Table of Contents

Course Overview …..………………………………………………………………………………..

First Session …………………………………………………………………………….………….

Introduction to Robotics world ………………………………………………………………………………….

Robotics Competitions ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Part One of Pieces Name (Motors-Brain-Sensor) …………………….………………………….………….

Building Structure ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

5 Mins Bot (PDF) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

Free Wheel VS Movement Wheel …………………………………………………………………………….

Second Session …………………………………………………………………………….….……

Symmetry and Stability Concepts ………………………………………………………….………………….

Part Two of Pieces Name (Beams-Pegs-Axels-Wheels) …………………………….………………………

Riley Rover Robot (PDF) ……………………………………………………………….……………………….

How to manage the Free Wheel (180° – 360°) …………………………………………………….…………

Third Session ………………………………………………………………………………….…....

Practice on Symmetry ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Mass - Weight and Force Concepts …………………………………………………………………………..

Driving Base3 Robot (PDF) …………………………………….………………………………...……………

Part Three of Pieces Name (Bushing-Cross Blocks) …………………………………..……………………

Fourth Session ………………………………………………………………………………….…...

Friction Concept ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Rotation, Degree Concepts …………………………………………………………………………………….

Enterprise Robot (PDF) ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Fifth Session ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Gears ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Speed VS Torque …………………………………………………………………………………………………

Free Design ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Sixth Session …………………………………………………….……………………………………

Free Design with Limitations ……………………………………………………………………………………..

“The Age of Robots is already here.”

(David Lane, university professor)

1
Courses Overview. (Robotics using Lego Educational EV3 Kit)
What it is Lego EV3 Kit?
Lego Mindstorms EV3 (Evolution 3) is the Third-Generation robotics kit in Lego's Mindstorms line and
it’s the latest generation after Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0 Kit

What Lego Mindstorms EV3 Kit Includes?

- Two Large Servo Motor - One Medium Servo Motor.
- Two Touch Sensor.
- Ultra-Sonic Sensor.
- Color Sensor.
- Infrared Sensor.
- New Gyro Sensor
- The Ev3 Programmable Brick
- 550+ Bricks.

Courses Description
This course is designed for (7-12) years old students, and divided to three levels: -

Level One: Design Level

Level Two: Programing Level

Level Three: Skills Level

Let’s start with Level One: Design Level, 18hrs (3hrs*6Sessions)

They will learn in this level:
- Introduction to Robotics
- What the difference between Robots and Human Body?
- The Mechanical Principles and how to build a robot in a right way
- They will learn the Engineering Concepts like (Stability – Symmetry – Motion – Force – Weight – Speed – Mass – Friction
– Pressure - Torque)
- Lego Mindstorms EV3 Kit’s Pieces Name
- The concept of (Free Wheel and Movement Wheel)
- Concepts of Rotation and Degree and how to measure it
- What does sensor mean, and its different kinds?
- How to connect any sensor to their robot?
- Different kinds of wheels and how choose the right one for your robot?
- How to make a virtual robot using LDD Software

Level Two: Programming Level, 18hrs (3hrs*6Sessions)

They will learn in this level:
- What does programming means/Codes/Blocks?
- How to write a Code
- What it is Lego EV3 Software and its different pallets
- How to measure an Angle / Rotation
- What’s the difference between Rotation and Degree?
- How to program their robot to move forward or backward?
- How to check the port view
- Gears Concepts
- Get the different readings from their robot’s sensors
- Make a robot turn around itself for limited time
- Let the robot avoid an obstacle

Level Three: Skills Level, 18hrs (3hrs*6Sessions)

In this level they will take a Competition’s playground to solve a specific mission by making a Robot and program it according to the
mission,

They must to know its rules and being divided into teams, so each one will work together on their
competition and by the end of this level, the coach will decide which team won.

2
In This Course you will need to download: -
- Lego Digital Designer Software (https://www.lego.com/en-us/ldd)
- Lego Mindstorms EV3 Software (https://education.lego.com/en-us/downloads/mindstorms-ev3/software#downloads)

What will they learn by the end of this course?

- They will know how to build a robot using Lego Mindstorms EV3 in a professional way
- Know the Engineering / Mechanical / Programming Concepts
- How to program their robots using Lego Mindstorms EV3 Software
- They will be able to let their robot solve a maze playground by programming it
- They will learn the line tracking concept and how to implement it

3
 Design Level
First Session
Introduction to Robotics World
- What do you know about robots?
A Robot is a programmable machine by a computer, can do complex action
automatically, Robots may be constructed on the lines of Human form / Cars or even
Animals form to perform a specific task and it can be controlled by a computer program
or electronic circuitry also

- Comparison between Robots and Human Body.

Features Robots Human Body

Coordination Great Precision Limited Eye Coordination

Adaptivity Limited, Depends on design High

Accuracy Designed to exceed Human Scales Limited

Elements Mechanicals Systems, depends on electricity or Much more complex such as bones,
programming muscles, organs, joints and skin

And then, Comparison between the Human’s Senses and Robots

How they walk

How they think and take orders

Touch Sensor

Color Sensor

4
Now, let’s talk about Lego Mindstorms Kit

There are two versions from Lego Mindstorms Kit (Lego Mindstorms NXT and Mindstorms EV3)
LEGO Mindstorms NXT is a programmable robotics kit released by Lego in late July 2006.

LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3 is the latest generation of LEGO MINDSTORMS, released in 2013. LEGO has stopped selling the NXT
system in retail stores, but NXT products and support may continue to be available through educational channels for a while.

The main difference between the NXT system (the Programmable brick, motors and sensors) and the EV3 system is the brick itself.
The EV3 brick features a more powerful processor, 4 motor ports (instead of 3), a micro-SD card slot, a USB host port and a Linux
operating system. In addition, it has a slightly larger screen, more buttons, and it is possible to control the EV3 brick using both iOS
and Android devices, as opposed to Android only for the NXT. See this article for a list of technical specifications of both bricks.

You can let them watch these videos first,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x27nnJmHchY
LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 Core Set is a hands-on, cross-curricular STEM solution that engages students by providing
the resources to design, build and program their creations while helping them develop essential skills such as (Creativity, Critical
thinking, Collaboration, and Communication.

The system includes the EV3 Intelligent Brick, a compact and powerful programmable computer that makes it possible to control
motors and collect sensor feedback using the intuitive icon-based programming and data logging software that is delivered with the
set.

5
Robotics Competitions using Lego Mindstorms EV3 Kit
1) RoboCup Competition
RoboCup was founded in 1997 with the main goal of “developing by 2050 a Robot Soccer team
capable of winning against the human team champion of the FIFA World Cup”. In the next years,
RoboCup proposed several soccer platforms that have been established as standard platforms for
robotics research.

RoboCupJunior is a project-oriented educational initiative that supports local, regional and international robotic events for young
students. It is designed to introduce RoboCup to primary and secondary school children, as well as undergraduates who do not
have the resources to get involved in the senior leagues.

The focus in the junior league is on education. The next videos may help to know RoboCupJunior Egypt more.

Robocup Categories (Rescue Maze – Rescue Line – Soccer – On Stage – Rescue Simulation) , and they can participate in
RoboCup Competition from (9 to 10 Years old)

And this is a video to know more about it

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIFeRNWTi3o&feature=youtu.be

https://www.rcjegypt.org/

2) WRO (World Robot Olympiad)

World Robot Olympiad Association is a non-profit organization. All revenue from
sponsorships and fees is invested in support of our mission, which is to promote
robotics in STEM education worldwide.

World Robot Olympiad aims to bring together young people all over the world to develop their creativity and problem-solving skills.
We do that by organizing challenging and educational robotics competitions.

World Robot Olympiad or WRO was founded in 2004. The mission statement of our founders was:

“To bring together young people all over the world to develop their creativity, design and problem-solving skills through challenging
and educational robot competitions and activities.”

For students from (8-19 Years old)

WRO Categories

At WRO we offer challenging competitions for students in the age range from 8 up to 19. We have four competition categories, with
their own characteristics and challenges:

Regular Category

Open Category

WRO Football (new sports game starting 2022)

Future Engineers (pilot season 2021)

Each season the challenges and theme for the Regular and Open Category are developed together with the country that hosts the
International Final. The WRO Football rules and the Future Engineers game are designed together with experts in our community.

For all specific rules and regulations refer to the General Rules for each Category!

For the younger students (6-10) they designed WeDo challenges that introduce children to robotics competitions in a fun way.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xB6Q_o2-jcE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYylxH88XkE

Part One of Pieces Name

EV3 Pieces
Name.pdf
(Motors-Sensors-Brain)
6
The EV3 Sensors Includes: -

Touch Sensor: Measures contact with surface

Color Sensor: Measures color and darkness
Ultra-Sonic Sensor: Measures distance to nearby surfaces
Gyro Sensor: Measures rotation of robot

The EV3 Motors Includes: -

Large Motor: The EV3 Large Servo Motor is a powerful motor that uses tacho feedback for precise control to within one degree
of accuracy. By using the built-in rotation sensor, the intelligent motor can be made to align with other motors on the robot so that it
can drive in a straight line at the same speed.

Medium Motor: The EV3 Medium Servo Motor is great for lower-load, higher-speed applications and when faster response times
and a smaller profile are needed in the robot’s design. The motor uses tacho feedback for precise control within one degree of
accuracy and has a built-in rotation sensor.

EV3 Brick
This programmable, intelligent brick serves as the heart and brain of LEGO® MINDSTORMS® Education EV3 robots. It features an
illuminated six-button interface that changes color to indicate the brick's active state, a high-resolution black and white display, built-
in speaker, USB port, a mini-SD card reader, four input ports and four output ports. The brick also supports USB, Bluetooth and Wi-
Fi communication with a computer and has a programming interface that enables programming and data logging directly onto the
brick. It is compatible with mobile devices and is powered by AA batteries or the EV3 Rechargeable DC Battery.

Building Structure
Structural Building: Longer Beams
Get these parts (2 Fifteen Modules beams - 1 black peg) and build a longer beam:

like this

How well does this work as a longer beam? And What could we do to improve its strength?

Try using the pegs (One at beginning of the beam and other at the end of it)

Structural Building: Shapes

Get these parts (2 Fifteen-Modules beams - 2 Nine-Modules beams - 5 black pegs)

And build this triangle: How sturdy is this shape? And try to build a square.

7
Five Min Bot Building Instructions

Five Min Bot

(EV3).pdf

The Free Wheel VS Movement Wheel

What’s the difference between Free Wheel and Movement Wheel?

Free Wheel Movement Wheel

a clutch fitted in the rear hub of a Robot that permits the It’s the reason why the robots can move (it’s the main
rear wheel to run on free from the rear sprocket when wheels)
the pedals are stopped

It can be used without being connected to the motors It has to be connected to the motors

You can’t use it with a Tires because of the Friction You must use it with Tires

8
Second Session
Symmetry and Stability Concepts: -
1) Symmetry
- Symmetry is when one shape becomes exactly like another if you flip, slide or turn it.

What is a Line of Symmetry?

The line of symmetry or Reflection symmetry divides the shape into two identical parts. The line can be
vertical, horizontal or diagonal.

Examples:

- When you look at yourself in the mirror, you have two matching hands, feet, eyes, ears and your nose can also be divided into two
symmetrical parts.

- The letters A, M and U has vertical symmetry while B and K have horizontal symmetry.

- The letters F, G, P and R have no symmetry (ASYMMETRIC).

9
- SYMMETRY is one of the most important properties that we care about in the science of Robotics because it gives a clear
indication of the balance of the body and its pattern of movement.

- If the robot is asymmetrical, there is a defect in the speed and distance traveled by the robot.

And you can watch more about symmetry from this video
https://youtu.be/YFzktJNmnPU

10
 2) Stability
- Ability of a substance to remain unchanged over time under stated or reasonably expected
conditions of storage and use.

- The quality, state, or degree of being stable, especially:

A) The strength to stand or endure firmness.

B) The property of a body that causes it when disturbed from a condition of equilibrium or steady
motion to develop forces or moments that restore the original condition.

- The ability of an object, such as a ship or aircraft, to maintain equilibrium or resume its original, upright position after
displacement, as by the sea or strong winds.

Examples:

- A ball or a pencil lying on a level surface (Unstable).

- Stable tables and stable blocks like where we live.

Stable Shapes

11
Unstable Shapes

Part Two of Pieces Name

EV3 Pieces
Name.pdf
(Beams – Pegs – Axels – Wheels)

- Riley Rover Building Instructions

RileyRover_BI.pdf

How to manage the Free Wheel (180° - 360°)

180° Free-Wheel 360° Free-Wheel

180° is a half-rotation that would lead you to the opposite 360° used in terms of physical movements, it refers to a
position (Other Side) complete rotation, so you will face the same side (Position)
again

It will help your robot to implement degrees / rotation in an accurate way

12
Third Session
Practice on Symmetry
In this session we will give to our students a half robot on LLD Software, and ask them to build it with EV3 kits and then, they must
build the other half by themselves as the first half without seeing any instructions.

Mass - Weight and Force Concepts: -

1) Mass – Weight Concepts
- Mass is a measurement of how much matter is in an object.
- Mass is an object's resistance to motion. This means that a heavier object of the same material will
require more force to move it with the same acceleration.

How to Measure Mass?

- Mass is usually measured in kilograms which is abbreviated as kg but in our robots, we usually measure it in grams.
________________________________________
What is the difference between mass and weight?
- Weight is different from mass. Weight is the measure of the force of gravity on an object (THE FORCE THAT AFFECTS
WEIGHT IS GRAVITY.)

The mass of an object will never change, but the weight of an item can change based on its location.
For example, you may weigh 100 pounds on Earth, but in outer space you would be weightless. However, you will always
have the same mass on Earth as you have in outer space.

13
Comparison of Mass and Weight.

Mass is a property of matter. The mass of an object is Weight depends on the effect of gravity. Weight varies
the same everywhere, according to location.

Mass can never be zero. Weight can be zero if no gravity acts upon an object, as
in space.

Mass does not change according to location. Weight increases or decreases with higher or lower
gravity.

Mass is a scalar quantity. It has magnitude. Weight is a vector quantity. It has magnitude and is
directed toward the center of the Earth or other gravity
well.

Mass may be measured using an ordinary balance. Weight is measured using a spring balance.

Mass usually is measured in grams and kilograms. Weight often is measured in newtons, a unit of force.

Force Concept
- Force is a push or pull on an object. A force can cause an object to accelerate, slow down, remain in place,
change direction or change shape.

- There are two natural forces we are most familiar with are the forces of gravity and magnetism.

How we measure force?

The unit of measure for force is the newton which is abbreviated as "N". One newton is the force
needed to accelerate one gram of mass by one centimeter per second squared.

f=m*a

Where f = force, m = mass, and a = acceleration.

Examples:

- the fundamental forces are gravity.

- when the wind pushes a sailboat through the water, it’s an exerting a force.

- when gravity pulls an apple toward the ground, that is a force as well.

- some forces act when two things touch: when a person kicks a soccer ball other forces act over a distance.

- when you push a grocery cart full of food and other supplies.

- when a dog pulling its owner by a leash around its neck.

14
How it can help us in our robots?
The robots are made up of many parts that work together in order to push the robot by force and by force the robot can move
forward, backwards, turn right or turn left.

- Driving Base3 Building Instructions

DrivingBas3.pdf

Part Three of Pieces Name

EV3 Pieces
Name.pdf
(Bushings-Connectors-Cross Blocks)

15
Fourth Session
Friction Concept
- When two surfaces slide against each other, a force called FRICTION makes them stick very slightly together.

Smooth surfaces, like ice and glass, are easy to slide over. They create very little friction. Rough surfaces, like rock and sand
create much more friction, and are easy to grip on to.

- It’s harder to move things when there is a lot of friction holding them back, but if there were no friction at all, people would slip and
slide around whenever they took a step. Friction is used in car brakes, when we walk or climb a hill, making a fire, skiing down a
hill, and more.

How it works with our robots?

- A LEGO robot is constructed to pull a two-wheeled trailer made of LEGO parts.

- The robot will not move without WHEELS and by wheels there is must be a friction between the two surfaces (wheels-ground) and
by trying various combinations of surfaces and trailer wheels the student will observe how different surfaces in contact result in
different frictional forces because if the surfaces are smooth there is will be a little friction and if it’s rough surfaces there is will be
much more friction, so it will be harder to move the robot and it will need more acceleration

Wheels of Lego that we use in designing a robot.

Example:
- Rub your hands together and "feel" the friction. Now rub your hands along your desk. Do you notice any difference between the
surfaces?

Now, imagine that you are a robot pushing a container across the floor!

- Is it an easy or a difficult task? Does it depend on how heavy the object is?

SO, the greater the mass, the more friction there is to oppose the object from moving forward.

16
Watch this video to know more
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2gQs1mcZHA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxFYfumAAlY

Rotations, Degrees Concepts.

A full rotation is 360 degrees

This is a "full rotation" or "revolution" or "complete turn" or "full circle"

It means turning around until you point in the same direction again.
This image of a protractor shows that a full rotation is 360°

- And Half a rotation is 180°, called a Straight Angle

- And Quarter of a rotation is 90°, called a Right Angle

Enterprise Robot Building Instructions

Enterprise.pdf

17
Fifth Session
Gears!
Gears are wheels with evenly spaced teeth. When gears of the same or different sizes are connected, they function like a wheel
and axle, allowing for transfer of force from one to the other.

Force requires a push or a pull. The gears of the teeth can be

viewed as a “push.”

Gears are identified by the number of teeth and the shape

The LEGO Mindstorms kit contains the following gear
types:

- Spur gears: 40T, 24T, 16T, 8T

- Crown gear: 24T
- Bevel gear: 12T
- Worm gears
- Rack gears
- Differential gear

The standard LEGO motor output axle spins at about 350 rev/min and Gears are used to change this rotational speed either up or
down.

Connecting gears together can also change the desired direction of the
rotation axle.

The most important concept in using gears is that of the power vs. speed
tradeoff.

Going from smaller gears to bigger gears ("gearing down") produces more
slower rotation.

Conversely, going from larger to smaller gears ("gearing up") can produce a
very fast rotation.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9ewDXvUroA

The pictures below illustrate common ways to construct simple gear combinations and gear trains.

Direction of force

A driven gear meshed directly with the driver gear turns in the opposite direction of the driving gear. An idler gear
introduced between the driver and driven gear results in both gears rotating in the same direction.

Gear ratio

To understand gear ratios, it is useful to think of the gear as a circle and compare the distance 2 gears will travel in 1
rotation

18
Speed VS Torque
An ev3 motor is a simple dc motor with speed of 350 rev/minute.

As mechanical device its input is electrical power and its output is mechanical rotational power.

The equation governing its movement is described by:

P = Ʈ x ɯ.

Which P means Power output, Ʈ means torque output, ɯ means speed.

So, the power is the amount of energy pet unit time.

And the torque is the general term used for the tendency of one or more applied forces to rotate an object about an axis.

Axis is an imaginary line which around an object can turn.

Do you remember you mom when she used to twist a jar?

Yes, she exerts a force to rotate the cover, she exerts a torque.

So, the torque is defined as the rotational force needed to make an object to rotate
around an axis.

Then we come to the ɯ term, it means the velocity of the rotating object. When you
ride with your dad a car, you see the car's wheel are rotating sometime fast and
sometime slow, that means the speed is varying from time to time.

So for changing the speed of the ev3 motor we can use programming block to adjust it
from 0 to 100, which is a scale to represent the speed from 0 to 350 rev/min.

So, if we want to accelerate the robot for more than 350 rev/min.

We must use GEARS.

To know more please watch this video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IjG4iSJYQ4

Free Design
They can choose one type of different types of Robots and build it without any pdf file / Instructions
or limitations.

19
Sixth Session
Free Design with Limitation
Limitation in the robot’s size – Sensors they will use (According to the playground / Mission / Obstacles) and give them a deadline
to finish their robots.

- We will divide the group to teams and each team will work together
- The Robot must be 25x25x25CM
- They must use Color sensor to track the black line in the playground
- They must use Ultra-sonic Sensor to avoid any obstacle that will be on the playground
- They have to finish their robot in 2 hours
- There is will be an hour so, they can modify their robot design
- https://drive.google.com/file/d/1U3nMyZLWbH25X0rKPfjtG4EZUUnQeM-A/view (Playground’s link to download and print
it)

20