MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.1.

qxd 7/7/09 10:13 AM Page 179

UNIT

5 Polynomials

What You’ll Learn

• Recognize, write, describe, and classify polynomials.

• Represent polynomials using tiles, pictures, and algebraic expressions.

• Add and subtract polynomials.

• Multiply and divide a polynomial by a monomial.

Why It’s Important

Polynomials are used by

• homeowners to calculate mortgage and car payments

• computer technicians to encode information, such as PIN numbers for ATM

machines and debit cards

Key Words

term monomial
variable term binomial
constant term trinomial
variable simplify a polynomial
coefficient of the variable like terms
polynomial unlike terms
degree of a polynomial distributive property

179
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.1.qxd 7/7/09 10:13 AM Page 180

5.1 Skill Builder

Modelling Expressions
We can use algebra tiles to model an expression.
One represents ⫹1. One represents ⫺1.

One represents any variable, such as x or n.

One represents ⫺x or ⫺n.

There are 2 . There is 1 .

They represent 2x. It represents ⫺1.
So, the tiles represent the expression 2x ⫺1. We can use any
letter as the
There are 3 . There are 2 . variable.

They represent ⫺3a. They represent ⫹2.

So, the tiles represent the expression ⫺3a ⫹ 2.

Check
1. Which expression does each set of tiles represent?

a) _____________ b) _____________

c) _____________ d) _____________

2. Sketch algebra tiles to model each expression.

a) s ⫹ 4 b) 5b ⫺ 3

c) ⫺4n ⫹ 5 d) ⫺6w ⫺ 1

180
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.1.qxd 7/7/09 10:13 AM Page 181

5.1 Modelling Polynomials

FOCUS Model, write, and classify polynomials.

Some expressions contain x2 terms.

When the variable is n,

We use to represent x2. the tile is called the n2-tile.

We use to represent ⫺x2.

For the expression 4x2 ⫹ 3x ⫺ 1:

4x 2 + 3x – 1

Variable terms Constant term

In the term 3x, the variable is x and the coefficient of the variable is 3.

3x

coefficient variable
An algebraic expression like this one is also called a polynomial.

Example 1 Modelling Polynomials with Algebra Tiles

Use algebra tiles to model each polynomial.

a) ⫺4t2 b) 2n ⫺ 5

Solution

a) To represent ⫺4t2, use 4 . b) To represent 2n, use 2 .

To represent ⫺5, use 5 .

181
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.1.qxd 7/7/09 10:13 AM Page 182

Check
1. Sketch algebra tiles to model each polynomial.

a) –3 b) 2x ⫹ 3

c) 2e2 ⫺ e ⫹ 2 d) ⫺3d2 ⫹ 2d ⫺ 5

Example 2 Recognizing the Same Polynomials in Different Variables

Which of these polynomials can be represented by the same algebra tiles?

a) 2x2 ⫹ 7x ⫺ 4 b) ⫺4 ⫹ 2b2 ⫺ 7b c) 7s ⫺ 4 ⫹ 2s2

Solution
Select the tiles that match each term.

a) 2x2 ⫹ 7x ⫺ 4

b) ⫺4 ⫹ 2b2 ⫺ 7b

c) 7s ⫺ 4 ⫹ 2s2

The order in
The variable used to name a tile does not matter.
which the terms
In parts a and c, the same algebra tiles are used. are written does
Since 2x2 ⫹ 7x ⫺ 4 and 7s ⫺ 4 ⫹ 2s2 can be represented not matter.

by the same tiles, the expressions represent the same polynomial.

182
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.1.qxd 7/7/09 10:13 AM Page 183

Check
1. Which of these polynomials can be represented by the same algebra tiles?

a) 3s2 ⫺ 2s ⫹ 5

b) 5 – 3a2 – 2a

c) ⫺2c ⫹ 5 ⫺ 3c2

The same tiles are used in parts ______ and ______.

So, ____________________ and ____________________ represent the same polynomial.

There are different types of polynomials, depending on the number of terms.

The degree of a polynomial tells you the greatest exponent of any term.

Type Number of Terms Example Model Degree

Monomial 1 2s2 2

A monomial
⫺2n 1
has 1 type of tile.

A constant term
4 2 has degree 0.
Binomial 2 x2 ⫹ 3 2

2a ⫺ 1 1 A binomial has
2 different types
of tiles.

⫺2b2 ⫹ 3b 2

Trinomial 3 ⫺c2 ⫹ 4c ⫺ 2 2 A trinomial has

3 different types
of tiles.

183
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.1.qxd 7/7/09 10:13 AM Page 184

5
An algebraic expression that contains a term with a variable in the denominator, such as , or the
n
square root of a variable, such as 冪 n, is not a polynomial.

Practice

1. Sketch algebra tiles to model each polynomial.

a) a2 ⫹ 6 b) y2 ⫺ y ⫹ 3

__________________________________ _______________________________________

c) ⫺2m2 ⫹ 3m ⫺ 4 d) 2x2 ⫹ 5x ⫹ 4

__________________________________ _______________________________________

2. Is the polynomial a monomial, binomial, or trinomial?

a) ⫺7t The polynomial has ___ term, so it is a _________________________.

b) 8d2 ⫹ 7 The polynomial has ___ terms, so it is a _______________________.

c) s2 ⫹ 5s ⫺ 6 The polynomial has ___ terms, so it is a _______________________.

d) 4t ⫺ 12 The polynomial has ___ terms, so it is a _______________________.

e) ⫺15 The polynomial has ___ term, so it is a ________________________.

3. Name the degree of each polynomial.

a) 5a2 ⫺ 3a ⫹ 6 The term with the greatest exponent is 5a2.

It has exponent ______.
So, the polynomial has degree ______.

b) 4b ⫺ 6 The term with the greatest exponent is ______.

It has exponent ______.
So, the polynomial has degree ______.

c) 4d2 ⫺ 3d The term with the greatest exponent is ______.

It has exponent ______.
So, the polynomial has degree ______.

d) ⫺4 ⫺4 can be written as ⫺4x____.

So, the polynomial has degree ______.

184
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.1.qxd 7/7/09 10:13 AM Page 185

4. Write the polynomial represented by each set of tiles.

a) Use the variable f.

__________________

b) Use the variable n.

__________________

c) Use the variable p.

__________________

5. Choose a set of tiles from question 4.

Write another polynomial that can be represented by the same set of tiles.

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

6. Identify the polynomials that can be represented by the same set of algebra tiles.

a) x2 ⫹ 3x ⫺ 1 1 , _____ , and _____

b) 4r2 ⫺ 5r ⫹ 9

c) 9 ⫹ 4z2 ⫺ 5z

d) 3s ⫹ 1 ⫹ s2

Parts _____ and _____ use the same algebra tiles.

So, _____________________ and _____________________ both represent
the same polynomial.

185
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.2.qxp 7/7/09 10:15 AM Page 186

5.2 Skill Builder

Modelling Integers
One represents +1.
One represents –1.
One and one combine to model 0.
冦 ⫹1
We call this a zero pair.
⫺1

We can model any integer in many ways.

Each set of tiles below models +3.

Each pair of 1 and 1
makes a zero pair.

Check
1. Write the integer modelled by each set of tiles.
a)

____________

b)

____________

c)

____________

d)

____________

186
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.2.qxp 7/7/09 10:15 AM Page 187

5.2 Like Terms and Unlike Terms

FOCUS Simplify polynomials by combining like terms.

These are all zero pairs:

and and

We can use zero pairs to simplify algebraic expressions.

Example 1 Combining Like Tiles and Removing Zero Pairs

Simplify this tile model.

Write the polynomial that the remaining tiles represent.

Solution

Group like tiles.

Matching tiles have the
same size and shape.

Remove zero pairs.

0
The tiles that remain are:

When there is only 1 of

a type of tile, we omit
the coefficient 1.
They represent: x2 ⫹ x ⫺ 2

187
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.2.qxp 7/7/09 10:15 AM Page 188

Check
1. Simplify each tile model.
Write the polynomial that the remaining tiles represent.

a)

Remaining tiles: _________________________________ Polynomial: ________________________

b)

Remaining tiles: _________________________________ Polynomial: ________________________

c)

Remaining tiles: __________________________________ Polynomial: ________________________

Terms that can be represented by matching tiles are called like terms.

Like terms: x2 and ⫺2x2 4s and ⫺s 6 and ⫺2 5w and w

Unlike terms: 3s and s2 2x and ⫺5 3d2 and 7

We can simplify a polynomial by adding the coefficients of like terms.

To simplify ⫺5x ⫹ 2x, add the integers: ⫺5 ⫹ 2 ⫽ ⫺3
So, ⫺5x ⫹ 2x ⫽ ⫺3x

188
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.2.qxp 7/7/09 10:15 AM Page 189

Example 2 Simplifying a Polynomial Symbolically

Simplify:

a) 3a ⫹ 6 ⫹ a – 4 b) –x2 ⫹ 4x ⫺ 5 ⫹ 3x2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 1

Solution
a) 3a ⫹ 6 ⫹ a – 4 Group like terms.
⫽ 3a ⫹ 1a ⫹ 6 ⫺ 4 Add the coefficients of like terms.
⫽ 4a ⫹ 2

b) ⫺x2 ⫹ 4x ⫺ 5 ⫹ 3x2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 1 Group like terms.

⫽ ⫺x2 ⫹ 3x2 ⫹ 4x ⫺ 4x ⫺ 5 ⫹ 1 Add the coefficients of like terms.
⫽ 2x2 ⫹ 0x ⫺ 4
⫽ 2x2 ⫺ 4 We omit a term when
its coefficient is 0.

Check
1. Simplify each polynomial.

a) 5d ⫹ 2 ⫹ 3d ⫺ 1 Group like terms.

⫽ 5d ⫹ 3d ⫹ 2 ⫺ 1 Add the coefficients of like terms:
⫽ ______d ⫹ ______ 5 ⫹ 3 ⫽ _____ and 2 ⫹ (⫺1) ⫽ _____

b) 2a2 ⫺ 3a ⫹ 5a2 ⫹ 7a Group like terms.

⫽ _______________________________ Add the coefficients of like terms:
⫽ _______________________________ ______ ⫹ ______ ⫽ ______ and ______ ⫹ ______ ⫽ ______

c) –x2 ⫹ 4x ⫺ 5 ⫹ 2x2 ⫹ x ⫹ 3
⫽ _______________________________ We omit the coefficient
when it is 1.
__________________________________
__________________________________

d) 2x2 ⫹ 6x ⫹ 7 ⫺ 2x2 ⫹ 7x ⫺ 11
⫽ _______________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

189
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.2.qxp 7/7/09 10:15 AM Page 190

Practice

1. What is the coefficient of each term?

a) 2x2 ______ b) 6w ______ c) ⫺3x ______

d) 7t ______ e) b ______ f) ⫺s ______

2. a) Which of these terms are like 3z2?

5z ⫺z2 ⫺9 ⫺6z 2z2 ⫺11 ⫺4z2
2
3z has variable ______ and exponent ______.
Find all terms with the same variable and exponent: ____________________

b) Which of these terms are like –5x?

⫺4x ⫺3x2 ⫺2 7x 5x2 8 ⫺x ⫺5t
⫺5x has variable ______ and exponent ______.
Find all terms with the same variable and exponent: ____________________

3. Simplify each tile model.

Write the polynomial that the remaining tiles represent.
a)

Remaining tiles: ____________________ Polynomial: ____________________

b)

Remaining tiles: ____________________ Polynomial: ____________________

c)

Remaining tiles: ____________________ Polynomial: ____________________

190
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.2.qxp 7/7/09 10:15 AM Page 191

4. Add integers to combine like terms.

a) ⫺3c ⫹ 5c ⫺3 ⫹ 5 ⫽ ______ b) 4s ⫺ s 4 ⫹ (⫺1) ⫽ ______
⫺3c ⫹ 5c ⫽ ______ 4s ⫺ s ⫽ ______

c) ⫺2x2 ⫹ 7x2 ______ ⫹ ______ ⫽ ______ d) 8e2 ⫺ 8e2 ________________

_______________________ ________________

5. Simplify each polynomial.

a) 5m ⫹ 7 ⫺ 2m ⫹ 1 Group like terms.
⫽ ____________________________________ Add the coefficients of like terms.
⫽ ____________________________________

b) 7c2 ⫺ 6c ⫺ 4c2 ⫹ c Group like terms.

⫽ ____________________________________ Add the coefficients of like terms.
⫽ ____________________________________

c) 11 ⫺ 9v ⫹ v2 ⫹ 2 ⫺ v
⫽ ____________________________________ We usually write a
polynomial so the exponents
⫽ ____________________________________ of the variable decrease from
_______________________________________ left to right.

d) ⫺7f 2 ⫹ 12f ⫺ 2 ⫺3f 2 ⫺ 3f ⫹ 5

⫽ ____________________________________ A polynomial in simplified
form is equal to the original
⫽ ____________________________________ polynomial.

6. Identify and explain any errors you find.

a) 3x ⫹ 2 ⫽ 5x _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

b) 5s ⫹ 3s ⫽ 8s2 _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

c) x2 ⫺ x2 ⫽ 0 _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

191
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.3 .qxd 7/7/09 10:35 AM Page 192

5.3 Skill Builder

Adding Integers
To add two integers: 3  (4)
We can model each integer with tiles.
Circle zero pairs.
3:
–4:

There are 3 zero pairs.

There is 1 tile left.
It models 1.
So, 3  (4)  1 This is an addition sentence.

Check
1. Sketch tiles to show the sum of each pair of integers.
Write an addition sentence each time.

a) 4:
5: ____________________________

b) 6:
2: ____________________________

c) 3:
5: ____________________________

d) 3:
3: ____________________________

e) 5:
8: ____________________________

192
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.3 .qxd 7/7/09 10:35 AM Page 193

5.3 Adding Polynomials

FOCUS Use different strategies to add polynomials.

Example 1 Adding Polynomials with Algebra Tiles

Use algebra tiles to model (3s2  2s  6)  (s2  2s  1).

Write an addition sentence.

Solution
Model each polynomial.
3s2  2s  6 s2  2s  1

Combine the tiles.

Group matching tiles.

Remove zero pairs.

0 0
The remaining tiles are:

They represent: 2s2  5

The addition sentence is: (3s2  2s  6)  (s2  2s  1)  2s2  5

193
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.3 .qxd 7/7/09 10:35 AM Page 194

Check
1. Sketch algebra tiles to model each sum.
Then write the sum.

a) (6p  4)  (2p  1)

Remaining tiles: ____________________________________

So, (6p  4)  (2p  1)  _________________

b) (2x2  x  1)  (x2  3)

Remaining tiles: ____________________________________

So, (2x2  x  1)  (x2  3)  _________________

c) (3e2  6e  5)  (4e2  3e  8)

Remaining tiles: ____________________________________

So, (3e2  6e  5)  (4e2  3e  8)  _________________

Algebra tiles are not always available. coefficient

term
To add polynomials without tiles:
• remove the brackets 3c2
• add the coefficients of like terms

Example 2 Adding Polynomials Symbolically

Add: (3c2  5c – 6)  (2c2  3c  4)

Solution
(3c2  5c – 6)  (2c2  3c  4) Remove the brackets.
3c2 and 2c2 are
 3c2  5c – 6  2c2  3c  4 Group like terms. like terms.

 3c2  2c2  5c  3c – 6  4 Add the coefficients of like terms.

冦
冦
冦

 5c2  2c 2

194
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.3 .qxd 7/7/09 10:35 AM Page 195

Check
1. Add.
a) (7g  8)  (3g  1) Remove the brackets.
 7g  8  3g  1 Group like terms.
 7g  3g  8  1 Add the coefficients of like terms.
 ___________________________ 7  3  _____ and 8  1  _____

b) (2a2  9a)  (5a2  12a) Remove the brackets.

 ___________________________ Group like terms.
 ___________________________ Add the coefficients of like terms.
 ___________________________ _____  _____  _____ and _____  _____  _____

c) (c2  11c  3)  (4c2  5)

 ___________________________ Recall: c2 has coefficient 1.
 ___________________________
 ___________________________

We can also add 2 polynomials by aligning like terms vertically.

Example 3 Adding Polynomials Vertically

Add: (2m  9)  (3m2  m  14)

Solution
To add the polynomials, remove the brackets and
align like terms vertically.
In 3m2  m  14, the term m has coefficient 1,
so write m as 1m.

2m  9 0 2 9
3 1 (14)
 3m2  1m  14 Add the coefficients of like terms. 3 3 5
3m2  3m  5
So, (2m  9)  (3m2  m  14)  3m2  3m  5

195
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.3 .qxd 7/7/09 10:35 AM Page 196

Check
1. Add vertically.
a) (2x  3)  (4x  8) b) (5p2  12)  (2p2  3p  7)
2x  3 5p2  12
 4x  8  2p  3p  7
2

_____ x  _____ _____________________

c) (6b2  2b  8)  (9b  b2  19)

______________________
______________________
______________________

Practice

1. Write the addition sentence modelled by each set of tiles.

Use the variable x.

a)
+

________________________________________________

b)
+

________________________________________________

2. Sketch algebra tiles to model each sum.

Then write the sum.

a) (5w  8)  (7w  3)  ____________

Remaining tiles: _________________________

b) (6t2  3t  2)  (4t2  t  1)  ______________________

Remaining tiles: ___________________________________

196
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.3 .qxd 7/7/09 10:35 AM Page 197

3. Add horizontally.
a) (2r  3)  (3r  1) Remove the brackets.
 2r  3  3r  1 Group like terms.
 2r  3r  3  1 Add the coefficients of like terms.
 _____r  _____ 2  3  _____ and 3  (1)  _____

b) (7h2  2h)  (4h2  9h  4) c) (2y2  6y  1)  (2y2  6y  5)

 _______________________________  _______________________________
 _______________________________  _______________________________
 _______________________________  _______________________________

4. Add vertically.
a) (9r  7)  (2r  3) b) (a2  4a)  (3a2  2a  5)
9r  7 1a2  4a
 2r  3  3a2  2a  5
_ r _____
____ __________________

c) (8v  2v2  3)  (9  6v2  10v)

_________________________
_________________________
_________________________

5. Find the perimeter of this triangle.

Perimeter is the distance around
s+2 a shape. To find the perimeter,
2s + 3 add the side lengths.

2s + 5

Perimeter  _________________________________ Remove the brackets.

 _________________________________ Group like terms.
 _________________________________ Add coefficients of like terms.
 _________________________________

197
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.4.qxd 7/7/09 10:36 AM Page 198

5.4 Skill Builder

Subtracting Integers Symbolically

To subtract an integer without tiles, we add the opposite integer.
3 and 3, 6 and 6, and 15 and 15 are opposite integers.

To subtract: (4)  (3)

We omit the  sign when the
Add the opposite integer. integer is positive.
The opposite of 3 is 3.
And, (4)  3  1
So, (4)  (3)  1
We can use algebra tiles to check:
Model 4:

Take away 3:

–3
One remains.
So, (4)  (3)  1

Check
1. Subtract.

a) 6  (2): The opposite of 2 is _____.

Add the opposite: 6  _____  _____
So, 6  (2)  _____

b) 3  (4): The opposite of 4 is _____.

Add the opposite: _________________________
So, 3  (4)  _____

c) (8)  (5): The opposite of 5 is _____.

Add the opposite: _________________________
So, _________________________

d) (9)  (4): The opposite of 4 is _____.

Add the opposite: _________________________
So, _________________________

198
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.4.qxd 7/7/09 10:36 AM Page 199

5.4 Subtracting Polynomials

FOCUS Use different strategies to subtract polynomials.

To subtract a polynomial, we subtract each term of the polynomial.

Example 1 Subtracting Polynomials with Algebra Tiles

Use algebra tiles to model (3b2  2b  1)  (2b2  b  2).

Write a subtraction sentence.

Solution
Model: 3b2  2b  1

To subtract 2b2  b  2, take away 2 ,1 , and 2 .

There are no or to take away.

So, add 2 zero pairs of each tile:

So, these tiles also model 3b2  2b  1.

Take away the tiles for 2b2  b  2.

2
–b

–2b2
The remaining tiles represent: 5b2  b  3
The subtraction sentence is: (3b2  2b  1)  (2b2  b  2)  5b2  b  3

199
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.4.qxd 7/7/09 10:36 AM Page 200

Check
1. Use algebra tiles to model each difference.
Sketch the tiles that remain, then write the difference.

a) (4p  3)  (2p  1)

Remaining tiles: _____________________________

So, (4p  3)  (2p  1)  _______________

b) (5t  1)  (2t  3)
Remember to add zero pairs
when there are not enough tiles
to subtract.
Remaining tiles: _____________________________

So, (5t  1)  (2t  3)  ________________

c) (3e2  2e  4)  (4e2  3e  2)

Remaining tiles: _____________________________

So, (3e2  2e  4)  (4e2  3e  2)  ________________

To subtract integers without tiles, we can add the opposite integer.

To subtract polynomials without tiles, we can add the opposite terms.

Example 2 Subtracting Polynomials Symbolically

Subtract: (5k2  2k  6)  (3k2  4k  1)

Solution
(5k2  2k  6)  (3k2  4k  1) Remove the brackets from the first term.
 5k2  2k  6  (3k2  4k  1) Add the opposite of each term in brackets.
 5k2  2k  6  (3k2  4k  1) Remove the brackets.
 5k2  2k  6  3k2  4k  1 Group like terms.
 5k2  3k2  2k  4k  6  1 Add the coefficients of like terms.
 8k2  6k  7

200
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.4.qxd 7/7/09 10:36 AM Page 201

Check
1. Subtract.

a) (8f  3)  (7f  5) Remove the brackets from the first term.

 ____________  (7f  5) The opposite of 7f is: _______
The opposite of 5 is: _______
Add the opposites.
 8f  3  __________________ Remove the brackets.
 ___________________________ Group like terms.
 ___________________________ Add the coefficients of like terms.
 ___________________________

b) (2  5g  7g2)  (9g  4g2  2)

 __________________________________ Remember to write the
polynomial in descending order.
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________

Practice

1. Write the subtraction sentence modelled by each set of tiles.

a) b)

___________________ ____________________________________

___________________ ____________________________________

2. Use algebra tiles to model each difference.

Sketch the tiles that remain, then write the difference.

a) (3r  2)  (2r  3) b) (4v2 + 5v – 1) – (–3v2  4v – 2)

Remaining tiles: ___________________ Remaining tiles: ___________________

So, (3r  2)  (2r  3)  ___________ So, (4v2 + 5v – 1) – (–3v2  4v – 2)
 __________________

201
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.4.qxd 7/7/09 10:36 AM Page 202

3. Write the opposite of each term.

a) 9: _____ b) 3r: _____ c) –2s2: _____ d) t: _____

4. Subtract.

a) (4p  1)  (p  10) Remove the brackets from the first term.

 ____________  (p  10) The opposite of p is: _____
The opposite of 10 is: _____
Add the opposites.
 4p  1  _______________________ Remove the brackets.
 _________________________________ Group like terms.
 _________________________________ Add the coefficients of like terms.
 _________________________________

b) (3h2  5h  4)  (h2  4h  6) Remove the brackets from the first term.

 _________________________________ Add the opposites.
 _________________________________ Remove the brackets.
 _________________________________ Group like terms.
 _________________________________ Add the coefficients of like terms.
 _________________________________

c) (4q2  3)  (3q  q2  3)
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________

5. Check each solution. Identify any errors and correct them.

a) (7x2  3x  7)  (3x2  4) (7x2  3x  7)  (3x2  4)

 7x2  3x  7  3x2  4  ___________________________
 7x2  3x2  3x  7  4  ___________________________
 4x2  3x  3  ___________________________

b) (3a2  2a  4)  (2a2  3) (3a2  2a  4)  (2a2  3)

 3a2  2a  4  2a2  3  ___________________________
 3a2  2a2  2a  4  3  ___________________________
 a2  2a  3  ___________________________

202
MMS9_Prep book_CHECKPOINT.qxd 7/7/09 10:13 AM Page 203

CHECKPOINT Can you …

• Recognize, write, describe, and classify polynomials?
• Represent polynomials using tiles, pictures, and algebraic expressions?
• Simplify polynomials by combining like terms?
• Add and subtract polynomials?

5.1 1. Is the polynomial a monomial, binomial, or trinomial?

a) 9 The polynomial has _____ term, so it is a ___________________.

b) 3f  5 The polynomial has _____ terms, so it is a _____________.

c) 2s2  s  1 The polynomial has _____ terms, so it is a _____________.

d) a2  2a The polynomial has _____ terms, so it is a _____________.

2. Write the polynomial represented by each set of tiles.

a) Use the variable g.

________________

b) Use the variable r.

________________

c) Use the variable w.

________________

5.2 3. Simplify each tile model.

Write the polynomial that the remaining tiles represent.

a)

Remaining tiles: __________________ Polynomial: __________________

203
MMS9_Prep book_CHECKPOINT.qxd 7/7/09 10:13 AM Page 204

b)

Remaining tiles: __________________ Polynomial: __________________

4. Simplify each polynomial.

a) 8e  9  5e  4 Group like terms.

 _________________ Add the coefficients of like terms.
 _________________

b) 4d2  3d  11  d2  5d  13
 ________________________________
 ________________________________

5.3 5. Sketch tiles to model each sum.

Then write the sum.

a) (4v  4)  (2v  7)

Remaining tiles: _______________________

So, (4v  4)  (2v  7)  __________

b) (6u2  5u  7)  (3u2  3u  7)

Remaining tiles: _________________________________

So, (6u2  5u  7)  (3u2  3u  7)  __________

6. Add.

a) (3t  11)  (7t  4) b) (10y2  9)  (3y2  4y  2)

3t  11 10y2  9
 7t  4  3y  4y  2
2

___t  ____ _________________

7. Find the perimeter of this rectangle.

Perimeter  _________________________________________ 3s + 4
 _________________________________________
4s – 5 4s – 5
 _________________________________________
 _________________________________________ 3s + 4

204
MMS9_Prep book_CHECKPOINT.qxd 7/7/09 10:13 AM Page 205

5.4 8. Use algebra tiles to model each difference.

Sketch the tiles that remain, then write the difference.

a) (5n  6)  (n  3)

Remaining tiles: _______________________

So, (5n  6)  (n  3)  __________

b) (v2  3v  5)  (v2  4v  2)

Remaining tiles: _______________________

So, (v2  3v  5)  (v2  4v  2)  __________

9. Subtract.

a) (11h  3)  (9h  2) Remove the brackets from the first term.

 _________  (9h  2) Add the opposites.
 _________  (_________) Remove the brackets.
 _____________________________ Group like terms.
 _____________________________ Add the coefficients of like terms.
 _____________________________

b) (7j2 – 11j – 7) – (12j2 – 8j – 3)

 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________

205
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.5.qxd 7/7/09 10:37 AM Page 206

5.5 Skill Builder

The Distributive Property

We can use this diagram to model 5  24.
20 4

5 5 × 20 = 100 5 × 4 = 20

This diagram shows:

5  24  5  (20  4)
We multiply the term outside the
 (5  20)  (5  4) brackets by each term inside the
 100  20 brackets, then find the sum.
 120

This shows the distributive property of multiplication.

Check
1. How does each diagram show the distributive property?

a) 10 5 ____________________________
____________________________
6

30 5 ____________________________
b)
8

2. Use the distributive property to multiply.

a) 7  21  7  (20  1) b) 8  43  8  (40  3)
 (7  20)  (7  1)  ___________________
 ___________________  ___________________
 ___________________  ___________________

206
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.5.qxd 7/7/09 10:37 AM Page 207

Multiplying and Dividing Integers

When multiplying or dividing 2 integers, look at the sign of each integer:
• When the integers have the same sign,
their product or quotient is positive. ⴛ/ⴜ (ⴚ) (ⴙ)
• When the integers have different signs, (ⴚ) () ()
their product or quotient is negative. (ⴙ) () ()

7  (4) These 2 integers have different signs,

When one number is
7  (4)  28 so their product is negative.
divided by another
number, the result is
(12)  (3) These 2 integers have the same called the quotient.
(12)  (3)  4 sign, so their quotient is positive.

Check
1. Will the product be positive or negative?

a) 9  5 _____________ b) 8  (3) _____________

c) (12)  5 _____________ d) (7)  (6) _____________

2. Multiply.

a) 6  5  _____________ b) 4  (10)  _____________

c) (7)  3  _____________ d) (8)  (6)  _____________

e) 12  (5)  _____________ f) (4)  (8)  _____________

3. Will the quotient be positive or negative?

a) 18  3 _____________ b) (36)  6 _____________

c) 72  (9) _____________ d) (48)  (8) _____________

4. Divide.

a) (49)  7  _____________ b) (56)  (8)  _____________

c) 48  6  _____________ d) 81  (9)  _____________

e) (27)  (3)  _____________ f) (42)  7  _____________

207
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.5.qxd 7/7/09 10:37 AM Page 208

5.5 Multiplying and Dividing a Polynomial

by a Constant
FOCUS Use different strategies to multiply and divide a polynomial by a constant.

To multiply 2(4x) with algebra tiles:

Model 2 rows of 4 .
x x x x Recall: 2(4x)  2  4x
1
1
There are 8 x-tiles. So, 2(4x)  8x

Example 1 Using Algebra Tiles to Multiply a Polynomial by a Constant

Find the product: 3(2b2  2b  1)

Solution
3(2b2  2b  1)

Model 3 rows of 2 ,2 , and 1 .

These tiles represent: 6b  6b  3.
2

So, 3(2b2  2b  1)  6b2  6b  3

Check
1. Sketch algebra tiles to multiply. Write the product each time.
a) 3(4p  3)  ______________ b) 2(s2  s  3)  ________________

208
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.5.qxd 7/7/09 10:37 AM Page 209

When working symbolically, remember the rules for integer multiplication and division.

Example 2 Using the Distributive Property to Multiply a

Polynomial by a Constant

Find the product: 5(4e2  5e  3)

Solution

5(4e2  5e  3) Multiply each term in brackets by 5.

 (5)(4e2)  (5)(5e)  (5)(3) Multiply.

 20e2  25e  (15)

 20e2  25e  15

Check
1. Multiply.

a) 3(7s2  9) Multiply each term in brackets by 3.

 3(7s2)  3(9) Multiply: 3  7  _____ and 3  9  _____
 _____s2  _____

b) 4(5e2  8e) Multiply each term in brackets by 4.

 _________________________ Multiply.
 _________________________

c) 5(2d2  3d  6) d) 7(6y2  8y  9)
 ____________________________________  _________________________
 ____________________________________  _________________________
 ____________________________________  _________________________

We can use algebra tiles to divide a polynomial by a constant.

To divide: (8x)  2

Arrange 8 into 2 equal rows.

x x x x

In each row there are 4 .

So, (8x)  2  4x

209
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.5.qxd 7/7/09 10:37 AM Page 210

Example 3 Using Algebra Tiles to Divide a Polynomial by a Constant

Find the quotient: (6s  9)  3

Solution
(6s  9)  3

Arrange 6 and 9 into 3 equal rows.

In each row, there are 2 and 3 .

So, (6s  9)  3  2s  3

Check
1. Sketch algebra tiles to divide. Write the quotient each time.

a) (3g2  12g)  3  __________________ b) (4b2  6)  2  __________________

c) (4s2  4s  8)  4  ______________ d) (6t2  9t  9)  3  ________________

210
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.5.qxd 7/7/09 10:37 AM Page 211

When algebra tiles are not available,

In the division sentence
or when the divisor is negative, 6  3  2, the divisor is 3.
we can use what we already know about division.

We can write 8x  4 as a fraction: 8x

4
We write the fraction as a product, then simplify each fraction.
8x
8x
4 4
2x

 2x

Example 4 Dividing a Polynomial by a Constant Symbolically

Find the quotient: 9v  6

2

Solution
9v2  6
Write as the sum of 2 fractions with denominator 3.
3

 9v  6
2

3 3 Simplify the fractions.

 9  v2  2 When 2 integers have different signs, the quotient is negative.
3
 3  v2  2

 3v2  2

Check
1. Divide.

a) 12r  8
2
Write as the sum of 2 fractions with denominator 4.
4

 
4 4 Simplify the fractions.
  r2  ________ When 2 integers have the same sign, the quotient is _________.

 ______________

 ______________

211
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.5.qxd 7/7/09 10:37 AM Page 212

b) 18v  6v 12 c) 4e  8e

2 2

6 2

   
6 6 6
________________________________

  ____   ____  ____  ________________________________

6 6
 ________________________________  ________________________________

 ________________________________  ________________________________

Practice

1. Which multiplication sentence does each rectangle represent?

m 4 w 6
a) b)
4
5

4(m  4)  (4  ____)  (4  ____) ________________________________

 _____________  _____________

2. Write the multiplication sentence modelled by each set of tiles.

a) b)

________________________________ ________________________________

3. Sketch algebra tiles to multiply. Write the product each time.

a) 3(6r  4)  _______________ b) 2(2b2  b  3)  ________________

212
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.5.qxd 7/7/09 10:37 AM Page 213

4. Multiply.

a) 6(4t2  3) b) 8(3k2  2k  4)
 6(_____)  6(_____)  ___________________________________
 ____________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________

5. Which of these quotients is modelled by the tiles below?

a) (15x  9)  3
b) (–15x  9)  3
c) (–15x  9)  3

6. Sketch algebra tiles to divide. Write the quotient each time.

a) (3h2  15h)  3  ______________ b) (2a2  6a  4)  2  _______________

7. Divide.

a) 10z  15 b) 7x 7x  21
2 2

5 7

  
5 5

  z2  

 ________________________  ___________________________

 ________________________  ___________________________

213
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.6.qxp 7/7/09 10:38 AM Page 214

5.6 Skill Builder

Multiplying Monomials
The area of this square is: The area of this rectangle is:
4 cm 6 cm
4  4  16 4  6  24
4 cm Area  16 cm2 4 cm Area  24 cm2

We can use the models above to help us multiply 2 monomials.

The area of this square is: The area of this rectangle is:
n 3s
n  n  n2 3s  2s  3  s  2  s
n 2s
32ss
 6  s2
 6s2
When one or both of the monomials is negative, we cannot use an area model.
We multiply using the rules for multiplying integers.
4v  (2v)  4  v  (2)  v
 4  (2)  v  v 4 and 2 have different signs,
 8  v 2 so their product is negative.
 8v2

Check
1. Multiply.
a) b  b  ______ b) c  (c)  ______

c) (f )  (f ) ______ d) (g)  g  ______

2. Multiply.
a) 5r  6r  5  r  6  r b) (2d)  8d  (2)  d  8  d
56rr  (2)  8  d  d
 ______________________  ______________________
 ______________________  ______________________

c) 4a  (7a)  _____________________ d) (5v)  (9v)  (5)  v  (9)  v

 _____________________  ______________________
 _____________________  ______________________
 _____________________  ______________________

214
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.6.qxp 7/7/09 10:38 AM Page 215

5.6 Multiplying and Dividing

a Polynomial by a Monomial
FOCUS Use different strategies to multiply and divide a polynomial by a monomial.

To multiply 2d(3d) with algebra tiles:

Draw 2 adjacent sides of a rectangle.

Position tiles to show side lengths 2d and 3d.
d d d

d  d  d2, so use
d a d2-tile.

Then fill the rectangle with tiles.

We used 6 d2-tiles to fill the rectangle. So, 2d(3d)  6d2

Example 1 Multiplying a Binomial by a Monomial

Find the product: 3e(4e  2)

Solution
3e(4e  2)
Draw 2 adjacent sides of a rectangle.
Position tiles to show side lengths 3e and 4e  2.

e e e e –1 –1

When two tiles have the same

e colour, use a positive tile in the
rectangle.

e
When two tiles have different
colours, use a negative tile in the
e rectangle.

Fill the rectangle with tiles.

We used 12 e2-tiles and 6 e-tiles to fill the rectangle.
So, 3e(4e  2)  12e2  6e

215
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.6.qxp 7/7/09 10:38 AM Page 216

Check
1. Sketch algebra tiles to multiply. Write the product each time.
a) 2f(4f) b) 3m(2m  4)

Number of f 2-tiles used: _____

So, 2f(4f )  _____f 2

3m(2m  4)  ___________________

Example 2 Multiplying a Binomial by a Monomial Symbolically

Find each product:

a) 3x(9x  4) b) 6x(7x  5)

Solution
a) 3x(9x  4) Use the distributive property.
Multiply each term in brackets by 3x.
 (3x)(9x)  (3x)(4) Multiply: 3  9  27 and 3(4)  12
 27x2  (12x)
 27x2  12x

b) 6x(7x + 5) Multiply each term in brackets by –6x.

 (6x)(7x)  (6x)(5) Multiply: (6)(7)  42 and (6)(5)  30
 42x2  (30x)
 42x2  30x

216
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.6.qxp 7/7/09 10:38 AM Page 217

Check
1. Multiply.
a) 7x(4x  5) Multiply each term in brackets by 7x.
 (7x)(4x)  (7x)(5) Multiply: 7  4  _____ and 7  5  _____
 _____ x2  _____x

b) s(3s  4) Multiply each term in brackets by s.

 (s)(3s)  (s)(4) Multiply: 1  (3)  _____ and 1  4  _____
 _____________________

c) 9r(4r  5)
 ________________________
 ________________________

To divide a polynomial by a monomial, we use what we already know about division.

6a2
To divide: 3a
We write the fraction as a product of 2 fractions, then simplify each fraction.
6a2 2
 6  aa
3a 3
a1
 2  a
a1
a is a common factor of the
numerator and the
2a denominator.
 2a
2
2a is the quotient of 6a .
3a

Example 3 Dividing a Binomial by a Monomial

Find the quotient: 8s  6s

2

2s

Solution
8s2  6s
Write as the sum of 2 fractions each with denominator 2s.
2s

 8s  6s
2
Simplify the fractions.
2s 2s

 8  ss  6  ss
2

2 2
 4  s  (3)  1
A variable divided by itself is 1.
 4s  3

217
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.6.qxp 7/7/09 10:38 AM Page 218

Check
1. Divide.
2
a) 12a
6a Write as a product of 2 fractions.
a2
  a Simplify each fraction.
aa 1
 ____  a 1

 _________
 _________

b) 9b  3b c) 14c  21c
2 2

3b 7c

  
3b 3b

 

 _______________________  _______________________

 _______________________  _______________________

Practice

1. Write the multiplication sentence modelled by each set of tiles.

a) b)

_______________
____________
_ _______________________
______

218
MMS9_Prep book_Unit5.6.qxp 7/7/09 10:38 AM Page 219

2. Sketch algebra tiles to multiply. Write the product each time.

a) 2s(s  4)  _____________ b) t(2t  3)  ______________________

3. Multiply.
a) 4r(5r  1) b) 7s(–3s + 6)
 (4r)(____)  (4r)(____)  ___________________________
 ____r2  (____r)  ___________________________
 ___________________________

c) 6t(t  3) d) 8u(6u  7)
 ___________________________  ___________________________
 ___________________________  ___________________________

4. Divide.

c) 28x
2 2 2
a) 12v b) 15w
4v 3w 7x
2
  vv  

v 1
 _____  v 
v  __________  _________
1
 _____  v  __________  _________

 _____

5. Divide.
18y 2  12y
b) 32z  24z c) 15 n  21n
2 2
a)
2y 8z 3n

   
2y 2y

  

 _____________________  _____________________  ______________________

 _____________________  _____________________  _____________________

219
MMS9_Prep book_UnitBM.qxp 7/7/09 10:39 AM Page 220

Unit 5 Puzzle

Alphabet Soup!
The table below contains 15 polynomial expressions.
Simplify each expression.

1 4 3

5x2  10x
2x(x  3) (3x  7)  (11  4x) 5x
_________________ _________________ _________________
6 5 7

4(x2  3x  1) (5x  4)  (x2  2x  1) 3(2x  1)

_________________ ___________________ _________________

9 10 13

3x2  5  2x 8  7x  11  3x (4x2  9x  5)
 (5  3x2  2x) _________________  (4x2  8x  3)
_________________ _________________

8 2 11
36x218x 2x2  x  5  7x  5 (16x  12)  4
6x
_________________ _________________
_________________

0 12 15

(6x  5)  (9  x) 2(2x2  6x  2) (4x2  x  6)

_________________ ___________________  (3x2  2x  1)
___________________

Seven pairs of expressions have the same answer. Find the 7 pairs.
For each matching pair, add the numbers in the top left corner of each square.
The sum represents a letter of the alphabet.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Write the seven letters below.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

Unscramble the letters to find a math word used in this unit. _____________
220
MMS9_Prep book_UnitBM.qxp 7/7/09 10:39 AM Page 221

Unit 5 Study Guide

Skill Description Example

Recognize the different A polynomial may have variable term
parts of a polynomial. variable terms and a
constant term. The number 3x2  2x  4
in front of a variable is its
constant
coefficient. coefficient

Describe and classify A polynomial can be Monomial: 3x

polynomials. classified by its number of Binomial: 2x  5
terms and by its term with Trinomial: x2  2x  1
the greatest degree. degree 2

Use algebra tiles to represent We use these tiles: x2  2x  1

a polynomial.
1 –1

2 2
x –x x –x

A pair of tiles with the same

shape and size, but different
colours forms a zero pair.
The tiles model 0. 0 0 0

Simplify polynomials by To simplify a polynomial, add Like terms: 4x2 and 2x2
combining like terms. the coefficients of like terms. Unlike terms: 3x and 5
4x2  2x2  2x2

Add polynomials. To add polynomials, remove (4x2  3x)  (x2  5x)

the brackets and add the  4x2  3x  x2  5x
coefficients of like terms.  4x2  x2  3x  5x
 5x2  2x

Subtract polynomials. To subtract a polynomial, (3x2  5x)  (2x2  x)

add the opposite terms.  3x2  5x  (2x2  x)
 3x2  5x  2x2  x
 3x2  2x2  5x  x
 x2  6x

Multiply a polynomial by a To multiply a polynomial by 3x(6x  5)

monomial. a monomial, use the  3x(6x)  (3x)(–5)
distributive property.  18x2  (–15x)
 18x2  15x

24x 2  32x
 24x  32x
2
Divide a polynomial by a To divide a polynomial by
monomial. a monomial, divide each 8x 8x 8x
term of the polynomial by  3x – 4
the monomial.

221
MMS9_Prep book_UnitBM.qxp 7/7/09 10:39 AM Page 222

Unit 5 Review

5.1 1. Is the polynomial a monomial, binomial, or trinomial?

a) 3s2  11 _____________. b) 8d _____________.

c) 2e2  9e  7 _____________. d) 8h  1 _____________.

2. Sketch algebra tiles to model each polynomial.

a) 3k  4 b) 2m2  m  3 c) n2  5n  2

5.2 3. Simplify each polynomial.

a) 7d  4  8d  2 b) 3e2  8e  2e2  11e

 ________________________________  ________________________________
 ________________________________  ________________________________

c) 13  6h  2h2  7h  9 d) 9k2  15k  8  2k2  4k  3

 ________________________________  ________________________________
 ________________________________  ________________________________
 ________________________________

4. Identify and explain any errors you find.

a) 2x2  5x  7x2 ____________________________________________

____________________________________________
____________________________________________

b) 5s  7s  2s ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________

5.3 5. Sketch algebra tiles to model each sum. Then write the sum.

a) (5e  7)  (4e  1) b) (6f 2  2f  5)  (4f 2  f  3)

Remaining tiles: _________________ Remaining tiles: ____________________________

So, (5e  7)  (4e  1)  __________ So, (6f 2  2f  5)  (4f 2  f  3)
 ______________

222
MMS9_Prep book_UnitBM.qxp 7/7/09 10:39 AM Page 223

6. Add.

a) (7r  11)  (2r  3) b) (9s2  5s)  (16s2  9s  14)

 _______________________  ________________________________
 _______________________  ________________________________
 _______________________  ________________________________

5.4 7. Use algebra tiles to model each difference.

Sketch the tiles that remain, then write the difference.

a) (2t  5)  (5t  7) b) (7u  2)  (u2  3u  1)

Remaining tiles: ________________ Remaining tiles: ____________________

So, (2t  5)  (5t  7)  _______ So, (7u  2)  (u2  3u  1)  _____________

8. Subtract.

a) (6v  5)  (13v  3) b) (10w2  7)  (2w  9w2  5)

 6v  5  (____________)  ________________________________
 _______________________  ________________________________
 _______________________  ________________________________
 _______________________  ________________________________

5.5 9. Write the multiplication sentence modelled by each set of tiles.

a) b)

______________________

_____________________________________

10. Multiply.

a) 6(7y2  1) b) 9(2z2  4z  5)
 6(_______)  6(_______)  ______________________________________
 ___________________  ______________________________________
 ______________________________________

223
MMS9_Prep book_UnitBM.qxp 7/7/09 10:39 AM Page 224

11. Divide.

a) 16a  40 b) 27b  9b  36
2

8 9

  
8 8

 16  a  (____) 
8
 ____________  _______________________________
 ____________  _______________________________

5.6 12. Sketch algebra tiles to multiply. Write the product each time.

a) 2c(c  5) ______________ b) 3d(d  4)  ______________

13. Multiply.

a) 3e(5e  2) b) 4f(5f  2)

 (3e)(___)  (3e)(___)  _____________________

 ___e2  (___)e  _____________________

 ______________  _____________________

14. Divide.

33n2  36n
a) 21k
2 2
b) 81m  45m c)
7k 9m 3n

 21  k
2
 
7 k
1
kk
 _____   
k1

 _____  k  ______________________  _______________________

 __________  ______________________  _______________________

224