Computer Science & IT Research Journal, Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2024

OPEN ACCESS
Computer Science & IT Research Journal
P-ISSN: 2709-0043, E-ISSN: 2709-0051
Volume 5, Issue 8, P.1963-1977, August 2024
DOI: 10.51594/csitrj.v5i8.1459
Fair East Publishers
Journal Homepage: www.fepbl.com/index.php/csitrj

Building high-performance web applications with NextJS

Harrison Oke Ekpobimi1
1
Foschini Group, Stanley Lewis Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
_______________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding Author: Harrison Oke Ekpobimi
Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]
Article Received: 05-04-24 Accepted: 23-06-24 Published: 24-08-24

Licensing Details: Author retains the right of this article. The article is distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License
(http://www.creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction
and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified
on the Journal open access page
_______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Building high-performance web applications is crucial in today's fast-paced digital landscape,
where user experience and speed are paramount. NextJS, a popular React framework, offers a
robust solution for developing scalable and efficient web applications. This paper explores the key
strategies and techniques for optimizing performance using NextJS, emphasizing its capabilities in
static site generation (SSG), server-side rendering (SSR), and incremental static regeneration
(ISR). NextJS simplifies the process of code splitting and lazy loading, ensuring that applications
load faster and perform better by only delivering the necessary code to users. Image optimization
is another critical aspect, with NextJS providing built-in components to manage images efficiently,
reducing load times and enhancing visual performance. The framework's data-fetching methods,
including getStaticProps, getServerSabsytrideProps, and getInitialProps, are designed to cater to
various performance needs, allowing developers to choose the most suitable approach for their
specific use cases. Enhancing user experience goes beyond load times. NextJS supports
Progressive Web App (PWA) features, such as offline support and caching, which improve the
mobile experience and overall application resilience. Accessibility is also a priority, with tools and

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techniques available to ensure that applications are usable by everyone, including those with
disabilities. Advanced performance techniques include optimizing build performance through
custom Webpack configurations, analyzing and reducing bundle sizes, and utilizing NextJS
plugins and middleware. Integrating with a Content Delivery Network (CDN) further boosts
performance by distributing content closer to users geographically. Continuous monitoring and
maintenance are essential, with performance monitoring tools, automated CI/CD pipelines, and
regular audits ensuring that applications remain performant and up-to-date. By leveraging NextJS's
powerful features and following best practices for performance optimization, developers can create
high-performance web applications that provide exceptional user experiences and meet the
demands of modern web standards.
Keywords: Building, Web Application, NextJS, Information Technology, Tools.
_______________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
NextJS is an open-source JavaScript framework built on top of React, designed to enable the
development of server-rendered React applications with minimal configuration as explain in figure
1 (Thakkar, 2020; Ballamudi et al., 2021). Created by Vercel, NextJS has quickly gained
popularity in the web development community due to its simplicity, flexibility, and powerful
features (Garcia and Hernandez, 2021). It supports both static site generation (SSG) and server-
side rendering (SSR), making it an ideal choice for building high-performance web applications.
The framework is equipped with automatic code splitting, optimized performance, and an intuitive
file-based routing system, which streamlines the development process. With its seamless
integration with various tools and libraries, NextJS has become a go-to solution for developers
looking to create fast, scalable, and efficient web applications.

Figure 1: Key Features of NextJS (Ballamudi et al., 2021)

In today’s digital age, the performance of a web application is crucial to its success. High-
performance web applications provide numerous benefits, including improved user experience,

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 Computer Science & IT Research Journal, Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2024

higher engagement rates, and better search engine rankings (Ahmad and Abdullah, 2021). Users
expect fast load times and smooth interactions; a delay of even a few seconds can lead to
significant drops in user retention and satisfaction. Additionally, search engines like Google factor
in page speed and overall performance when ranking websites, making performance optimization
essential for visibility and traffic. High-performance web applications also contribute to lower
server costs and better resource management, as optimized code and efficient data handling reduce
the load on servers (Ibrahim et al., 2021). Consequently, businesses that invest in the performance
of their web applications are more likely to achieve higher user satisfaction, increased conversion
rates, and a competitive edge in the market (Bag et al., 2022).
The purpose of this review is to provide a structured approach to understanding and implementing
high-performance web applications using NextJS. By breaking down the key components and
strategies, this outline aims to guide developers through the process of optimizing their
applications effectively. It will cover the fundamentals of NextJS, including its core features and
setup, and delve into performance optimization techniques such as code splitting, lazy loading,
static site generation, server-side rendering, and image optimization. It will also explore advanced
techniques like custom Webpack configuration, integration with content delivery networks
(CDNs), and the use of NextJS plugins and middleware. Moreover, the outline will highlight the
importance of monitoring and maintaining performance through tools and practices such as
performance audits, real user monitoring, and automated CI/CD pipelines. By following this
structured approach, developers will gain a comprehensive understanding of how to leverage
NextJS to build high-performance web applications. This knowledge will empower them to create
applications that not only meet but exceed the expectations of users and stakeholders, ensuring
sustained success in a competitive digital landscape. The ultimate goal is to equip developers with
the tools and insights needed to optimize web applications for speed, efficiency, and overall
performance, thereby enhancing the user experience and achieving business objectives.
Fundamentals of NextJS
NextJS is an open-source JavaScript framework built on top of React, developed by Vercel. It
facilitates the creation of server-rendered React applications and static websites, emphasizing
simplicity and performance (Brown and Johnson, 2022). One of NextJS's defining characteristics
is its ability to support both server-side rendering (SSR) and static site generation (SSG), allowing
developers to choose the most suitable method for their application's needs as explain in table 1
(Hanafi et al., 2024). Key features of NextJS include. NextJS automatically splits code into smaller
bundles, ensuring that only the necessary code is loaded on each page, which enhances
performance (Jartarghar et al., 2022). Allows rendering of React components on the server side,
providing faster initial load times and improved SEO. Generates static HTML at build time, which
can be served directly to users, resulting in faster page loads. Enables updating static content
without rebuilding the entire site, combining the best aspects of SSR and SSG. Simplifies routing
by using the file system to manage routes, eliminating the need for complex configuration. Allows
the creation of API endpoints within the same project, providing a full-stack development
experience (Dorasamy, 2022). Supports global and component-level styles using CSS and Sass,
making styling more flexible.

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 Computer Science & IT Research Journal, Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2024

Table 1
Fundamentals of NextJS (Hanafi et al., 2024)
Feature Description
Server-Side Rendering (SSR) Automatically renders React components on the server,
improving initial page load times and SEO.
Static Site Generation (SSG) Generates static HTML pages at build time, resulting in
faster load times and better performance.
API Routes Enables the creation of serverless API endpoints within
the same application, simplifying backend integration.
File-Based Routing Automatically creates routes based on the file structure,
reducing the need for complex routing configurations.
Dynamic Routing Supports dynamic route segments, allowing the creation
of pages with variable parameters.
Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR) Allows for incremental updates to static content without
needing a complete rebuild.
Built-in CSS and Sass Support Provides out-of-the-box support for global and modular
styles, streamlining the styling process.

While NextJS is built on React, it differs significantly from other frameworks like Angular and
Vue. React is a library focused on building user interfaces, while NextJS extends React's
capabilities by adding features like SSR, SSG, and a powerful routing system (Smith and White,
2023). Angular, developed by Google, is a full-fledged framework that provides a complete
solution for building large-scale applications, including its own routing and state management.
Vue, on the other hand, is a progressive framework that is incrementally adaptable and can
function as a library or a full framework. Compared to Angular and Vue, NextJS is more focused
on performance optimization and simplicity, particularly for React developers looking to enhance
their applications with server-side capabilities and static generation (Martinez and Clark, 2021).
Setting up a NextJS project is straightforward. Begin by installing the required packages using
npm or yarn.
```bash
npx create-next-app@latest my-nextjs-app
cd my-nextjs-app
```
This command sets up a new NextJS project with a default configuration, creating the necessary
files and directories.
A typical NextJS project includes the following structure. pages/: Contains React components
mapped to routes (Ballamudi et al., 2021). Each file in this directory represents a route in the
application. public/: Stores static assets like images, fonts, and other files. styles/: Contains global
styles and CSS modules. components/: Houses reusable React components. api/: Includes API
route files that create backend endpoints.
Pages: In NextJS, each file in the `pages/` directory corresponds to a route. For instance,
`pages/index.js` maps to the root URL (`/`), and `pages/about.js` maps to `/about`. This file-based
routing system simplifies navigation and URL management. Components: Like in React,
components in NextJS are reusable pieces of UI. They can be used within pages to create complex
layouts and functionalities. Components are typically stored in the `components/` directory.

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 Computer Science & IT Research Journal, Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2024

Routing: NextJS uses a file-based routing system, automatically associating files in the `pages/`
directory with corresponding routes. Dynamic routing is also supported using bracket notation
(Banirazi et al., 2020). For example, `pages/posts/[id].js` creates a dynamic route that matches any
URL with the pattern `/posts/[id]`. NextJS offers a powerful framework for building high-
performance web applications, enhancing React's capabilities with features like SSR, SSG, and
file-based routing as explain in figure 2 (Johnson and Lee, 2022). Its simplicity in setup and robust
performance optimization tools make it an ideal choice for developers seeking to create fast,
scalable, and efficient web applications.

Figure 2: Static Generation vs. Server-side Rendering (Johnson and Lee, 2022)
Performance Optimization Techniques in NextJS
Optimizing performance is essential in web development to ensure fast load times, better user
experiences, and higher search engine rankings as explain in figure 3 (Iskandar et al., 2020; Zhao
et al., 2021). NextJS, with its robust feature set, offers various techniques to achieve these goals.
This explores key performance optimization strategies in NextJS, including code splitting and lazy
loading, static site generation (SSG) and incremental static regeneration (ISR), server-side
rendering (SSR), image optimization, and data fetching strategies.
Code splitting is a technique where JavaScript code is divided into smaller chunks that are loaded
on-demand rather than as a single, large file (Qiong and Li, 2020). This reduces the initial load
time, as only the necessary code is loaded when the page is accessed. Lazy loading complements
code splitting by deferring the loading of non-essential resources until they are needed, further
enhancing performance. The primary benefits include. Faster initial load times. Reduced
bandwidth usage. Improved user experience, especially on slower networks or devices.
Static Site Generation (SSG) generates static HTML pages at build time, which are then served to
users. This method is ideal for pages with content that does not change frequently, providing fast
load times and better performance. Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR) allows you to update
static content without rebuilding the entire site. Pages are regenerated in the background as traffic
comes in, ensuring that users receive the most up-to-date content. Server-Side Rendering (SSR)

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renders the React components on the server and sends the fully rendered HTML to the client
(Lazuardy and Anggraini, 2022). This results in faster initial load times and improved SEO.
However, SSR can increase server load and complexity. NextJS provides an `Image` component
that automatically optimizes images for faster load times. It includes features like automatic
resizing, lazy loading, and WebP format support. NextJS offers a variety of powerful performance
optimization techniques, including code splitting, lazy loading, static site generation, incremental
static regeneration, server-side rendering, and image optimization (Pavić and Brkić, 2021). By
leveraging these techniques, developers can create high-performance web applications that provide
fast, responsive, and engaging user experiences. Selecting the appropriate data fetching strategy
further ensures that applications remain efficient and up-to-date, meeting the needs of users and
stakeholders alike.

Figure 3: Stepwise Optimization Process (Zhao et al., 2021)

Enhancing User Experience
Performance metrics are essential tools for evaluating and improving the speed and responsiveness
of web applications (Nejati et al., 2020). Lighthouse, an open-source tool from Google, provides
detailed insights into various performance aspects, including page speed, accessibility, SEO, and
more (Chan-Jong-Chu et al., 2020). It generates a performance score based on factors like First
Contentful Paint (FCP), Time to Interactive (TTI), and Total Blocking Time (TBT). Web Vitals,
another initiative by Google, focuses on key performance metrics that directly impact user
experience. Measures loading performance. Aim for LCP to occur within 2.5 seconds of when the
page first starts loading (Sumedrea et al., 2022). Measures interactivity. Aim for an FID of less
than 100 milliseconds. Measures visual stability. Aim for a CLS score of less than 0.1. Regularly
monitoring these metrics helps identify areas for improvement and track the impact of
optimizations. Reducing the initial load time is crucial for enhancing user experience, particularly
for users on slower networks or devices. Strategies for reducing initial load time include. Remove
unused code, minify files, and use tree-shaking to eliminate dead code. Defer the loading of non-

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 Computer Science & IT Research Journal, Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2024

critical resources, such as images and videos, until they are needed. Distribute content across
multiple servers globally to reduce latency. Use modern image formats like WebP, compress
images, and specify dimensions to prevent layout shifts (Yasin and Abdulazeez, 2021).
Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) offer enhanced capabilities like offline support and caching, which
improve reliability and performance (Malavolta et al., 2020). Service workers, a core technology
in PWAs, enable offline functionality by caching essential resources and serving them from the
local cache when the network is unavailable. Implementing offline support involves. Create and
register a service worker to manage caching and offline capabilities. Use appropriate caching
strategies such as cache-first, network-first, or stale-while-revalidate based on the resource type
and usage patterns. PWAs significantly enhance the mobile experience by providing features
similar to native apps, such as (Adetunji et al., 2020). Users can install the PWA on their home
screen for quick access. Ensure that the application adapts seamlessly to different screen sizes and
orientations. PWAs load quickly and efficiently, even on slow networks, thanks to caching and
offline support (Wu et al., 2020).
Accessibility is critical for ensuring that web applications are usable by everyone, including people
with disabilities (Furnell et al., 2022). It promotes inclusivity and provides equal access to
information and services. Accessible web applications improve user satisfaction, comply with
legal requirements (such as the Americans with Disabilities Act), and reach a broader audience. To
ensure accessibility, developers can use various tools and techniques. Use ARIA roles, states, and
properties to enhance the accessibility of dynamic content and interactive elements. Use semantic
HTML elements (e.g., `<header>`, `<nav>`, `<main>`, `<footer>`) to provide meaningful structure
and context to assistive technologies. Ensure that all interactive elements are accessible via
keyboard navigation, including focus management and focus indicators (Andreas et al., 2022). Use
automated accessibility testing tools like Axe, WAVE, and Lighthouse to identify and fix
accessibility issues. Enhancing user experience in web applications involves improving load times
and responsiveness, implementing PWA features, and ensuring accessibility (Fauzan et al., 2022).
By leveraging performance metrics, reducing initial load times, supporting offline functionality,
enhancing mobile experiences, and prioritizing accessibility, developers can create web
applications that are fast, reliable, and inclusive (Hort et al., 2021). These optimizations not only
lead to better user satisfaction but also contribute to higher engagement and improved business
outcomes.
Advanced Performance Techniques
Webpack is a powerful module bundler that NextJS uses under the hood. NextJS provides sensible
defaults, customizing the Webpack configuration can further optimize build performance.
Developers can modify the Webpack configuration in the `next.config.js` file to include plugins,
loaders, and other performance-enhancing tools.
NextJS supports various plugins that enhance performance. Examples include. Optimizes images
to reduce load times (Thakkar, 2020). Transpiles third-party modules to ensure they are optimized
for modern browsers. Optimizes font loading for better performance. Integrating these plugins
involves installing them via npm and configuring `next.config.js`. Custom middleware can handle

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specific optimization tasks, such as caching responses or compressing data (Miele et al., 2022).
Middleware functions run on the server before requests reach the route handlers.
A Content Delivery Network (CDN) distributes content across multiple servers globally, ensuring
that users receive data from the nearest server as explain in figure 4 (Sahoo et al., 2016; Zolfaghari
et al., 2020). Benefits include. Faster load times due to proximity to the user. Load balancing
across servers enhances availability. Efficiently handles high traffic loads. Advanced performance
techniques in NextJS, such as optimizing build performance with custom Webpack configurations,
utilizing plugins and middleware, and integrating with a CDN, significantly enhance application
performance. These strategies reduce load times, improve scalability, and ensure a smoother user
experience, making them essential for high-performance web development (Jarrous-Holtrup et al.,
2021).

Figure 4: General View of Cloud based CDN (Sahoo et al., 2016)

Monitoring and Maintenance
Effective monitoring and maintenance are crucial for ensuring the sustained performance and
reliability of web applications (Philip et al., 2021). This explores performance monitoring tools,
continuous integration and deployment (CI/CD) practices, and the importance of regular audits and
updates in the context of NextJS projects. Real User Monitoring (RUM) involves tracking the
performance of actual user interactions with a web application (Vasconcelos et al., 2020). This
method provides insights into how users experience the application in real-world conditions. RUM
tools capture metrics like page load times, time to first byte (TTFB), and user-specific errors.
Popular RUM tools include. Google Analytics, New Relic and Dynatrace. By using RUM,
developers can identify performance bottlenecks, understand user behavior, and make data-driven

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decisions to improve the application’s performance and user experience (Haering et al., 2021;
Kuppam, 2022). Synthetic monitoring involves simulating user interactions using automated tests
to measure application performance. Unlike RUM, which relies on real user data, synthetic
monitoring uses scripts to simulate typical user behavior, allowing for consistent and repeatable
performance measurements (Landauer et al., 2020). Key synthetic monitoring tools include
Pingdom, GTmetrix and Lighthouse. Synthetic monitoring is valuable for proactively identifying
performance issues and verifying that recent changes do not degrade the user experience (Waseem
et al., 2021).
Integrating performance checks into the CI/CD pipeline ensures that performance regressions are
detected early in the development process. Automated tests can run performance audits, check for
performance budgets, and ensure that the application meets predefined performance criteria before
deployment (Paya et al., 2022). Popular tools for automating performance checks include.
Lighthouse CI, Jenkins and GitHub Actions Automating performance checks helps maintain high-
performance standards and prevents performance regressions from reaching production.
Implementing best practices for CI/CD in NextJS projects involves. Integrate unit tests, integration
tests, and performance tests into the CI/CD pipeline (Gniadek et al., 2022). Use platforms like
Vercel or Netlify to generate deployment previews for each pull request, allowing stakeholders to
review changes before merging. Ensure that the staging environment mirrors the production
environment to catch issues early. Use incremental builds to speed up the build process and reduce
deployment times (Gallaba et al., 2020). By following these best practices, developers can
streamline the development process, ensure code quality, and maintain high-performance
standards.
Regularly updating dependencies is crucial for maintaining security, performance, and
compatibility (Hejderup and Gousios, 2022). Outdated dependencies can introduce vulnerabilities
and performance issues. Tools like Dependabot and npm audit help identify and automate
dependency updates. Automatically checks for outdated dependencies and creates pull requests to
update them. Identifies and reports security vulnerabilities in npm packages. Keeping
dependencies up-to-date ensures that the application benefits from the latest performance
improvements and security patches. Conducting periodic performance audits helps identify areas
for improvement and ensures that the application remains optimized (Kartikayeni et al., 2020).
Regular audits should include regularly review the codebase to identify performance bottlenecks
and optimization opportunities. Use tools like Lighthouse, WebPageTest, and GTmetrix to perform
comprehensive performance audits. Collect and analyze user feedback to identify performance
issues that may not be captured by automated tools. Periodic performance audits help maintain a
high level of performance and ensure that the application continues to meet user expectations.
Effective monitoring and maintenance are essential for sustaining the performance and reliability
of NextJS applications (Zozas et al., 2022). By leveraging performance monitoring tools,
integrating automated performance checks into the CI/CD pipeline, and conducting regular audits
and updates, developers can ensure that their applications deliver a consistently high-quality user
experience (Battina, 2021). These practices not only enhance performance but also improve
security, maintainability, and overall application health.

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Case Studies
Netflix Jobs, the career portal for Netflix, leverages NextJS to provide a seamless and fast user
experience. The application benefits from NextJS’s server-side rendering (SSR), which ensures
that job listings and descriptions load quickly, improving both speed and SEO performance
(Camden and Rinaldi, 2022). The use of incremental static regeneration (ISR) allows the portal to
keep job listings up-to-date without compromising performance, as updates are processed
efficiently in the background. Twitch, a leading live streaming platform, uses NextJS to enhance
the performance of its web application. By utilizing NextJS’s static site generation (SSG) for pages
that do not change frequently, Twitch ensures rapid load times. The application also employs
NextJS’s dynamic imports and code splitting to optimize loading times for interactive features,
ensuring a smooth user experience even with heavy traffic. HashiCorp, known for its infrastructure
automation products, uses NextJS for its marketing and documentation sites. These sites benefit
from NextJS’s ability to generate static pages, leading to fast load times and excellent SEO.
HashiCorp also uses custom Webpack configurations to optimize build performance and reduce
bundle sizes, enhancing the overall user experience.
ISR is a powerful feature that combines the benefits of static and dynamic rendering (Ma et al.,
2022). By updating static pages in the background, applications can serve fast-loading content that
is always up-to-date. This approach is particularly useful for sites with frequently changing
content, such as job listings or product catalogs. Customizing Webpack configurations allows for
more granular control over the build process. Removing unused code, optimizing dependencies,
and implementing code splitting are essential practices for maintaining high performance. Tools
like `webpack-bundle-analyzer` help visualize and reduce bundle sizes, ensuring that the
application remains efficient. NextJS’s built-in image component automatically optimizes images
for faster load times. Using this feature ensures that images are resized, compressed, and served in
modern formats like WebP, significantly enhancing performance without additional effort.
Incorporating PWA features, such as offline support and add-to-home-screen functionality, can
significantly improve the user experience, especially on mobile devices. Service workers and
caching strategies are critical for providing a seamless experience, even when network conditions
are suboptimal (Jedari et al., 2020). Keeping dependencies up-to-date ensures that the application
benefits from the latest performance improvements and security patches. Automated tools like
Dependabot and npm audit facilitate this process, helping maintain the application’s health. High-
performance NextJS applications like Netflix Jobs, Twitch, and HashiCorp’s sites demonstrate the
framework’s capabilities. Key lessons from these case studies highlight the importance of
leveraging NextJS’s features, optimizing build processes, and maintaining regular monitoring and
updates to ensure optimal performance and user experience.
CONCLUSION
Building high-performance web applications with NextJS involves understanding its fundamentals,
leveraging performance optimization techniques, enhancing user experience, and maintaining
rigorous monitoring and maintenance practices. Key optimization strategies include code splitting,
lazy loading, static site generation (SSG), incremental static regeneration (ISR), and server-side
rendering (SSR). Advanced techniques such as custom Webpack configurations, CDN integration,

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and performance monitoring tools are essential for sustaining performance. Regular updates and
performance audits ensure that the application remains optimized and secure.
The landscape of web performance and NextJS is continuously evolving. Future trends are likely
to include. As web applications demand faster load times, NextJS may further refine static
generation capabilities to provide near-instantaneous page loads. With tools and plugins, NextJS
will likely enhance the developer experience, making it easier to implement performance
optimizations. AI-driven tools for automated performance optimization and predictive analytics
will become more prevalent, helping developers make data-driven decisions. Accessibility will
remain a critical focus, with NextJS and associated tools providing more robust support for
inclusive web design.
NextJS stands out as a robust framework for building high-performance web applications, offering
a blend of static and dynamic rendering capabilities, advanced optimization techniques, and a
strong focus on developer experience. To fully leverage NextJS, developers should, regularly
update NextJS and its dependencies to benefit from the latest performance enhancements and
security patches. Implement best practices such as code splitting, lazy loading, and using CDNs to
optimize performance. Use tools like Lighthouse, Web Vitals, and synthetic monitoring to
continuously monitor and improve application performance. Prioritize enhancing user experience
by optimizing load times, implementing PWA features, and ensuring accessibility. NextJS
provides a comprehensive set of tools and features to build and maintain high-performance web
applications. By staying abreast of emerging trends and adhering to best practices, developers can
ensure their applications are fast, reliable, and provide an exceptional user experience.

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