CHAPTER 1

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND

ARCHITECTURE

DR. NUR ADIB MASPO

DEPT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KICT
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Explain the general functions and

structure of a digital computer.

2. Present an overview of the evolution of

computer technology from early digital
computers to the latest microprocessor.
 ORGANIZATION AND ARCHETECTURE

CLASS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

CONTENTS A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER

DESIGNING THE PERFORMANCE

 USER-PERSPACTIVE
Mouse pad

Speaker Computer

Screen Key board

 USER-PERSPACTIVE
Camara

Speaker Computer

I/O

Screen Microphone
 USER-PERSPACTIVE
Camara

output Input

Display
Computer
devices

input Input

Steering
Padals
wheel
 USER-PERSPACTIVE
Input/output devices used by computer to receive
information (input) and provide information (Output)

Users know that is a computer underneath these

technologies but do not know the components that make
them work

This course will bridge the gap

ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTER COMPONENTS
BASIC COMPUTER SYSTEM MODEL
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Receive send

Load data to the memory

read/write
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Control Unit

ALU Cache

Registers
 Von Neumann Architecture

Receive Control Unit send

ALU Cache

Registers

Input Load data to the memory Output

read/write

Memory Unit
Von Neumann Architecture (Modern Architectuire)

Control Unit

ALU Cache

Registers

Address
Control
Load data to the memory

Data
read/write
Bus
LDA 02 10011011

00 01 02 03 Data
04 05 06 07 Instruction

Memory Unit
 DEFINATION
Architecture refers to those attributes of a system that a programmer needs to
understand to write efficient software. This includes aspects that affect the logical
behavior of the system. Computer architecture describes what the system will do and
the features that are visible to the programmer.

Organization refers to the implementation of the architecture, how the hardware

components (e.g., control units, data paths, memory, I/O devices) are interconnected
and work together to execute the instructions defined by the architecture. Computer
organization describes how the system is built and how the hardware implements
the architectural features.
 ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS
Key Components:

Instruction Set: The set of commands a processor can execute (e.g., arithmetic
operations, control operations).
Addressing Modes: How instructions refer to memory locations or data.
Data Types: The types of data the processor can work with (integers, floating-point
numbers, etc.).
I/O Mechanisms: How input/output devices interact with the processor and how
the programmer accesses them.

The blueprint or design of a system. It’s like deciding what the system will do? its
capabilities, features, and functionality from a user’s or programmer’s viewpoint.
 ORGANIZATIONAL COMPONENTS
Key Components:

Control Signals: How signals are sent to different parts of the computer to control
operations.
Processor Design: How the CPU is built (e.g., pipelining, microcode, execution units).
Memory Hierarchy: How different levels of memory (cache, RAM, storage) are
organized for optimal performance.
I/O Management: The physical interfaces and mechanisms by which input/output
devices communicate with the system.
The actual construction of the system. It’s like deciding how the components are
physically arranged and interconnected to support the functions and behavior
defined by the architecture.
STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
 Structure
How the components of a computer system are organized and how they
interact.

Key Components:
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer, which executes
instructions.
Memory: Where data and instructions are stored for use by the CPU.
Input/Output (I/O): Devices that allow the computer to interact with the outside
world (e.g., keyboard, monitor, printer).
System Interconnections: The communication pathways (like buses) that connect
the CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
 Function
What each part of the computer does and how they work together to
achieve a task.
Key Functions:
Data Processing: The CPU performs computations and manipulates data (e.g.,
performing arithmetic or logical operations).
Data Storage: The system stores data temporarily (in RAM) or permanently (in
hard drives or SSDs).
Data Movement: Data is transferred between different components of the system,
such as from memory to the CPU or from the CPU to a display device.
Control: The CPU directs the operation of the entire system by controlling the flow
of data and the execution of instructions.
 Structure Vs Function

Structure: Refers to the organization of the physical and logical

components of the computer (CPU, memory, I/O, and interconnections)

Function: Refers to the operations that the computer performs, such as

processing data, storing information, and moving data between
components.
 COMPUTER
EVOLUTION

Computers have evolved from large, slow

machines with vacuum tubes to small, powerful
devices using microprocessors. Each generation
brought improvements in size, speed, cost, and
usability.
 COMPUTER EVOLUTION
1. First Generation (1940s-1950s): Vacuum Tubes
Early computers used vacuum tubes for processing.
They were large, slow, and unreliable, consuming lots of power.
ENIAC was a famous computer from this era, programmed by connecting
wires.
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster, and more IBM 700 series
reliable.
They introduced the stored-program concept, where instructions and data were
stored in memory.
Computers like the IBM 700 series emerged, marking the start of more
commercial use.
 COMPUTER EVOLUTION
3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Integrated circuits (ICs) allowed multiple transistors on one chip, boosting speed and
efficiency.
Computers got smaller, cheaper, and more powerful.
Minicomputers like the DEC PDP series became popular, and computers started supporting
multiprogramming (running several tasks at once).

4. Fourth Generation (1970s-present): Microprocessors

Microprocessors (CPUs on a single chip) revolutionized computers.
This led to the development of personal computers (PCs) like the Apple II and IBM
PC.
Technology advances (e.g., VLSI - packing millions of transistors on a chip) made transistors on a chip
computers faster and more affordable.
 COMPUTER EVOLUTION

Current Trends:

• Cloud computing and distributed systems allow computers to work

together over networks.
• Quantum computing is an emerging field that could bring even greater
changes in the future.
 DESIGNING THE PERFORMNACE

Designing for performance involves techniques like

pipelining, using cache memory, multicore processors, and
instruction-level parallelism to speed up the execution of
tasks and handle more operations simultaneously. These
strategies make computers faster and more efficient.
 DESIGNING THE PERFORMNACE
1. Pipelining:

What is it? Breaking down tasks into smaller steps and executing them in stages.
How it helps ? Multiple instructions can be worked on simultaneously, increasing speed. It’s
like an assembly line where different stages of instruction processing happen at the same
time.

2. Cache Memory:

What it is? A small, fast memory located near the CPU that stores frequently used data.
How it helps? By keeping commonly accessed data close, the CPU can get it faster, reducing
the time spent waiting for data from slower memory (like RAM).
 DESIGNING THE PERFORMNACE
3. Multicore Processors:
What it is? A processor with multiple cores (essentially multiple smaller CPUs) on a single chip.
How it helps? By allowing the computer to run several tasks at the same time (parallel processing),
improving overall performance for multitasking or complex applications.
4. Memory Hierarchy:
What it is? Organizing memory in layers, from fast but small memory (like cache) to slower but larger
memory (like hard drives).
How it helps? The system uses faster memory for immediate tasks and slower memory for larger storage,
ensuring a balance between speed and capacity.
5. Instruction-Level Parallelism (ILP):
What it is? Executing multiple instructions in parallel within a single processor.
How it helps? This boosts performance by making better use of the processor’s resources, handling more
work at the same time.
 DESIGNING THE PERFORMNACE
Signle Core vas Multicore Processors

Intel Pentium 4 (early 2000s): An example of a single-core processor that could only
perform one task at a time.
Intel Core i7 (Quad-Core): An example of a multi-core processor that can handle multiple
tasks in parallel, offering better performance for modern computing needs.
 DESIGNING THE PERFORMNACE
Memory Hieracy
CPU

RAM
 SUMMARY
Computer Components

Computer Architecture and Organization

Sructure and Function

Computer Evolution
Designing the performnace
THANK YOU!
Weekly Study Refection