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Reviewer: The Influence of Media and Information on

Communication

1. Communication Defined

Communication is the process of transferring information between


people or groups. It involves both verbal and nonverbal methods
like speech, writing, graphical representations, and behaviors.

2. The Communication Process

- Source: The originator of the message.

- Message: The information sent from the source to the receiver.

- Channel: The medium through which the message is transmitted


(e.g., face-to-face, phone, internet).

- Receiver: The person who decodes or interprets the message.

- Feedback: The receiver's response to the message.

- Environment: The physical and psychological context in which


communication occurs.

- Context: The setting and expectations that influence


communication.

- Noise: Anything that disrupts or distorts the message, such as


psychological, physical, or emotional interference.

3. Role of Media and Information in Communication

- Media and information technology have become integral in


communication by providing new ways to share ideas,
information, and personal messages globally.

- Social media platforms enhance connectivity and social


interaction despite physical distances.

4. Positive Effects of Media and Information on Communication


- Enhanced connectivity: Social media makes it easy to
communicate with people worldwide.

- Information access: Provides access to a vast amount of


information and news, helping users stay informed.

- Social and cultural exchange: Media fosters cross-cultural


communication and understanding.

5. Negative Effects of Media and Information on Communication

- Misinformation: Media can spread fake news and unreliable


information, leading to confusion.

- Abuse of platforms: Some users exploit media for bullying,


harassment, or unethical behavior.

- Psychological and social issues: Media may contribute to issues


like addiction, dissatisfaction with body image, or strained
relationships.

6. Conclusion

In the 21st century, media and information are essential tools for
communication, shaping how we connect, share information, and
engage with the world. However, it is crucial to use these
platforms responsibly to minimize negative impacts.

Reviewer: Introduction to Media and Information Literacy**

1. Literacy

Literacy - refers to the ability to identify, understand, interpret,


create, communicate, and compute, using written and printed
materials in varying contexts. It involves a continuum of learning
that enables individuals to reach their goals and fully participate
in society.
2. Media

Media -refers to the physical objects used for communication


(e.g., radio, television, computers, film) or mass communication
through these objects. It also includes new media, such as online
platforms.

3. Media Literacy

Media Literacy- is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and


create media in various forms. It empowers individuals by
providing the competencies necessary to engage effectively with
both traditional and new media.

4.Information

Information- covers processed data, knowledge gained from


experience, study, or instruction. It is communicated through
symbols or signals.

5. Information Literacy

Information Literacy- refers to the ability to recognize when


information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and effectively use
the necessary information in various formats.

6.Technology Literacy

Technology Literacy- is the ability to use technological tools


responsibly and effectively, allowing individuals to access,
manage, integrate, evaluate, create, and communicate
information.

7.Media and Information Literacy (MIL)

Media and Information Literacy (MIL)-encompasses essential skills


that allow individuals to engage effectively with media and
information providers. It promotes critical thinking and lifelong
learning, helping individuals become active citizens and
responsible consumers of information.

8.Key Differences and Similarities in Literacies

Media Literacy- focuses on the ability to understand and create


media.

-Information Literacy -centers on the ability to identify information


needs and find, evaluate, and use information effectively.

Technology Literacy -deals with the ability to use technological


tools effectively.

Media and Information Literacy -integrates all three literacies to


engage individuals in media and information use in a responsible
and ethical manner.

Reviewer:Evolution of Media

1.Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s)

- Media and Tools: People used basic tools like cave paintings,
clay tablets, and papyrus to record and share information.

- Communication Methods: Communication was mostly oral or


through written symbols on materials like stone or paper.

- Key Innovations:

- Cave Paintings: Ancient drawings on walls used for storytelling.

- Clay Tablets: Early form of writing medium used for cuneiform


writing.

- Papyrus: A plant-based paper used in ancient Egypt for writing.

2. Industrial Age (1700s-1930s)


- Media and Tools: The development of machines, the printing
press, and typewriters marked this period. Books were mass-
produced, and newspapers became widely available.

- Key Innovations:

- Printing Press: Revolutionized mass production of printed


material like books.

- Telegraph: Enabled long-distance communication through


electrical signals.

- Newspapers: Became a primary source of information.

3. Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)

- Media and Tools: The invention of electronic devices like radios,


televisions, and early computers.

- Communication Methods: Information was transmitted


electronically, making it faster and more accessible.

- Key Innovations:

- Transistor Radio: Portable radio devices became popular,


allowing mass communication.

- Television: Brought visual media into homes, further


influencing culture and communication.

- Mainframe Computers: Large computers that revolutionized


data processing and communication.

4. New/Information Age (1990s-Present)

- Media and Tools: The rise of the internet and digital devices such
as laptops, smartphones, and wearable technology. Social media
platforms like Facebook, Google, and YouTube became key in
global communication.
- Communication Methods: Digital communication became
instantaneous and global, transforming how people interact and
share information.

- Key Innovations:

- Personal Computers and Internet: Enabled fast and vast data


sharing and communication worldwide.

- Social Media: Platforms like Facebook and Twitter provided new


spaces for social interaction and information dissemination.

- Smartphones: Portable devices that integrate communication,


entertainment, and information functions.

5. Indigenous Media

- Characteristics: Indigenous media includes oral traditions,


community gatherings, and face-to-face communication, focusing
on the preservation and transmission of culture.

- Forms of Indigenous Media:

- Folk or Traditional Media: Cultural expressions such as


storytelling and music.

- Records: Information passed down through carvings, oral


traditions, or written records.

- Gatherings and Social Organizations: Community meetings to


share information.

6.Functions of Media

- Monitoring Function: Media informs the public about events


happening around them.
- Information Function: Media educates the audience about the
meaning and significance of information.

- Opinion Function: Media provides a platform for public discourse,


helping to form public opinions.

- Watchdog Role: Media keeps a check on government and private


sector accountability.

7. Evaluating Information

- Criteria for Reliable Information:

- Currency: The timeliness of the information.

- Relevance: How closely the information matches your needs.

- Authority: The credibility of the source.

- Accuracy: The correctness of the information.

- Purpose: The reason the information was created (e.g.,


informative, persuasive).

Reviewer: Types of Media

1. Print Media

- Definition: Print media refers to paper-based publications such


as books, newspapers, magazines, journals, and newsletters.

- Advantages: Reliable for archiving information and is easy to


distribute in areas with limited access to electronic devices.

2. Broadcast Media
- Definition: This type includes radio and television. Broadcast
media use airwaves to deliver content like news, music,
entertainment, and educational programs to a wide audience.

- Types:

- Radio: Delivers audio content, often favored for news, music,


and radio dramas.

- Television: Combines audio and moving visuals, offering more


engaging content with broad appeal.

3. Online Media

- Definition: Online media refers to digital platforms that distribute


information via the internet. Examples include social media,
websites, blogs, and streaming services.

- Key Features: Interactive, allows real-time updates, and enables


audience participation. Content includes text, video, audio, and
images.

4.Media Content

- Definition: Content refers to the information or ideas that media


platforms deliver. It can come in various forms, such as news,
entertainment, advertisements, and educational material.

- Evolution: Content has evolved from basic news reporting to


include entertainment, opinion, advertising, and interactive
elements, especially in online media.

5. Media Influence

- Impact: Media influences public opinion, purchasing decisions,


political beliefs, and societal norms. It not only informs but also
persuades and shapes behavior through advertisements and
ideologies.
Reviewer: Introduction to Media Codes, Conventions, and
Language

Media Language- refers to the codes, conventions, formats,


symbols, and narrative structures that indicate the meaning of
media messages to an audience.

-Messages- are the information transmitted from a source to a


receiver.

Types of Media Codes

1. Symbolic Codes:

- Represent meanings beyond the literal sense, such as:

-Body language: clothing, and color (e.g., red symbolizing


passion or danger).

-Setting: Time and place of a narrative, influencing the


atmosphere.

-Mise en scène: Everything within a frame, like costumes and


props.

- Acting: Character portrayal through expressions, body


language, and voice.

- Color: Used to create moods and associations (e.g., blue for


calm or sadness).

2. Technical Codes:

- Refers to the use of technology to convey a message,


including:

- Camerawork: How the camera is used, such as angles and


movements.

- Lighting: Use of natural or artificial light to highlight parts of a


scene.
- Audio: Includes sounds, music, and dialogue to enhance
meaning.

3. Written Codes:

- Use of formal written language, such as:

- Headlines, captions, and speech bubbles.

- Different font styles- signify different tones and meanings.

Media Conventions

1. Form Conventions:

- Expected structure in media, like news articles placing


important stories on the front page.

2. Story Conventions:

- Narrative structures like cause and effect, character


construction, and point of view.

3. Genre Conventions:

- Common use of settings, themes, or characters for specific


genres (e.g., magic wands and mythical creatures in fantasy
films).

Reviewer:Intellectual Property and Copyright

Intellectual Property (IP)- refers to creations of the mind like


inventions, literary works, designs, and symbols used in
commerce. It is protected by law to allow creators to benefit from
their inventions.
Copyright-gives the creator of original work (e.g., books, music,
art) exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, perform, or display
their work. Infringing on these rights is called "copyright
infringement".

Plagiarism- is using someone else's work without permission and


presenting it as your own, which violates copyright laws.

Fair Use Guidelines:

Fair Use- allows limited use of copyrighted material without


permission for purposes such as criticism, comment, news
reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research.

- Factors determining fair use include:

1. Purpose and character of use (commercial or educational).

2. Nature of the copyrighted work.

3. Amount and substantiality of the portion used.

4. Effect on the market value of the copyrighted work.

Other Key Terms:

-Phishing: A cybercrime where individuals are tricked into


revealing sensitive information like passwords or credit card
numbers.

-Cyberbullying: Harassment or bullying that happens online.

- Computer Addiction: Excessive use of computers to the point


where it interferes with daily life.

Republic Act No. 8293 (Intellectual Property Code of the


Philippines):

This law protects the rights of inventors, creators, and other


individuals to their intellectual property for a limited time,
promoting the use and development of intellectual creations.
Reviewer: Digital Divide

Digital Divide

- Definition: Refers to the gap between individuals or communities


who have access to information and communication technology
(ICT) and those who do not. This inequality is influenced by
factors such as age, income, education, and location.

- Causes:

- Lack of access to technology.

- Limited digital skills or motivation to use digital tools.

- Socio-economic differences.

- Solutions:

- Lowering internet costs.

- Providing free public internet access.

- Conducting training programs in rural areas.

Computer Addiction

- Definition: Excessive and uncontrollable use of technology


(computers, smartphones, internet), leading to negative impacts
on daily life, relationships, and health.

- Types:

- Information Overload: Spending too much time online, reducing


work efficiency.

- Compulsion: Obsessive gaming or online gambling.

- Cybersex Addiction: Excessive use of adult content online.

- Cyber-relationship Addiction: Prioritizing online relationships


over real-life interactions.
- Symptoms:

- Emotional: Anxiety, depression, guilt, dishonesty.

- Physical: Sleep disorders, back pain, headaches.

- Prevention:

- Setting time limits for online activities.

- Engaging in offline activities like sports.

- Spending quality time with family and friends.

Cyberbullying

- Definition: The act of harassing or bullying others using


technology, such as phones or computers. This can include
spreading harmful messages or sharing embarrassing content.

- Examples:

- Posting humiliating photos or videos.

- Sending threatening or offensive messages.

- Prevention:

- Keeping passwords private.

- Logging out of accounts after use.

- Seeking help from trusted individuals if bullied.

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