Systems Analysis & Design

Eleventh Edition

Chapter # 1
Systems, Roles, and
Development
Methodologies

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Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
1.1 Understand the need for systems analysis and design
in organizations.
1.2 Realize what the many roles of a system analyst are.
1.3 Comprehend the fundamentals of the systems
development life cycle (SDLC).
1.4 Understand the agile methodology for systems
development.

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Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
1.5 Gain an appreciation for object-orientated systems
design.
1.6 Understand the importance of cloud computing and the
cloud development life cycle (CDLC).
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1.7 Learn how to choose which systems development
method to use.
1.8 Discover what open source software is and how it is
developed.

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 Information – A Key Resource
• Fuels business and can be the critical factor in
determining the success or failure of a business
• Needs to be managed correctly
• Managing computer-generated information differs from
handling manually produced data

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 Major Topics
• Importance of systems analysis and design
• Roles of systems analysts
• Fundamentals of different kinds of information systems
• Loading…
Phases in the systems development life cycle as they
relate to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) factors
• CDLC is introduced and contrasted to the SDLC
• Agile development
• Object-oriented Systems Analysis and Design

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 Need for Systems Analysis and Design
• Security is a critical factor and a challenge when
developing new systems
• Installing a system without proper planning leads to great
user dissatisfaction and frequently causes the system to
fall into disuse
• Systems analysis and design lends structure to the
analysis and design of information systems
• User involvement throughout a systems project is critical
to the successful development of computerized systems

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 Roles of the Systems Analyst
The analyst must be able to work with people of all
descriptions and be experienced in working with computers
• Three primary roles:
– Consultant
– Supporting expert
– Agent of change

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 Qualities of a System Analyst
• Problem solver
• Communicator
• Strong personal and professional ethics
• Self-disciplined and self-motivated

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 Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
• The systems development life cycle is a phased approach
to analysis and design processes
• Developed through the use of a specific cycle of analyst
and user activities
• Often referred to as the waterfall method

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Figure 1.1 The Seven Phases of the
Systems Development Life Cycle

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 Identifying Problems, Opportunities, and
Objectives
• Activity:
– Interviewing user management
– Summarizing the knowledge obtained
– Estimating the scope of the project
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Documenting the results
• Output:
– Feasibility report containing problem definition and
objective summaries from which management can
make a decision on whether to proceed with the
proposed project

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 Determining Human Information
Requirements (1 of 2)
• Activity:
– Interviewing
– Sampling and investing hard data
– Questionnaires
– Observe the decision maker’s behavior and
environment
– Prototyping
– Learn the who, what, where, when, how, and why of
the current system

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 Determining Human Information
Requirements (2 of 2)
• Output:
– Analyst understands how users accomplish their work
when interacting with a computer
– Begin to know how to make the new system more
useful and usable
– The analyst should also know the business functions
– Have complete information on the people, goals, data
and procedure involved

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 Analyzing System Needs
• Activity:
– Create data flow diagrams
– Complete the data dictionary
– Analyze the structured decisions made
– Prepare and present the system proposal
• Output:
– Recommendation on what, if anything, should be
done

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 Designing the Recommended System
• Activity:
– Design procedures to accurately enter data
– Design the human–computer interface (HCI)
– Design files and/or database
– Design backup procedures
• Output
– Model of the actual system

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 Developing and Documenting Software
• Activity:
– System analyst works with coders to develop any original
software needed
– Works with users to develop effective documentation
– Coder's design, code, and remove syntactical errors from
computer programs
– Document software with procedure manuals, online help,
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) and Read Me files
• Output:
– Computer programs
– System documentation

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 Testing and Maintaining the System
• Activity:
– Test the information system
– System maintenance
– Maintenance documentation
• Output:
– Problems, if any
– Updated programs
– Documentation

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 Implementing and Evaluating the System
• Activity:
– Train users
– Plans the conversion from old system to new system
– Review and evaluate system
• Output:
– Trained personnel
– Installed system

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 The Impact of Maintenance
• Maintenance is performed for two reasons
– Correct software errors, and
– Enhance software’s capabilities in response to
changing needs
• Enhance software for three reasons
– Include additional features
– Address business changes over time
– Address hardware and software changes

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 Maintenance Impact
• Over time the cost of continued maintenance will be
greater than that of creating an entirely new system
• At that point it becomes more feasible to perform a new
systems study

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Figure 1.2 Resource Consumption Over
the System Life

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 Case Tools
• CASE (computer-aided software engineering) tools are
productivity tools for systems analysts that have been
created explicitly to improve their routine work through
the use of automated support
• Reasons for using CASE tools:
– Improving Analyst–User Communication
– Help support modeling functional requirements
– Assist in drawing project boundaries

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 The Agile Approach
• The agile approach is a software development approach
based on:
– Values
– Principles
– Core practices

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 Agile Values
• The four values are:
– Communication
– Simplicity
– Feedback
– Courage

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 Agile Approach
• Agile approach is:
– Interactive
– Incremental
• Frequent iterations are essential for successful system
development

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Figure 1.4 The Five Stages of the Agile
Modeling Development Process

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 Exploration
• Assemble team
• Assess skills
• Examine potential technologies
• Experiment with writing user stories
• Adopt a playful and curious attitude toward the work
environment, its problems, technologies, and people

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 Planning
• Planning game - rules that can help formulate the agile
development team’s relationship with their business
customers
• Maximize the value of the system produced by the agile
team
• Main players are the development team and the business
customer

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 Iterations to the First Release
• Iterations are cycles of:
– Testing
– Feedback
– Change
•
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One goal is to run customer-written function tests at the
end of each iteration

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 Productionizing
• The product is released in this phase
• May be improved by adding other features

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 Maintenance
• New features may be added
• Riskier customer suggestions may be considered
• Team members may be rotated on or off the team

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 Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and
Design
• Alternate approach to the structured approach of the S
DLC that is intended to facilitate the development of
systems that must change rapidly in response to
dynamic business environments
• Use unified modeling language (UML) to model
object-oriented systems
• Each object is a computer representation of some
actual thing or event

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Figure 1.5 The Steps in the UML
Development Process

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 Problem Identification Phase
• Identify the actors and the major events initiated by the
actors
• Draw a use case diagram - a diagram with stick figures
representing the actors and arrows showing how the
actors relate
• Write up a case scenario which describes in words the
steps normally performed

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 Analysis Phase (1 of 2)
• Begin drawing UML diagrams
– Draw activity diagrams, which illustrate all the major
activities in the use case
– Create one or more sequence diagrams for each use
case that show the sequence of activities and their
timing
– Review the use cases, rethink them, and modify them
if necessary

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 Analysis Phase (2 of 2)
• Develop class diagrams
• Draw statechart diagram

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 Systems Design
• Modify the UML diagrams drawn in the previous phase
– Write class specifications for each class
• Develop and document the system
– The more complete the information you provide to
the development team through documentation and
UML diagrams, the faster the development and the
more solid the final production system

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Cloud Computing
• Uses web services, database services, and applications
over the internet without the investment of corporate or
personal hardware, software, or software tools
• These “virtualized resources” have the ability to grow and
adapt to changing business needs making them scalable
to suit growing or changing demand by users
• Shared IT resources allow for cost sharing
• Improved disaster recovery due to redundant sites

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Figure 1.6 Cloud Computing Offers Many
Services

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Cloud Computing Trade-Offs
• Concern about privacy and security are top concerns by
organizations adopting cloud computing services
• Type of cloud service
– Private
– Public
– Hybrid

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Factors in Choosing a Cloud Provider
• Hacking
• Deletion of data
• Ease of switching providers
• Transferring data
• Privacy of data

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ERP Systems and the Cloud
• Examples of ERP systems available in the cloud
– Workday
– NetSuite

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Implementing CDLC (1 of 3)
• Cloud model five essential characteristics
– On-demand self service
– Broad network access
– Resource pooling
– Rapid elasticity
– Measured service

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Implementing CDLC (2 of 3)
• Three service models include
– Software as a Service (SaaS)
– Platform as a Service (Paas)
– Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

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Implementing CDLC (3 of 3)
• Four deployment models include
– Private cloud
– Community cloud
– Public cloud
– Hybrid cloud

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Figure 1.7 How to Decide Which
Development Method to Use
Choose When

The Systems • systems have been developed and documented using SDLC
Development Life • it is important to document each step of the way
Cycle (SDLC) • upper-level management feels more comfortable or safe using SDLC
Approach • there are adequate resources and time to complete the full SDLC
• communication of how new systems work is important

Agile • there is a project champion of agile methods in the organization

Methodologies • applications need to be developed quickly in response to a dynamic environment
• a rescue takes place (the system failed and there is no time to figure out what went wrong)
• the customer is satisfied with incremental improvements
• executives and analysts agree with the principles of agile methodologies

Object-Oriented • the problems modeled lend themselves to classes

Methodologies • an organization supports the UML learning
• systems can be added gradually, one subsystem at a time
• reuse of previously written software is a possibility
• it is acceptable to tackle the difficult problems first

The Cloud • the justification for the system project is to save money usually spent for on-premises data
Development Life centers
Cycle (CDLC) • the project can start small and build
Approach • multiple cloud providers can be used
• changes created by the cloud can be monitored for visibility of apps and data from multiple
systems
• an integration strategy can be developed to capitalize on new synergies
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 Open Source Software (1 of 3)
• An alternative to traditional software development
• Many users and coders can study, share, and modify the
code
• Program modifications must be shared with all people on
the project and all licenses adhered to

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 Open Source Software (2 of 3)
• Categorized open source communities into four
community types
– Ad hoc
– Standardized
– Organized
– Commercial

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 Open Source Software (3 of 3)
• Six different dimensions
– General structure
– Environment
– Goals
– Methods
– User community
– Licensing

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The Third Design Space
• A metaphorical, not actual physical space where
participants from corporations and open source
communities come together to create a new design
environment
• Participants create new design associations and circulate
shared design resources that result in new shared
software and innovative software development processes
• New software innovations not possible in a strictly
commercial or an independent open source community
are developed

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 Summary
• Systematic approach to identifying problems
• Systems analysts are required to take on many roles
• Analysts possess a wide range of skills
• The systems development life cycle (SDLC)
• Agile approach
• Object-oriented analysis and design
• Cloud computing
• Open source software
• Third Design Space

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