Scribd
Upload
13 views

Decision Tree Classification Example

Uploaded by

Abhay Chaturvedi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views

Decision Tree Classification Example

Uploaded by

Abhay Chaturvedi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Decision Tree Classification Example: Titanic Survival

Features (Inputs):
 Age
 Gender (Male/Female)
 Class (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
 Fare (Ticket price)
Labels (Output):
 Survived (Yes/No)
Decision Tree Steps:
1. Root Node: Check Gender.
 Female → Likely Yes (survived).
 Male → Move to next step.
2. Class Split (Male):
 1st Class → Likely Yes.
 3rd Class → Likely No.
 2nd Class → Check Age/Fare.
Example Paths:
 Male, 3rd Class, Age 30, Paid $7 → No.
 Female, 1st Class, Age 40, Paid $80 → Yes.
Outcome: Classify passengers as survived or not survived based on features.

Confusion Matrix
A confusion matrix is a tool used to evaluate the performance of a classification model. It summarizes the results by
showing how well the predicted classifications match the actual classifications. It is typically a 2x2 matrix for binary
classification tasks but can be expanded for multi-class classification.
Components:
1. True Positives (TP): Correctly predicted positive cases.
2. True Negatives (TN): Correctly predicted negative cases.
3. False Positives (FP): Incorrectly predicted positive cases (Type I error).
4. False Negatives (FN): Incorrectly predicted negative cases (Type II error).
Uses:
 Accuracy: (TP + TN) / Total predictions.
 Precision: TP / (TP + FP).
 Recall: TP / (TP + FN).
 F1-Score: Harmonic mean of precision and recall.
The confusion matrix provides insights into where the model is making errors and helps in tuning its performance.
Factors Affecting Classifier Performance:
1. Data Quality: Clean, relevant, labeled data.
2. Feature Selection: Choosing the right features.
3. Model Complexity: Avoid overfitting or underfitting.
4. Training Data Size: Sufficient and diverse data.
5. Hyperparameter Tuning: Optimize parameters for better results.
Correlation vs. Causation
 Correlation:
 Relationship/association between two variables.
 Does not imply causation.
 Causation:
 One variable directly influences another.
 Indicates a cause-effect relationship.
Example:
 Correlation:
 Ice Cream Sales ↔ Drowning Incidents (both increase in summer).
 No causation: Ice cream sales don’t cause drowning.
 Causation:
 Smoking → Lung Cancer (smoking directly increases risk).
Summary:
 Correlation: Link between variables.
 Causation: Direct cause-effect relationship.
Types of Machine Learning
1. Supervised Learning:
 Data Type: Labeled data (input-output pairs).
 Objective: Predict outputs.
 Examples: Classification, Regression.
2. Unsupervised Learning:
 Data Type: Unlabeled data (only inputs).
 Objective: Identify patterns/structures.
 Examples: Clustering, Dimensionality Reduction.
3. Semi-supervised Learning:
 Combines labeled and unlabeled data.
 Example: Image classification with limited labels.
4. Reinforcement Learning:
 Learns through actions in an environment to maximize rewards.
 Example: Game playing, Robotics.
5. Deep Learning:
 Uses neural networks with multiple layers.
 Example: CNNs, RNNs.

Supervised vs. Unsupervised Learning


Feature Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning
Data Type Labeled data Unlabeled data
Objective Predict outputs Identify patterns
Examples Classification, Regression Clustering, Dimensionality Reduction
Training Learns from labeled
Process examples Finds patterns independently
Spam detection, credit Customer segmentation, anomaly
Use Cases scoring detection
Reasons for Data Exploration Before Modeling
1. Understanding Data: Insights into structure, types, and variable relationships.
2. Identifying Patterns: Detect trends, patterns, or anomalies.
3. Data Quality Assessment: Spot missing values, outliers, inconsistencies.
4. Feature Selection: Determine relevant features for modeling.
5. Hypothesis Generation: Formulate hypotheses about data relationships.
6. Informing Model Choice: Select appropriate modeling techniques.
7. Improving Model Performance: Enhance models through preprocessing (normalization, encoding, transformation).
k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) Algorithm
 Type: Classification and regression algorithm.
 Learning: Instance-based, lazy learner (stores all training instances).
 Distance Metric: Commonly uses Euclidean distance; other metrics like Manhattan can be used.
Classification:
 Assigns class label based on the majority class of k nearest neighbors.
Regression:
 Predicts value based on the average (or median) of k nearest neighbors’ values.
Key Features:
 Parameter (k): User-defined; affects sensitivity and noise.
Advantages:
 Simple to implement.
 No distribution assumptions.
 Effective with many features.
Disadvantages:
 Computationally expensive with large datasets.
 Sensitive to irrelevant features and data scale.
Applications:
 Image recognition.
 Recommendation systems.
 Medical diagnosis.

Natural Language Processing (NLP)


 Definition: Subfield of AI focused on human-computer interaction through natural language.
Key Components:
1. Text Processing: Tokenization, stemming, lemmatization.
2. Syntax and Parsing: Analyzing grammatical structure.
3. Semantics: Interpretation of meaning and context.
4. Sentiment Analysis: Identifying and categorizing opinions (positive, negative, neutral).
5. Machine Translation: Translating text between languages (e.g., Google Translate).
6. Chatbots: Enabling natural language interactions with users.
Techniques and Models:
 Machine Learning: Algorithms for classification, clustering.
 Deep Learning: Neural networks (RNNs, transformers) for complex tasks.
Applications:
 Virtual assistants (e.g., Siri, Alexa).
 Customer service chatbots.
 Content summarization.
 Information retrieval and search engines.
NLP enhances human-machine interaction, making technology more accessible and improving user experiences.

You might also like