PRE TEST CALCULATION

2+2+2+2+3+3+3+3+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+5+5+5+6+6+6+6+6+7+7+7+7+8+8+8+8+8+8+9+9+9+9+9+10+
10+10+12+12+12+14+14+14+14+14+15+15+16+16+16+16+16+17+18

Let's re-calculate the statistics for the provided data set. Here is the updated data set:

2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,6,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,8,8,9,9,9,9,9,10,10,10,12,12,12,1
4,14,14,14,14,15,15,16,16,16,16,16,17,182, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6,
6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 12, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15,
16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17,
182,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,6,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,8,8,9,9,9,9,9,10,10,10,12,12,12
,14,14,14,14,14,15,15,16,16,16,16,16,17,18

1. Mean

To find the mean, sum all the numbers and divide by the count of numbers.

Sum of the numbers:

2+2+2+2+3+3+3+3+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+5+5+5+6+6+6+6+6+7+7+7+7+8+8+8+8+8+8+9+
9+9+9+9+10+10+10+12+12+12+14+14+14+14+14+15+15+16+16+16+16+16+17+182 + 2
+2+2+3+3+3+3+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+5+5+5+6+6+6+6+6+7+7
+ 7 + 7 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 14 + 14 +
14 + 14 + 14 + 15 + 15 + 16 + 16 + 16 + 16 + 16 + 17 +
182+2+2+2+3+3+3+3+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+5+5+5+6+6+6+6+6+7+7+7+7+8+8+8+8+8+8+
9+9+9+9+9+10+10+10+12+12+12+14+14+14+14+14+15+15+16+16+16+16+16+17+18

Sum: 2×4+3×4+4×7+5×3+6×5+7×4+8×6+9×5+10×3+12×3+14×5+15×2+16×5+17+182 \
times 4 + 3 \times 4 + 4 \times 7 + 5 \times 3 + 6 \times 5 + 7 \times 4 + 8 \times 6 + 9 \times
5 + 10 \times 3 + 12 \times 3 + 14 \times 5 + 15 \times 2 + 16 \times 5 + 17 +
182×4+3×4+4×7+5×3+6×5+7×4+8×6+9×5+10×3+12×3+14×5+15×2+16×5+17+18

Calculating it: 8+12+28+15+30+28+48+45+30+36+70+30+80+17+18=4538 + 12 + 28 + 15

+ 30 + 28 + 48 + 45 + 30 + 36 + 70 + 30 + 80 + 17 + 18 =
4538+12+28+15+30+28+48+45+30+36+70+30+80+17+18=453

Number of values: 60

Mean: 45360=7.55\frac{453}{60} = 7.5560453=7.55

2. Median
To find the median, locate the middle number(s) in the sorted list. Since there are 60 values
(an even number), the median is the average of the 30th and 31st values.

30th value: 8 31st value: 8

Median: 8+82=8\frac{8 + 8}{2} = 828+8=8

3. Mode

The mode is the number that appears most frequently.

Frequency of numbers:

 2 appears 4 times
 3 appears 4 times
 4 appears 7 times
 5 appears 3 times
 6 appears 5 times
 7 appears 4 times
 8 appears 6 times
 9 appears 5 times
 10 appears 3 times
 12 appears 3 times
 14 appears 5 times
 15 appears 2 times
 16 appears 5 times
 17 appears 1 time
 18 appears 1 time

The number 4 appears most frequently (7 times).

Mode: 4

4. Standard Deviation

Standard deviation measures the dispersion of the data from the mean.

First, calculate the squared differences from the mean for each value, sum them up, divide by
the number of values, and then take the square root.

Squared differences from the mean:

(2−7.55)2×4+(3−7.55)2×4+(4−7.55)2×7+(5−7.55)2×3+(6−7.55)2×5+(7−7.55)2×4+(8−7.55)
2×6+(9−7.55)2×5+(10−7.55)2×3+(12−7.55)2×3+(14−7.55)2×5+(15−7.55)2×2+(16−7.55)2×
5+(17−7.55)2+(18−7.55)2(2 - 7.55)^2 \times 4 + (3 - 7.55)^2 \times 4 + (4 - 7.55)^2 \times 7
+ (5 - 7.55)^2 \times 3 + (6 - 7.55)^2 \times 5 + (7 - 7.55)^2 \times 4 + (8 - 7.55)^2 \times 6 +
(9 - 7.55)^2 \times 5 + (10 - 7.55)^2 \times 3 + (12 - 7.55)^2 \times 3 + (14 - 7.55)^2 \times 5
+ (15 - 7.55)^2 \times 2 + (16 - 7.55)^2 \times 5 + (17 - 7.55)^2 + (18 -
7.55)^2(2−7.55)2×4+(3−7.55)2×4+(4−7.55)2×7+(5−7.55)2×3+(6−7.55)2×5+(7−7.55)2×4+(8
−7.55)2×6+(9−7.55)2×5+(10−7.55)2×3+(12−7.55)2×3+(14−7.55)2×5+(15−7.55)2×2+(16−7.
55)2×5+(17−7.55)2+(18−7.55)2

Calculating these:

(5.55)2×4+(4.55)2×4+(3.55)2×7+(2.55)2×3+(1.55)2×5+(0.55)2×4+(0.45)2×6+(1.45)2×5+(2.
45)2×3+(4.45)2×3+(6.45)2×5+(7.45)2×2+(8.45)2×5+(9.45)2+(10.45)2(5.55)^2 \times 4 +
(4.55)^2 \times 4 + (3.55)^2 \times 7 + (2.55)^2 \times 3 + (1.55)^2 \times 5 + (0.55)^2 \
times 4 + (0.45)^2 \times 6 + (1.45)^2 \times 5 + (2.45)^2 \times 3 + (4.45)^2 \times 3 +
(6.45)^2 \times 5 + (7.45)^2 \times 2 + (8.45)^2 \times 5 + (9.45)^2 +
(10.45)^2(5.55)2×4+(4.55)2×4+(3.55)2×7+(2.55)2×3+(1.55)2×5+(0.55)2×4+(0.45)2×6+(1.4
5)2×5+(2.45)2×3+(4.45)2×3+(6.45)2×5+(7.45)2×2+(8.45)2×5+(9.45)2+(10.45)2

Sum of squared differences:

30.8025×4+20.7025×4+12.6025×7+6.5025×3+2.4025×5+0.3025×4+0.2025×6+2.1025×5+6.
0025×3+19.8025×3+41.6025×5+55.5025×2+71.2025×5+89.7025+110.202530.8025 \times 4
+ 20.7025 \times 4 + 12.6025 \times 7 + 6.5025 \times 3 + 2.4025 \times 5 + 0.3025 \times 4
+ 0.2025 \times 6 + 2.1025 \times 5 + 6.0025 \times 3 + 19.8025 \times 3 + 41.6025 \times 5
+ 55.5025 \times 2 + 71.2025 \times 5 + 89.7025 +
110.202530.8025×4+20.7025×4+12.6025×7+6.5025×3+2.4025×5+0.3025×4+0.2025×6+2.1
025×5+6.0025×3+19.8025×3+41.6025×5+55.5025×2+71.2025×5+89.7025+110.2025

Sum:

123.21+82.81+88.22+19.51+12.01+1.21+1.22+10.51+18.01+59.41+208.01+111.01+356.01+
89.70+110.20=1,188.16123.21 + 82.81 + 88.22 + 19.51 + 12.01 + 1.21 + 1.22 + 10.51 +
18.01 + 59.41 + 208.01 + 111.01 + 356.01 + 89.70 + 110.20 =
1,188.16123.21+82.81+88.22+19.51+12.01+1.21+1.22+10.51+18.01+59.41+208.01+111.01
+356.01+89.70+110.20=1,188.16

Variance: 1188.1660=19.80\frac{1188.16}{60} = 19.80601188.16=19.80

Standard Deviation: 19.80≈4.45\sqrt{19.80} \approx 4.4519.80≈4.45

Summary

 Mean: 7.55
 Median: 8
 Mode: 4
 Standard Deviation: ~4.45

To calculate the difference between the various statistical measures of the data set, we need to
clarify which specific differences you're interested in. Typically, these might include:

1. Difference between Mean and Median

2. Difference between Mean and Mode
3. Difference between Median and Mode
4. Difference between Mean and Standard Deviation
Let's compute these:

1. Difference between Mean and Median

From the previous calculations:

 Mean: 7.55
 Median: 8

Difference: 8−7.55=0.458 - 7.55 = 0.458−7.55=0.45

2. Difference between Mean and Mode

From the previous calculations:

 Mean: 7.55
 Mode: 4

Difference: 7.55−4=3.557.55 - 4 = 3.557.55−4=3.55

3. Difference between Median and Mode

From the previous calculations:

 Median: 8
 Mode: 4

Difference: 8−4=48 - 4 = 48−4=4

4. Difference between Mean and Standard Deviation

From the previous calculations:

 Mean: 7.55
 Standard Deviation: 4.45

Difference: 7.55−4.45=3.107.55 - 4.45 = 3.107.55−4.45=3.10

Summary of Differences

 Difference between Mean and Median: 0.45

 Difference between Mean and Mode: 3.55
 Difference between Median and Mode: 4
 Difference between Mean and Standard Deviation: 3.10
To calculate the standard deviation (SD) for the data, follow these steps:

1. **Calculate the Mean**: We've already determined the mean is approximately \(2.67\).

2. **Compute Each Value’s Squared Difference from the Mean**: For each number in the
dataset, compute \((x_i - \text{mean})^2\).

3. **Find the Average of These Squared Differences** (Variance).

4. **Take the Square Root of the Variance** to get the Standard Deviation.

### Detailed Calculation

**Step 1: Compute Squared Differences**

Let's list the squared differences from the mean \(2.67\) for each number:

**Sequence**:

```

0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,6,6,7,8,8,8,9,10,10,10,11,12,13

```

**Squared Differences Calculation**:

\[

(x_i - 2.67)^2
\]

**Sum of Squared Differences**:

\[

\text{Sum of Squared Differences} = (0 - 2.67)^2 \times 5 + (1 - 2.67)^2 \times 7 + (2 -

2.67)^2 \times 5 + (3 - 2.67)^2 \times 3 + (4 - 2.67)^2 \times 6 + (5 - 2.67)^2 \times 5 + (6 -
2.67)^2 \times 2 + (7 - 2.67)^2 \times 1 + (8 - 2.67)^2 \times 3 + (9 - 2.67)^2 \times 1 + (10 -
2.67)^2 \times 3 + (11 - 2.67)^2 \times 1 + (12 - 2.67)^2 \times 1 + (13 - 2.67)^2 \times 1

\]

**Step 2: Perform Calculations**

\[

\text{For } 0: (0 - 2.67)^2 = 7.1289

\]

\[

\text{For } 1: (1 - 2.67)^2 = 2.7889

\]

\[

\text{For } 2: (2 - 2.67)^2 = 0.4489

\]

\[

\text{For } 3: (3 - 2.67)^2 = 0.1089

\]

\[

\text{For } 4: (4 - 2.67)^2 = 1.7289

\]
\[

\text{For } 5: (5 - 2.67)^2 = 5.3289

\]

\[

\text{For } 6: (6 - 2.67)^2 = 11.0889

\]

\[

\text{For } 7: (7 - 2.67)^2 = 19.0089

\]

\[

\text{For } 8: (8 - 2.67)^2 = 30.4089

\]

\[

\text{For } 9: (9 - 2.67)^2 = 45.8289

\]

\[

\text{For } 10: (10 - 2.67)^2 = 65.3289

\]

\[

\text{For } 11: (11 - 2.67)^2 = 89.3289

\]

\[

\text{For } 12: (12 - 2.67)^2 = 118.2489

\]

\[
\text{For } 13: (13 - 2.67)^2 = 152.6089

\]

**Sum of Squared Differences**:

\[

5 \times 7.1289 + 7 \times 2.7889 + 5 \times 0.4489 + 3 \times 0.1089 + 6 \times 1.7289 + 5 \
times 5.3289 + 2 \times 11.0889 + 1 \times 19.0089 + 3 \times 30.4089 + 1 \times 45.8289 +
3 \times 65.3289 + 1 \times 89.3289 + 1 \times 118.2489 + 1 \times 152.6089

\]

\[

= 35.6445 + 19.5223 + 2.2445 + 0.3267 + 10.3734 + 26.6445 + 22.1778 + 19.0089 + 91.2267

+ 45.8289 + 196.9867 + 89.3289 + 118.2489 + 152.6089

\]

\[

= 837.6050

\]

**Step 3: Variance**

\[

\text{Variance} = \frac{\text{Sum of Squared Differences}}{\text{Total Number of

Values}} = \frac{837.6050}{60} \approx 13.96

\]

**Step 4: Standard Deviation**

\[

\text{Standard Deviation} = \sqrt{\text{Variance}} = \sqrt{13.96} \approx 3.74

\]
### Summary

- **Mean**: \(2.67\)

- **Mode**: `1`

- **Median**: \(5.5\)

- **Standard Deviation**: \(\approx 3.74\)

- **Range**: \(13\)

T TEST

Given that the sample size for both groups is 60, we can calculate the t-test statistic using the
provided data.

Data Summary

Group 1:

 Mean (Xˉ1\bar{X}_1Xˉ1) = 7.55

 Standard Deviation (s1s_1s1) = 4.45
 Sample Size (n1n_1n1) = 60

Group 2:

 Mean (Xˉ2\bar{X}_2Xˉ2) = 2.67

 Standard Deviation (s2s_2s2) = 3.74
 Sample Size (n2n_2n2) = 60

t-Test Calculation

1. Calculate the t-Statistic

The formula for the t-statistic in comparing two independent samples is:

t=Xˉ1−Xˉ2s12n1+s22n2t = \frac{\bar{X}_1 - \bar{X}_2}{\sqrt{\frac{s_1^2}{n_1} + \

frac{s_2^2}{n_2}}}t=n1s12+n2s22Xˉ1−Xˉ2

Plug in the values:

t=7.55−2.674.45260+3.74260t = \frac{7.55 - 2.67}{\sqrt{\frac{4.45^2}{60} + \frac{3.74^2}

{60}}}t=604.452+603.7427.55−2.67
Calculate the variance for each group:

s12=4.452=19.8025s_1^2 = 4.45^2 = 19.8025s12=4.452=19.8025 s22=3.742=13.9876s_2^2

= 3.74^2 = 13.9876s22=3.742=13.9876

Calculate the standard error of the difference in means:

Standard Error=19.802560+13.987660\text{Standard Error} = \sqrt{\frac{19.8025}{60} + \

frac{13.9876}{60}}Standard Error=6019.8025+6013.9876 =0.33004+0.23313= \
sqrt{0.33004 + 0.23313}=0.33004+0.23313 =0.56317= \sqrt{0.56317}=0.56317 =0.7506=
0.7506=0.7506

Calculate the t-statistic:

t=7.55−2.670.7506t = \frac{7.55 - 2.67}{0.7506}t=0.75067.55−2.67 t=4.880.7506t = \

frac{4.88}{0.7506}t=0.75064.88 t≈6.50t \approx 6.50t≈6.50

2. Degrees of Freedom

For equal sample sizes, you can use the simpler formula for degrees of freedom:

df=n1+n2−2df = n_1 + n_2 - 2df=n1+n2−2 df=60+60−2=118df = 60 + 60 - 2 =

118df=60+60−2=118

3. Determine the p-value

To determine the p-value associated with the calculated t-statistic of approximately 6.50 with
118 degrees of freedom, you would typically consult a t-distribution table or use statistical
software.

Summary

 t-Statistic: ≈6.50\approx 6.50≈6.50

 Degrees of Freedom: 118118118

Given the high t-statistic, it's likely that the difference between the means is statistically
significant. For such a large t-statistic, the p-value will be very small, indicating a significant
difference between the two group means.

If you need precise p-values, you should use a statistical software package or t-distribution
table. For most practical purposes, a t-statistic of this magnitude would be considered highly
signific
To determine if the t-test result is statistically significant at the 0.05 level, you need to
compare the calculated t-statistic with the critical value from the t-distribution table for the
given degrees of freedom.

Significance Level and Critical Value

Significance Level (α\alphaα): 0.05 (commonly used threshold)

Degrees of Freedom (df): 118

t-Statistic: Approximately 6.50

Steps to Check Significance:

1. Find the Critical t-Value:

For a two-tailed test at α=0.05\alpha = 0.05α=0.05 with 118 degrees of freedom, you
can consult a t-distribution table or use statistical software to find the critical value.
For large degrees of freedom, the critical value approaches the Z-value of the standard
normal distribution.

The critical value for a two-tailed test at α=0.05\alpha = 0.05α=0.05 is

o
approximately ±1.98 \pm 1.98±1.98 (using the Z-distribution for large df).
2. Compare the Calculated t-Statistic to the Critical Value:

Since the calculated t-statistic (≈6.50\approx 6.50≈6.50) is much larger than the
critical value (1.98), this means that the result is highly significant.

Conclusion

Given that the t-statistic of approximately 6.50 is far greater than the critical value for a
significance level of 0.05, you can conclude that:

 The result is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.

In practical terms, this means that the difference between the means of the two groups is
highly unlikely to have occurred by chance, and there is strong evidence to suggest a
significant difference between the groups.