FACULTY OF BIOENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY

ACADEMIC SESSION 2024/2025

SEMESTER 4

EME4223 PERANTI SEMIKONDUKTOR

GROUP 1

REPORT LAB 1 INTRODUCTION TO SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

MEMBER NAME MATRIC NO.

1 UMA DHEVIGAI A/P SIVASUBRAMANIAM J21A0973

2 BHARATHYSRI A/P LETCHUMANAN J21A0785

3 YAP ZUO BIN J21A0986

4 JOANNES ANAK ANTHONY J21A1013

LECTURER DR. ARLINA BINTI ALI

Objective :

To identify several semiconductor components presented in the lecture to understand the theory of
semiconductor devices. This exercise will finish with a section on component identification.

Introduction:

A lot of different electrical parts are used in this lab. Semiconductor devices form the foundation
of modern electronics and are used in applications extending from computers to satellite
communication systems. A wide variety of devices are fabricated from various semiconductor
materials. The most common active devices found in electronic systems include bipolar and field
effect transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors although many more specialized types, such as
microwave optoelectronic devices are used in many applications. Silicon is the most commonly
used semiconductor material for both discrete and integrated devices, although other materials
such as gallium arsenide and indium phosphide are becoming more common for specific
applications(Li et al., 2023).
Question 1:
Based on the equipment list above, take a picture and explain the equipment image of
semiconductor devices.

Equipments:

Connecting wires -2
 In semiconductor device projects,
connecting wires, often referred to as
jumper wires, serve an indispensable
role by creating electrical connections
between various components on a
breadboard. These wires are pivotal in
establishing pathways for electrical
current, thereby ensuring that all
components within the circuit can
communicate and function effectively.
Available in types like male-to-male,
male-to-female, and female-to-female,
each wire type has specific uses, such as
linking sensors, transistors, and
microcontrollers. The flexibility of
connecting wires makes them ideal for
prototyping and testing, as they allow
for easy adjustments and
troubleshooting without soldering. In
practical applications, these wires are
crucial for ensuring that power supplies,
sensors, and actuators are correctly
interconnected, thereby maintaining the
circuit's integrity and efficiency.
Mastering the use of connecting wires is
fundamental to the successful design
and operation of semiconductor devices.

Multimeter -1
 In this project, a multimeter is a crucial tool
for measuring electrical parameters like
voltage, current, and resistance. It combines
these functions into a single device, making it
essential for diagnosing circuits. Modern
multimeters feature digital displays and come
with red and black probes for making
connections. Users can select the appropriate
measurement type and range, ensuring precise
readings. Functions like continuity testing
help identify broken circuits by emitting a
sound. Additionally, some multimeters can
test diodes, indicating their forward voltage
drop and polarity. Its comprehensive
functionality makes it invaluable for both
beginners and experienced engineers.

Resistors -1

In this lab we used 1 amount of resistors. In the

table shows the Carbon Composition Resistor.
Resistors are used to limit the current, divide
voltages, and bias active elements in circuits.
They come in various types such as carbon
composition, metal film, and wire-wound. A
common use is in LED circuits, where they
prevent too much current from flowing through
and burning out the LED. In this project, a
specific resistor value is chosen to match the
requirements of the circuit.
Breadboard -1

In this lab we used 1 breadboard. A breadboard

is an essential tool for prototyping and testing
circuits without soldering. It allow us to easily
connect and disconnect components to refine
our design.

Capacitor -1

In this lab we use 2 capacitors. Capacitors store

and release electrical energy and are used for
filtering, buffering, and timing applications.
They come in different types like ceramic,
electrolytic, and tantalum.
Diode -3

In this lab we used 3 colour of diodes. One is

red colour, green colour and yellow colour
diodes. Diodes allow current to flow in one
direction and block it in the opposite direction,
making them crucial for rectification,
protection, and switching applications.
Transistors -1

In this lab we used 1 transistors. Transistors are

used to amplify signals and switch electronic
signals in circuits. They are the building blocks
of all modern electronic devices, including
computers and smartphones. (Awati el at.,
2022)

Transformers -1

In this lab we used 1 transformer. Transformers

transfer electrical energy between circuits
through electromagnetic induction, stepping
voltage up or down. They are critical in power
supplies and voltage regulation.
Battery -4

In the lab we used 4 same types of batteries,

their contain 15v. Table beside shows the
battery and battery holder. Batteries are
portable sources of electrical energy,
converting chemical energy into electrical
energy. A 15V battery provides a stable
voltage of 15 volts, commonly used in portable
electronics, testing, and specialized equipment.
It ensures consistent power, comes in compact
sizes, and is efficient for various applications.

A battery holder is an essential component in

electronic circuits, providing a secure place for
batteries and ensuring a stable connection to
deliver power to the device. They come in
various designs to accommodate different
battery types like AA, AAA, 9V, and coin
cells. By holding the batteries firmly in place,
battery holders make it easy to replace batteries
without having to disassemble or rewire the
entire device. This enhances both the
convenience and safety of the circuit, ensuring
reliable operation and power supply.
2. Everyone writes the conclusion for this topic. Write your name and matrix number with
your conclusions.

UMA DHEVIGAI A/P SIVASUBRAMANIAM J21A0973

Conclusion:
The hypothesis is accepted. In conclusion, the first lab of the Introduction to Semiconductor
Devices course has provided a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental components and
the functions that they perform within the realm of semiconductor technology. Through hands-on
exploration, we studied the functionalities of resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, transformers,
and batteries. Each of these components plays an important role in the operation of electronic
circuits, and we made sure to investigate their capabilities. As a result of this laboratory's ability
to not only reinforce theoretical concepts but also support the development of practical abilities, it
was able to bridge the gap between classroom learning and applications in the real world. We have
ensured that we are suitably able to solve more complex difficulties and contribute to innovative
discoveries in this rapidly growing industry by interacting with these essential aspects, which
provided us with the opportunity to construct a firm basis for future advancements in electronics.

BHARATHYSRI A/P LETCHUMANAN J21A0785

Electronic components that take advantage of the electrical characteristics of semiconductor

materials are known as semiconductor devices. Transistors, diodes, capacitors, and resistors are a
few types of semiconductor materials. These materials contain organic semiconductors and silicon,
germanium, and gallium arsenide. In many applications, these devices have taken the place of
vacuum tubes. Instead of using thermionic emission in a high vacuum, they employ electronic
conduction in the solid state. These devices are produced for integrated circuits and discrete
devices, which comprise billions to several thousand units coupled on a single semiconductor
substrate, or wafer. Furthermore, an apparatus that permits the flow of electric current through it
is a semiconductor material. Let’s take the device CPU as an example. It comprises many
transistors. Similarly, these transistors comprise semiconductor material that allows the passage of
current, and a switch controls all this. In the transistor, the passage of electric current is regulated
by the actions based on the state of the switch whether it is on or off. Thus, such a device, which
allows the current to pass through it partially, is referred to as a Semiconductor Device.

YAP ZUO BIN J21A0986

This lab provided a foundational understanding of semiconductor components, including diodes,

transistors, resistors, and capacitors, each playing a crucial role in modern electronics. Through
hands-on assembly and testing, we explored how these components regulate current, amplify
signals, and store energy within circuits. Using tools like the multimeter allowed us to measure
electrical properties accurately, enhancing our ability to troubleshoot and understand the
functionality of each part. Working with the breadboard facilitated easy adjustments, which
deepened our practical knowledge of circuit design and layout. Overall, this lab reinforced key
concepts in semiconductor technology, giving us practical experience with the building blocks of
electronic devices and preparing us for more complex applications.

JOANNES ANAK ANTHONY J21A1013

In conclusion, this study of different semiconductor components in the lecture and lab has helped
me understand how they work and their uses. By looking at important devices like diodes,
transistors, and integrated circuits, I have learned how these components control electrical signals
and are crucial for modern electronics. This knowledge is important not only for recognizing these
components but also for anyone interested in electronics. Overall, this exercise has strengthened
our understanding of semiconductor devices, providing a good basis for future learning and
application in this important field.

References:

Li, Z., Li, J., Wang, W., Yan, Q., Zhou, Y., Zhu, L., … Wei, B. (2023). Near Zero‐

Threshold Voltage P‐N Junction Diodes Based on Super‐Semiconducting Nanostructured

Ag/Al Arrays. Advanced Materials, 35(13). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202210612