Energy management in building

PART A Building envelope Chapter 3

PART B Building service system
(1) HVAC
(2) Lighting
(3) Major appliance
(4) Water supply
(5) Others: Lifts and escalators, Gas supply system…etc
• Building: Commercial + Residential + Industrial

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Building envelope

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 Part A Building Envelope
Building envelope: Roof, Window, Wall
Building services system: Air conditioner, Lighting, Appliance

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PART A-1 Window

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Double-glazed Window

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 Example
What is the optimum air layer thickness (L)?

hi (8.29 W/m²K): This is the interior heat transfer coefficient,

which quantifies how easily heat transfers from the indoor air
to the inner surface of the glass
ho (34 W/m²K): This is the exterior heat transfer coefficient,
quantifying how easily heat transfers from the outer surface of
the glass to the outdoor air.
Kglass(0.92 W/m K): This is the thermal conductivity of the glass. Kspace
A higher value means the material conducts heat more
effectively.
t (4 mm): The thickness of each glass pane.
Kspace​ (0.024 W/m K): The thermal conductivity of the air space
between the glass panes. Air generally has a low thermal
conductivity, meaning it's not very effective at conducting heat.

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 7

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Overall thermal coefficient (W/m K)
2

0
-3 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
0.0 5.0x10 1.0x10 1.5x10 2.0x10 2.5x10 3.0x10
Air gap thickness (m)

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 Chromogenic Windows

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVf73gidx4g
Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) windows

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtkCA7DV
bSw

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PART A-2 Green Roof

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q conduction = q radiation – q convection q conduction = q radiation – q convection – q latent

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• Energy performance of green roofs varies
with: growing media composition, depth,
moisture, plant coverage/function, building
characteristics, loads, and weather conditions.
• Green roofs impact air conditioning and
heating energy
• Evaluation of green roof energy performance
requires definition of a “baseline” for
comparison.

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 PART B Building Services System

1. HVAC system
2. Lighting system
3. Major Appliance (Refrigerator,
washers, Air conditioners…etc)
4. Water supply system
5. Others: Lifts and escalators,
Gas supply system…etc

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 PART B-1 HVAC
• HVAC = Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
• Purpose of using HVAC
1) Every Individual lives in comfort
2) Serves the industrial segment
Air handling unit

• The requirement of HVAC

1) Robust Cooling tower

2) Energy efficient
3) Easy to maintain

Chiller, Boiler
University Utilities Plant

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University Utilities Plant

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 Basic components
Item Essential section Annual Energy
Cost (%)
Fan 19%

Boiler Condenser/pump 40%

Chiller Compressor/pump 30%

Steam generator Evaporator 5%

(Humidifier)
Control system Sensors 6%
 Function of HVAC

1) Proper air movement (O2/CO2 concentration)

2) Air contamination within acceptable limits (pa/ft3)
3) Air temperature (Temperature)
4) Moisture Content in the air (Humidity)
1) Proper air movement (O2/CO2 concentration)
1) Proper air movement (O2/CO2 concentration)
2) Air contamination within acceptable limits (pa/ft 3)
 Boiler

1) Proper air movement (O2/CO2 concentration)

2) Air contamination within acceptable limits (pa/ft 3)
3) Air temperature (Temperature)
 Boiler

1) Proper air movement (O2/CO2 concentration)

2) Air contamination within acceptable limits (pa/ft 3)
3) Air temperature (Temperature)
4) Moisture Content in the air (Humidity)
 Chiller Boiler

1) Proper air movement (O2/CO2 concentration)

2) Air contamination within acceptable limits (pa/ft3)
3) Air temperature (Temperature)
4) Moisture Content in the air (Humidity)
Loop-1

Loop-2

2 Hot Air
1

Chiller Cold Air

 Air-side

Air quality

Boiler
Heating

Refrigeration cycle Water-side

Cooling tower
Heat Pump
 Energy Saving Design for HVAC system

1) Clean tube and coil.

2) Solar Air Conditioner (Absorption cycle).
3) Evaporative cooling.
4) Condenser boiler system.
5) Precooling the space.
6) Control system and sensor.
 B-1.2 Absorption Cooling

An absorption cycle is a heat-activated thermal cycle. It

exchanges only thermal energy with its surroundings – no
appreciable mechanical energy is exchanged.
Instead of compression of refrigerant vapor, the vapor is
absorbed in a liquid absorbent and the liquid is pumped to high
pressure.

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Absorption cycle
Single-Effect Absorption Cycle

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 Refrigerant - Absorbent Pair

Ref. 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI) 41

 Major System Components
Condenser
Expansion valve Same as a vapor compression cycle
Evaporator

Absorber Strong absorbent solution absorbs refrigerant

vapor and becomes weak absorbent solution.
Pump The weak absorbent solution is pumped to high
pressure.
Generator Heat is added to desorb refrigerant and regenerate
the absorbent.

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 Working Fluid
Refrigerant It changes phases in evaporator from saturated liquid
and vapor to vapor as it absorbs heat in the
evaporator.
Absorbent A material that extracts one or more substances from
a fluid (gas or liquid) medium on contact, and which
changes physically and/or chemically in the process.
The less volatile of the two working fluids in an
absorption cooling device.
Weak solution Solution leaving the absorber contains low mass
ratio of absorbent to refrigerant.
Strong solution Solution leaving the generator contains high mass
ratio of absorbent to refrigerant.

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Single-Effect Absorption Cycle
QCond QGen
2
Condenser Generator

3 6
7

Expansion Strong Weak

Refrigerant Pump
Valve Absorbent Absorbent

4 8

1 5
Evaporator Absorber

QEvap QAbs

Strong Absorbent = Strong Solution

Weak Absorbent = Weak Solution 44
 Coefficient of Performance

COP = Cooling Effect / Energy Input

= QEvap / (Qgen + Qpump)

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Single-Effect Absorption Cycle

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Cooling water system
Cooling water system
Cooling water system
Cooling water system
Evaporative cooling tower
B-1.3 Evaporative cooling system

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Understanding the evaporative cooling

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IeGQcdDZIY

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Indirect evaporative cooling

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Direct + Indirect evaporative cooling

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B-1.3 Ground source heat pump

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B-1.3 Ground source heat pump

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B-1.3 Ground source heat pump

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B-1.3 Ground source heat pump

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B-1.3 Ground source heat pump

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B-1.3 Ground source heat pump

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Geothermal heat pump

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Geothermal heat pump

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Geothermal heat pump

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Geothermal for heating and cooling

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Geothermal for heating and cooling

What we have: What we need:

Geothermal heating energy Cooling

Lake cooling water Heating

Biomass Electricity

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Geothermal for heating and cooling

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Organic rankine cycle

ORC

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Geothermal for heating and cooling

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Geothermal for heating and cooling

Cooling

Electricity

Heating and Electricity Heating

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Geothermal for heating and cooling

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 B-1.4 Clean Room
Cleanroom air flow rates can be 4 – 100 times greater than
conventional HVAC.

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HEPA : High Efficiency Particulate Arrestor

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Suggested actions on energy saving for clean room

• Reducing air-change rate yields energy savings – A

30% reduction in air-change rate reduces power
consumption by 66%.
• May also improve cleanliness by minimizing
turbulence.
• Allows the downsizing of fans, motors, etc. and
corresponding first-cost savings.

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PART B-2 Lighting Technologies
Design of Energy-Efficient Lighting Systems

Efficient, high-quality lighting design includes:

• Attention to task and ambient lighting
• Effective use of daylighting
• Use of the most cost-effective technologies
• Effective use of lighting controls
The use of daylighting
Daylighting
Light-Pipe Technologies
• Daylighting is not usually feasible for interior
spaces, particularly those without any skylights.
Lighting Technologies
Light source (a device that converts electric energy
into light)
• Lamps
i. Incandescent Lamps
ii. Halogen Lamps
iii. Fluorescent Lamps
iv. Induction Lamps
v. High-Intensity Discharge Lamps
vi. Sodium Lamps
vii. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
 Lighting efficiency
• Output of lamps – Lumens (Lu), 1 candela.sr
• Light level: Amount of light required – in Lux
(Lu/m2), ex. School, commercial office 500 Lux
• Energy efficiency – Lumens/watt
• Color Rendering Index - CRI
Lumen Method Formula

where
N = the number of lamps required
F1 = the required lux level at the task
A = area of the room in square meter
Lu = the lumen output per lamp
Cu = the coefficient of utilization
LLF = the combined light loss factor
 Incandescent lamp
Our oldest lamp is the incandescent lamp, and it is not much
different from the first practical lamp that Thomas Edison made.
• The incandescent lamp contains a resistive filament that is
connected directly to the supply voltage. The filament burns
white hot, and produces heat and a little light.
• 90% or more of an incandescent lamp’s emissions are in the
infrared range(thermal). Less than 10 percent of the input
energy is converted to visible light.
 Halogen Lamp
• A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen lamp, is an incandescent
lamp with a tungsten filament contained within an inert gas and a small
amount of a halogen such as iodine or bromine.
• The combination of the halogen gas and the tungsten filament produces a
chemical reaction known as a halogen cycle which increases the lifetime of
the filament.
 Fluorescent Lamps
• A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses
electricity to excite mercury vapor.
• The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave UV light.
• This UV radiation excites the phosphor coating on the lamp tube and causes it
to fluoresce, thus producing visible light.
• A fluorescent lamp converts electrical power into useful light more efficiently
than an incandescent lamp.
 LED (Light Emitted Diode)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.

p-GaN
n-GaN
The use of lighting controls
Lighting control systems include:
Programmable timers Occupancy sensors Photosensors

Dimmers are devices

used to vary the
brightness of a light.
 PART B-3 Major Appliances

• Refrigerator
• Water Heaters
• Furnaces
• Clothes Washers / Dryers
• Dishwashers
• Cooktops and Ovens
 Refrigerator
• Vacuum Insulation Panels (save 10~20%)
The use of vacuum insulation panels (VIP) can significantly
reduce heat gain in a refrigerated cabinet and decrease the
amount of energy necessary to maintain a refrigerator or
freezer at a low temperature.
 Water Heaters
• Gas-Fired Storage Water Heater (Traditional)
• Solar Water Heaters
Closed-loop glycol systems are popular in areas subject to extended
freezing temperatures because they offer good freeze protection.

glycol-water antifreeze mixture

 Furnaces + Water Heaters
• Integrated Water Heaters and Furnaces
 Clothes Washers
• Which one is more energy efficient?
 Clothes Washers
• Horizontal-Axis Washers (front loader)
Horizontal-axis washers, in which the tub spins around a horizontal
axis, use much less water than their vertical-axis counterparts, and
less hot water is therefore required from water heaters.
 Clothes Washers
• High-Spin-Speed Washers

• Clothes washers can be designed so that less

energy is required to dry clothes after they
have been washed.
• Extracting water from clothes mechanically in
a clothes washer uses approximately 70 times
less energy than extracting the water with
thermal energy in an electric clothes dryer.
 Clothes Dryers
• Microwave Dryers
In conventional clothes dryers, hot air passes over
wet clothes and vaporizes the surface water. During
the later stages of drying, the surface dries out and
heat from the hot air must be transferred to interior,
where the remaining moisture resides.
In contrast, in microwave drying, water molecules in
the interior of a fabric absorb electromagnetic energy
at microwave wavelengths, thereby heating the water
and allowing it to vaporize.
 Dishwashers
• Most of the energy used to run a dishwasher isn’t
for powering the appliance; instead, it’s for heating
the water used by the dishwasher.
• Is washing dishes by hand an energy-wise choice?
 Electric motor system
Why electric motor system is important?

• Motor systems are by far the most important type

of electrical load, ranging from small fractional HP
motors incorporated in home appliances to multi-
megawatt motors driving pumps and fans in power
plants.
• Motors consume over half of the total electricity.
 AC Motor
Because of their low cost, high
reliability and fairly high efficiency,
most of the motors used in large
home appliances, industry, and
commercial buildings are induction
motors.

Synchronous motors are used in

applications requiring constant
speed, high operating efficiency
and controllable power factor.

http://www.homofaciens.de/technics-
synchronous-motor_en_navion.htm
 DC Motor
DC motors are easy to control, both in terms of speed
and torque, they are expensive to produce and have
modest reliability.
 PART B-4 Water supply system
• Water and energy savings can be achieved in buildings by using water-
saving fixtures instead of the conventional fixtures for toilets, faucets,
showerheads, dishwashers, and clothes washers.
• Savings can also be achieved by eliminating leaks in pipes and fixtures.

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• Only 0.5% of the 1.4 billion cubic kilometers of water in the world is accessible fresh
water.
• There are 26 countries that do not have sufficient water resources to sustain
agriculture and economic development, and approximately one billion people lack
access to safe drinking water.

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• 12 percent of the world’s population uses 85 percent of the
world’s water.
• 10.6 million children died in 2003 before they reached the
age of 5 (figure equals total child population in France,
Germany, Greece and Italy)
• 1.4 million children die annually from lack of access to safe
drinking water.

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Water dripping
Wasting water wastes electricity. Why? Because the biggest use of
electricity in most cities is supplying water and cleaning it up after
it's been used!
• About 75 percent of the water we use in our homes is used in
the bathroom. Unless you have a low flush toilet (6 liters), for
example, you use about 15 liters of water with every flush!
• A leaky toilet can waste more than 37,000 liters of water a year.
• Drippy faucets are bad, too. A faucet that leaks enough water to
fill a soda bottle every 30 minutes will waste 8,000 liters of
water a year.
• An average tub bath requires 180 liters of water. The average
shower of four minutes with an old shower head uses 75 liters of
water. With a low-flow shower head, only 37.5 liters of water is
used. 112
Taking
• 1 million people in Hong Kong using low-flush toilet and
low-flow shower head.
• 1 million leaky toilet and Faucet.

1. How much energy we can save?

2. How much coal (Kg) we can save?
3. How much CO2 we can reduce?
4. How many African children (1 liter/kid/day) we can
support?

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How much energy we can save ?

Energy needed to treat water

Average energy use for water treatment drawn from southern California
studies is 652 kWh per acre-foot (AF), where one AF = 325,853 gallons.

Thermal Energy in Coal

The thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh.

Energy output/fire power plant

A typical 500 megawatt coal power plant produces 3.5 billion kWh per year.

CO2 Emission
Taking coal to contain 50 percent carbon, which combines with oxygen during
burning to form CO2, we can arrive at 1.83 kg CO2 for every 1 kg of coal
burned.

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 EMEE6004

Heat Recovery and Co-generation

Tony Shien-Ping Feng

Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.i-nanoeng.com/
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Introduction

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Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot
be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy and matter
in the Universe remains constant, merely changing from one
form to another.

The change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat

added to the system minus the work done by the system.
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Heat can never flow from a cold body to a warmer one.
The entropy of the universe increases (increasing disorder).
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 Waste Heat
• Waste heat is heat generated in a process by
way of fuel combustion or chemical reaction,
which is then “dumped” into the environment
and not reused for useful and economic
purposes. The essential fact is not the amount
of heat, but rather its “value”.
• The mechanism to recover the unused heat
depends on the temperature of the waste
heat gases and the economics involved.

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 Waste Heat

• Usually higher the temperature, higher the

quality and more cost effective is the heat
recovery. In any study of waste heat recovery,
it is absolutely necessary that there should be
some use for the recovered heat.
• Typical examples of use would be preheating
of combustion air, space heating, or pre-
heating boiler feed water or process water.

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Waste Heat Source

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Determining the Waste Heat

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High Temperature Heat Recovery

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Medium Temperature Heat Recovery

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Low Temperature Heat Recovery

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 Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
• Direct Benefits:
Recovery of waste heat has a direct effect on
the efficiency of the process. This is reflected
by reduction in the utility consumption &
costs, and process cost.

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 Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
• Indirect Benefits:
a) Reduction in pollution: A number of toxic combustible wastes
such as carbon monoxide gas, sour gas, carbon black off gases, oil
sludge, Acrylonitrile and other plastic chemicals etc, releasing to
atmosphere if/when burnt in the incinerators serves dual purpose
i.e. recovers heat and reduces the environmental pollution levels.

b) Reduction in equipment sizes: Waste heat recovery reduces the

fuel consumption, which leads to reduction in the flue gas produced.
This results in reduction in equipment sizes of all flue gas handling
equipments such as fans, stacks, ducts, burners, etc.

c) Reduction in auxiliary energy consumption: Reduction in

equipment sizes gives additional benefits in the form of reduction in
auxiliary energy consumption like electricity for fans, pumps etc.
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 Heat Recovery Devices
1. Heat Exchanger (Shell and Tube, Plate, Coil)
2. Recuperators (Radiation/Convective Hybrid,
Ceramic)
3. Regenerator
4. Heat Wheels
5. Economiser
6. Heat Pipe
7. Heat Engines (Stirling engine)
8. Solid-state thermoelectric Devices
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1. Heat Exchanger

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2. Recuperators

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3. Regenerator

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4. Heat Wheels

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5. Economiser

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 6. Heat Pipe
Heat pipes were developed especially for space applications during the
early 60´ by the NASA. One main problem in space applications was to
transport the temperature from the inside to the outside, because the
heat conduction in a vacuum is very limited. Hence there was a
necessity to develop a fast and effective way to transport heat,
without having the effect of gravity force. The idea behind is to create
a flow field which transports heat energy from one spot to another by
means of convection, because convective heat transfer is much faster
than heat transfer due to conduction.
 Heat Pipe
The basic idea of heat pipes is based on an evaporation and condensation
process. At the hot side, the working fluid is evaporated and at the cool side it
condensates again.

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Circular process of a heat pipe
• 1-2 Heat applied to evaporator through external sources vaporizes
working fluid to a saturated(2’) or superheated (2) vapor.
• 2-3 Vapor pressure drives vapor through adiabatic section to
condenser.
• 3-4 Vapor condenses, releasing heat to a heat sink.
• 4-1 Capillary pressure created by menisci in wick pumps condensed
fluid into evaporator section.
• Process starts over.
Operation of heat pipe
• The driving force that transports the condensed working
liquid through the wick to the evaporator is provided by
capillary pressure. Working fluids that are employed in
heat pipes have wetting liquids as opposed to non wetting
liquids.

• Contact angle is defined as the angle between the solid

and vapor regions. Wetting fluids have angles between 0
and 90 degrees. Non wetting fluids have angles between
90 and 180 degrees.