Statistical Tables 507

Statistical Decisions Table

Statistical Results Statistical Decisions
Mean = Median = Mode Normal/Symmetric Distribution
Mean > Median > Mode Positively Skewed Distribution
Mean < Median < Mode Negatively Skewed Distribution
Unequal Class Boundaries Density Frequencies Applicable
Unbounded Classes Extreme Values Applicable
Most Effective Graphs Histogram, Ogive Curve, and Pie Chart
Perfect Central Values Five Number Summary
Higher CV Greater Variability
Lower CV More Stability
R=+1 Perfectively Positive Rank Correlation
R=–1 Perfectively Negative Rank Correlation
R=0 No Rank Correlation
r=+1 Perfectively Positive Value Correlation
r=–1 Perfectively Negative Value Correlation
r=0 No Value Correlation
1.00 < r > 0.50 Highly Positive Value Correlation
0.50 < r > 0.00 Lightly Positive Value Correlation
r = 0.50 Moderately Positive Value Correlation
P.E. × 6 ≤ r Accepted Result
P.E. × 6 > r Rejected Result
0 ≤ P(X) ≤ 1 Possible Event in Probability
P(X) < 0 or P(X) > 1 Impossible Event in Probability
Rejecting Truth Type I Error /  error
Accepting False Type II Error /  error
Calculated Value < Table Value Null Hypothesis (H0) is accepted
Calculated Value > Table Value Null Hypothesis (H0) is rejected
Dots outside the control limits A state of no control
Dots within the control limits A state of control
508 Business Statistics–I

Random Numbers Table

6666 3099 7000 1333 9001 2208 5555 9099 4333 6006
7500 2221 3331 1110 1199 4545 5454 1188 1177 4122
4735 1101 2122 1515 2556 0051 2152 0552 0415 4542
5333 5432 2101 5465 1414 4412 0215 0011 9412 0584
8495 5452 2266 1999 4122 2231 5562 1022 4552 5244
1559 7522 8000 6351 4562 1717 2022 1314 2105 1114
5550 1616 5222 1144 1335 4165 4124 4155 1009 0122
1947 5652 1328 5415 0010 5460 1199 2529 0055 1155
4785 2005 2006 1002 5645 1115 9999 5022 4566 5444
9972 2255 3001 8000 3215 5416 2002 1126 2000 7445
0472 4565 5454 2277 2132 7446 5565 1142 3310 4541
2536 1098 9972 5460 4555 7777 1004 5255 5454 1904
4444 4505 1452 1095 4561 4555 1001 1313 2543 2238
2007 6000 9845 7487 1111 2234 4565 5465 1166 3041
5262 4552 2003 2099 2049 5485 2001 1133 5052 3004
5465 5311 8554 8888 2213 3000 8782 2996 5456 5441
2244 6462 3002 1818 1003 1663 1112 1919 1068 5000
4558 3333 4455 1069 2233 5465 4653 2222 4551 5456
5446 6546 1000 5465 1889 1122 2211 4555 1113 2237
4465 4153 5454 4655 2299 1992 4000 5656 1454 1474
2236 7496 5465 8792 5422 4121 3201 4102 1246 5565
4542 0415 3030 4040 2146 5050 4665 1010 2020 1544
2125 8080 5455 2123 5541 6060 2241 3003 4414 5441
5656 2516 5457 0065 0041 2552 4555 4445 7012 8845
0212 6546 5455 2102 5652 1540 5251 5451 5455 8764
0219 9090 5665 4554 5465 4552 7070 4409 0099 1110
1520 5656 5865 5245 9000 4420 0565 0064 4687 1254
7851 5458 7765 8740 7452 4123 7452 4542 1256 8684
8787 5415 6356 8884 6661 8454 8749 7853 0038 7462
3336 9865 5541 0125 5464 6562 5445 6655 5445 0098

Source: Printed by permission from Bangladesh Mathematics Foundation.

 Statistical Tables 509

r to z Conversions Table
[Conversion of Pearson’s r into corresponding Fisher’s z]

r z r z r z r z r z
.01 .01 .21 .21 .41 .44 .61 .71 .81 1.13
.02 .02 .22 .22 .42 .45 .62 .73 .82 1.16
.03 .03 .23 .23 .43 .46 .63 .74 .83 1.19
.04 .04 .24 .24 .44 .47 .64 .76 .84 1.22
.05 .05 .25 .26 .45 .48 .65 .78 .85 1.26
.06 .06 .26 .27 .46 .50 .66 .79 .86 1.29
.07 .07 .27 .28 .47 .51 .67 .81 .87 1.33
.08 .08 .28 .29 .48 .52 .68 .83 .88 1.38
.09 .09 .29 .30 .49 .54 .69 .85 .89 1.42
.10 .10 .30 .31 .50 .55 .70 .87 .90 1.47
.11 .11 .31 .32 .51 .56 .71 .89 .91 1.53
.12 .12 .32 .33 .52 .58 .72 .91 .92 1.59
.13 .13 .33 .34 .53 .59 .73 .93 .93 1.66
.14 .14 .34 .35 .54 .60 .74 .95 .94 1.74
.15 .15 .35 .37 .55 .62 .75 .97 .95 1.83
.16 .16 .36 .38 .56 .63 .76 1.00 .96 1.95
.17 .17 .37 .39 .57 .65 .77 1.02 .97 2.09
.18 .18 .38 .40 .58 .66 .78 1.05 .98 2.30
.19 .19 .39 .41 .59 .68 .79 1.07 .99 2.65
.20 .20 .40 .42 .60 .69 .80 1.10 .00 .00
.991 2.70 .992 2.76 .993 2.83 .994 2.91 .995 3.00
.996 3.10 .997 3.30 .998 3.50 .999 3.80 .9991 3.90
.9992 3.95 .9993 4.00 .9994 4.10 .9995 4.20 .9996 4.30
.9997 4.40 .9998 4.60 .9999 5.00 1.000 ∞

Source: Printed by permission from Bangladesh Mathematics Foundation.

510 Business Statistics–I

t-Table (Two-tailed)
d.f. .10 .05 .02 .01
1 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657
2 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925
3 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841
4 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032
6 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707
7 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499
8 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355
9 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250
10 1.812 2.282 2.764 3.169
11 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106
12 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055
13 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012
14 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977
15 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947
16 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921
17 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898
18 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878
19 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861
20 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845
21 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831
22 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819
23 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807
24 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797
25 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787
26 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779
27 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771
28 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763
29 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756
30 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750
Source: Printed by permission from Bangladesh Mathematics Foundation.
 Statistical Tables 511

Table of Critical Values

Level of Level of Critical
Confidence Significance Values
80% 20% 1.28
81% 19% 1.31
82% 18% 1.34
83% 17% 1.37
84% 16% 1.40
85% 15% 1.44
86% 14% 1.48
87% 13% 1.51
88% 12% 1.55
89% 11% 1.60
90% 10% 1.645
91% 9% 1.69
92% 8% 1.75
93% 7% 1.81
94% 6% 1.88
95% 5% 1.96
96% 4% 2.05
97% 3% 2.17
98% 2% 2.33
99% 1% 2.58
99.9% 0.1% 3.29

Source: Printed by permission from Bangladesh Mathematics Foundation.

512 Business Statistics–I
A Short Reading List
01. Levin and Rubin, Statistics for Management, 6/e, 7/e.
02. S. P. Gupta and M. P. Gupta, Business Statistics, 11/e, 12/e.
03. S. P. Gupta, Statistical Methods, 28/e.
04. Yule and Kendall, Theory of Statistics, 14/e.
05. Spiegel, Probability and Statistics, 2/e, 3/e.
06. Spiegel, Statistics, 1/e, 2/e.
07. Croxton, Applied General Statistics, 2/e.
08. Dr. Quazi Motahar Hossain, Tathya-Ganit, Y1969/e.
09. Md. Fasihuddin, Mathematical Statistics, Y1968/e.
10. Dr. M. G. Mostafa, Methods of Statistics, 4/e.
11. M. C. Shukla and S. S. Gulshan, Statistics, Y1981/e.
12. Mian and Miyan, An Introduction to Statistics, Y2002/e.
13. Bluman, Elementary Statistics, 3/e.
14. Robert Johnson, Elementary Statistics, 4/e.
15. James V. Couch, Fundamentals of Statistics, Y1982/e.
16. Paul Newbold, Statistics for Business and Economics, 4/e.
17. Mendenhall and Reinmuth, Statistics for Mgt. and Econ., 4/e, 5/e.
18. Plane and Oppermann, Business and Economic Statistics, 3/e.
19. Robert Sandy, Statistics for Business and Economics, Y1990/e.
20. Ekeblad, The Statistical Methods in Business, Y1962/e.
21. Downing and Clark, Business Statistics, Y1985/e.
22. Grant, Statistical Quality Control, 3/e.
23. C. R. Rao, Linear Statistical Inference, 2/e.
24. Lindgren, Basic Ideas of Statistics, Y1975/e.
25. Webster, Applied Statistics for Business and Economics, 2/e.
26. Berenson and Levine, Basic Business Statistics, 4/e, 6/e.
27. Mendenhall and et all, Business Statistics, 4/e.
28. Young and Veldman, Introductory Statistics for Beh. Sc., 3/e.
29. Edwin Mansfield, Statistics for Business and Economics, 3/e.
30. A. D. Aczel, Statistics, Y1995/e.
31. BOU, Introduction to Statistics, Y1996/e.
32. Frank and Althoen, Statistics, Y1994/e.
33. Wonnacott and Wonnacott, Introductory Statistics, Y1989/e.
34. Bajpai and et all, Statistical Methods, Y1978/e.
35. Robert Mason, Statistics, 3/e.
36. Kapur and Saxena, Mathematical Statistics, 7/e.
37. M. M. Rabiul Hyder, Higher Statistics, 2/e.