6 0.643 0 1 1 0.643 2 1.286

3) Lower series section

Lower series section 1 year= 8760 hours

CB 38 0.003 0.0045 1 0 0.003 50 0.15

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