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Semiconductor

spm physics exercise for semiconductor

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26 views19 pages

Semiconductor

spm physics exercise for semiconductor

Uploaded by

227486
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Metals

 Good conductors of electricity


 Have free electrons that can move easily between atoms
 Low resistance
Insulators

 Poor conductors of electricity


 Few free electrons to move about.
 High resistance
Semiconductors

 Electrical conductivity that is between that of a conductor and an insulator.


 Resistance of semiconductors is between that of conductors and insulators.
 At 0 Kelvin it behaves as an insulator.
 When the temperature increases, the conductivity of the electricity will increase
 E.g. : Silicon and Germanium

Covalent Bond

Pure Semiconductor at 0K

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As the temperature of pure silicon crystal increases, the energy of the vibrating atoms in
the silicon crystal causes some electrons to break free.

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Doping

 Doping process is the addition of a small quantity of foreign objects into a semiconductor
to increase its conductivity.

 The atom size of the foreign object has to be about the same size as the atom size of
the semiconductor

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Semiconductor Diode

A diode is a component (device) that allows electric current to flow in one direction only.

A diode acts like a one-way valve to electric current.

How does the p-n junction diode work?

 When p-type semiconductor material in contact with n-type semiconductor material, a


layer called the depletion layer is formed in the middle.

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 At this junction, electrons from n-type material drift across the junction to fill in the holes
in p-type.
 The holes from p-type material drift in the opposite direction to unite with free electrons
in the n-type material.
 As a result a depletion layer is a very narrow region which has lost all its available free
electrons and holes and thus behaves almost like pure silicon,i.e with high resistivity.
 Any further movement of charges across the boundry in the depletion layer will be
repelled by the charges in the layer.
 The layer of the negative charge in the p-type region will prevent the majority charge
carriers from the n-type region(the electrons) from crossing the boundary.
 Similarly, the positive charge layer in the n-type region will prevent the majority charge
carriers from the p-type region(the holes) from crossing the boundry in the opposite
direction.
 Thus, a potential difference, known as the junction voltage. In its normal state a p-n
junction delivers no current since the charges are in equilibrium.

 The effect of this junction voltage is to prevent charge carriers from drifting across the
junction.
 The junction voltages for germanium and silicon are approximately 0.1 V and 0.6 V
respectively.
 In order for electric current to flow through the diode, the voltage applied across the
diode must exceed the junction voltage.

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 When the in forward-biased arrangement, the cell voltage greater than the junction
voltage.
 The depletion layer is narrow , and the resistance of diode decreases.
 Hence a large current flows through the diode.

 When the in reverse-biased arrangement, the cell voltage lower than the junction
voltage.
 The depletion layer is wide , and the resistance of diode increases.
 Hence only a very small current (leakage current) flows through the diode.

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Diode as a Rectifier

 A diode can act as a rectifier because it can convert alternating current(a.c.) into direct
current(d.c).
 The process of converting a.c. to d.c. is called rectification.

 There are two types of rectification process :


(1) Half -wave rectification

(2) Full – wave rectification

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Half- wave rectification

Full-wave rectification

Capacitor

 A capacitor is device which can

(1) store electric charge

(2) smooth out waveform in the rectified output

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Smoothing output wave by a capacitor

 By connecting a capacitor parallel to the resistance, the half-wave and the full-wave
rectified waveform could be partially smoothed out
 For half of the cycle, the capacitor is charged up. Energy is stored in the capacitor.
 For the other half cycle, the capacitor releases its charge (discharges)
 So the capacitor can produced a steady output or output is stabilised.

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Transistor

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Logic gates

- Security lamps, alarm systems, and washing machines can make some simple decisions

- The switching on and off operations are controlled by electronic switches made up of
logic gates.

- Logic gates work using tiny transistors as switches. They are manufactured as
integrated circuit (IC), with each chip holding several gates.

- A logic gate is a circuit that has one or more input signals but only one output signal

- For each gate, the input or inputs are on the left of the symbol. The output is on the right

- Each input and output can be either high (logic 1) or low (logic 0).

- A binary “0” represents 0 V, and a binary “1” represents a non zero voltage.

Truth table

- A table which lists all possible situations for input and output through logic gates
- The number of possible combinations N for n input variables:

N = 2n

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Tutorial

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