Energy management in building

PART A Building envelope Chapter 3

PART B Building service system
(1) HVAC
(2) Lighting
(3) Major appliance
(4) Water supply
(5) Others: Lifts and escalators, Gas supply system…etc
• Building: Commercial + Residential + Industrial

2
Building envelope

3
4
 Part A Building Envelope
Building envelope: Roof, Window, Wall
Building services system: Air conditioner, Lighting, Appliance

5
PART A-1 Window

6
Double-glazed Window

7
 Example
What is the optimum air layer thickness (L)?

hi (8.29 W/m²K): This is the interior heat transfer coefficient,

which quantifies how easily heat transfers from the indoor air
to the inner surface of the glass
ho (34 W/m²K): This is the exterior heat transfer coefficient,
quantifying how easily heat transfers from the outer surface of
the glass to the outdoor air.
Kglass(0.92 W/m K): This is the thermal conductivity of the glass. Kspace
A higher value means the material conducts heat more
effectively.
t (4 mm): The thickness of each glass pane.
Kspace​ (0.024 W/m K): The thermal conductivity of the air space
between the glass panes. Air generally has a low thermal
conductivity, meaning it's not very effective at conducting heat.

8
 7

6
Overall thermal coefficient (W/m K)
2

0
-3 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
0.0 5.0x10 1.0x10 1.5x10 2.0x10 2.5x10 3.0x10
Air gap thickness (m)

9
 Chromogenic Windows

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVf73gidx4g
Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) windows

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtkCA7DV
bSw

10
PART A-2 Green Roof

11
12
13
14
q conduction = q radiation – q convection q conduction = q radiation – q convection – q latent

15
• Energy performance of green roofs varies
with: growing media composition, depth,
moisture, plant coverage/function, building
characteristics, loads, and weather conditions.
• Green roofs impact air conditioning and
heating energy
• Evaluation of green roof energy performance
requires definition of a “baseline” for
comparison.

16
 PART B Building Services System

1. HVAC system
2. Lighting system
3. Major Appliance (Refrigerator,
washers, Air conditioners…etc)
4. Water supply system
5. Others: Lifts and escalators,
Gas supply system…etc

17
 PART B-1 HVAC
• HVAC = Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
• Purpose of using HVAC
1) Every Individual lives in comfort
2) Serves the industrial segment
Air handling unit

• The requirement of HVAC

1) Robust Cooling tower

2) Energy efficient
3) Easy to maintain

Chiller, Boiler
University Utilities Plant

19
University Utilities Plant

20
 Basic components
Item Essential section Annual Energy
Cost (%)
Fan 19%

Boiler Condenser/pump 40%

Chiller Compressor/pump 30%

Steam generator Evaporator 5%

(Humidifier)
Control system Sensors 6%
 Function of HVAC

1) Proper air movement (O2/CO2 concentration)

2) Air contamination within acceptable limits (pa/ft3)
3) Air temperature (Temperature)
4) Moisture Content in the air (Humidity)
1) Proper air movement (O2/CO2 concentration)
1) Proper air movement (O2/CO2 concentration)
2) Air contamination within acceptable limits (pa/ft 3)
 Boiler

1) Proper air movement (O2/CO2 concentration)

2) Air contamination within acceptable limits (pa/ft 3)
3) Air temperature (Temperature)
 Boiler

1) Proper air movement (O2/CO2 concentration)

2) Air contamination within acceptable limits (pa/ft 3)
3) Air temperature (Temperature)
4) Moisture Content in the air (Humidity)
 Chiller Boiler

1) Proper air movement (O2/CO2 concentration)

2) Air contamination within acceptable limits (pa/ft3)
3) Air temperature (Temperature)
4) Moisture Content in the air (Humidity)
Loop-1

Loop-2

2 Hot Air
1

Chiller Cold Air

Cooling tower
Heat Pump
 Energy Saving Design for HVAC system

1) Clean tube and coil.

2) Solar Air Conditioner (Absorption cycle).
3) Evaporative cooling.
4) Condenser boiler system.
5) Precooling the space.
6) Control system and sensor.
 B-1.2 Absorption Cooling

An absorption cycle is a heat-activated thermal cycle. It

exchanges only thermal energy with its surroundings – no
appreciable mechanical energy is exchanged.
Instead of compression of refrigerant vapor, the vapor is
absorbed in a liquid absorbent and the liquid is pumped to high
pressure.

36
Absorption cycle
Single-Effect Absorption Cycle

38
 Refrigerant - Absorbent Pair

Ref. 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI) 40

 Major System Components
Condenser
Expansion valve Same as a vapor compression cycle
Evaporator

Absorber Strong absorbent solution absorbs refrigerant

vapor and becomes weak absorbent solution.
Pump The weak absorbent solution is pumped to high
pressure.
Generator Heat is added to desorb refrigerant and regenerate
the absorbent.

41
Exothermic / Endothermic Reaction

42
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgBe0fsPcjk
 Working Fluid
Refrigerant It changes phases in evaporator from saturated liquid
and vapor to vapor as it absorbs heat in the
evaporator.
Absorbent A material that extracts one or more substances from
a fluid (gas or liquid) medium on contact, and which
changes physically and/or chemically in the process.
The less volatile of the two working fluids in an
absorption cooling device.
Weak solution Solution leaving the absorber contains low mass
ratio of absorbent to refrigerant.
Strong solution Solution leaving the generator contains high mass
ratio of absorbent to refrigerant.

43
Single-Effect Absorption Cycle
QCond QGen
2
Condenser Generator

3 6
7

Expansion Strong Weak

Refrigerant Pump
Valve Absorbent Absorbent

4 8

1 5
Evaporator Absorber

QEvap QAbs

Strong Absorbent = Strong Solution

Weak Absorbent = Weak Solution 44
Single-Effect Absorption Cycle
Weak Strong
Refrigerant Solution Solution

3 7
Pressure

4 5

Temperature

45
 Coefficient of Performance

COP = Cooling Effect / Energy Input

= QEvap / (Qgen + Qpump)

46