A Complete Course for CAPE

Unit 2

Raymond Toolsie BSc, MACP

Mathematics Department
Couva East Secondary School
Formerly Head of Mathematics Department
Holy Faith Convent
Penal
Trinidad and Tobago

Caribbean
Educational publishers

©
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Educational Publishers (2003) Ltd
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Pure Mathematics: A Complete course for CAPE Unit 2

Text © Raymond Toolsie
ISBN 978-976-648-329-6
First published 2014

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Pure Mathematics A Complete Course for' CAPE: Unit 2 is a text written to cover all the Specific
Objectives and Content of the CXC CAPE Pure Mathematics syllabus (Revised 2012) which will
become effective for examination at the Advanced Proficiency Level from May-June 2013.
In each topic the theory is presented with pertinent definitions, formulae, principles, proofs,
concepts and diagrams as appropriate. This fact enables the student to understand the theory.
Each worked example directly satisfies an objective in the syllabus. Step by step explainations are
given to facilitate the understanding of th'e solution to an example and to make it both student
friendly and understandable. Where appropriate, more than one method is explained.
Each exercise has graded questions that are pertinent to the previous work recently explained.
Sufficient questions are given to enable students to master the topic. Almost all the questions in this
text were tested at the Couva East Secondary School.
At the end of each chapter, there is a Revision exercise which contains numerous questions, both
multiple choice and essay type, to cover the work taught.
Each chapter concludes with Essential Facts, which serves as a reminder of the important facts that
should be remembered by a student and as a quick and efficient revision guide.
May you use this work to the best of your ability and achieve the required results. Raymond Toolsie

FOR

ALL THE STUDENTS OF

OUR BEAUTIFUL CARIBBEAN

CULTURES.
 UNIT2
Complex Numbers, Analysis and Matrices
Module 1
 Complex Numbers and Calculus II
1
Complex numbers ............................................... 3 Imaginary numbers
..............................................................3 Powersofi
...................................................................... 4 Properties and operations
....................................................... 5 Complex numbers
................................................................ 7 The discriminant
................................................................. 8 Conjugate pairs of complex roots
.................................................. 9 Sums and product of roots of a quadratic equation
................................. 11 Equality of complex numbers
.................................................... 13 Algebraic operations on complex numbers
........................................... 14 Addition of complex numbers .....................................
......... ..... 14 Subtraction of complex numbers............................................... 14
Multiplication of complex numbers .............................................. 15 Product of a pair of
complex conjugates ........................................ 16 Division of complex numbers
.................................................... 18 Conjugateof
............................................................ 20 p + qi
Square roots of a complex number ............................................... 20 Quadratic
equationwith complex coefficients ...................................... 21 TheArgand diagram
............................................................ 24 Cartesian form: complex number as a
point ........................................ 24 Polar form: complex number as a vector
......................................... 25 Conjugate ofz=r (cos o+i sin o)
............................................... 26 Argand diagram: addition of vectors ..... ....
.......................... ............. 40 Argand diagram: subtraction of vectors
.

.................................................. 42 Argand diagram: multiplication of vectors

................................... . ....... 43 Product of complex numbers in polar form
........................................ 45 Argand diagram: division of vectors
................................................. 48 Quotient of complex numbers in polar form
........................... ........... 48

Pure
Mathematics for
CAPE

Loci
in
the
 complex plane ........................................................56 Locus of z when I z - r, r c
.............................................. 56 Locus of z when I z - z1 z -
z2............................................. 58 Locus ofzwhen z-z11 =kIz-z 2 I,kEP,k1
................................. 60 Locus ofz when arg(z-z 1)=O where -it<8: ~ t
.................................62 Locus of z when arg1 - Z1 = e
.............................................. 64 )
Intersecting loci .............................................................69 Argand diagram and
inequalities ..............................................74 De Moivre's theorem
...............................................................83 Exponential form of a complex number
....................................... ...... 92 Euler's formula
.

.............................................................92 Exponential
form............................................................94 Revision exercise 1
................................................................98 Essential
facts..................................................................102
2 111 Differentiation of the exponential function ef ...................................... 111
Differentiation of the logarithmic function lnf(x) ................................... 121
Differentiation of parametric equations ............................................ 132 Parametric
equations: equations of tangents and normals............................135
Implicit differentiation .......................................................... 139 Differentiation of a
combination of functions ....... ............................... 147 Extended chain rule
.

......................................................... 147 Combination of functions

.................................................... 150 Differentiation of inverse trigonometric
functions ..................................154
[k siir1 f(x)] where k is a constant ..........................................154 dx

[k cos'f(x)] where k is a constant ..................... ................... 158 dx

.

[k tan 1 f(x)] where k is a constant.........................................159 dx

Second derivative of a function ..................................................164 Higher
derivatives..........................................................164 Polynomial functions
........................................................164 Trigonometric functions
.....................................................165 Exponential functions
.......................................................167 Logarithmic
functions.......................................................168 Parametric functions
.........................................................169 Implicit
functions...........................................................170
 First partial derivatives .........................................................179
Limit...................................................................... 179 Continuous function
........................................................179
Contents =

First principles .............................................................179 Partial

derivatives ..............................................................180 Second partial
derivatives .......................................................183 Revision exercise 2
..............................................................192 Essential facts
.................................................................. 198

3 Integration II .................................................. 203 Partial

fractions .................................................................... 203 Proper and
improper fractions ................................................ 203 Decomposing
.............................................................. 204 Distinct linear factors
....................................................... 204 Repeated linear factors
...................................................... 210 Distinct quadratic factors
.................................................... 212 Repeated quadratic factors
................................................... 216 Integration of rational functions
.................................................. 221 Repeated linear factor
......................................................... 226 Integration of trigonometric
functions ............................................. 229 Basic trigonometric functions
................................................... 229 Even powers of sin x, cos x and
tan x ............................................ 230 Odd powers of sin x, cos x and tan x
............................................ 231 Product of the form sin mx cos
nx............................................. 233 Integrals of tan x, sec x, cot x and
cosec x........................................ 234 Integration of the exponential function ef
......................................... 238 Integration of the logarithmic function
Jnf(x) ......................................... 240 Integration by substitution
...................................................... 243 Integration by parts
............................................................ 255 Proof using De Moivre's
theorem ...................................................... 264 Integration of inverse
trigonometric functions ........................... ........... 266 Integrals involving
inverse trigonometric functions ................................ 266 Partial fractions:
Distinct quadratic factors ..................................... 271 Integration of inverse
trigonometric functions .................................. 273 Partial fractions:
Repeated quadratic factors.................................... 275 Integration by
reduction formula .................................................. 278 Trapezium rule
 ................................................................... 288 Revision exercise 3
................................................................ 293 Essential facts
................................................................. .. 300
Module 2
Sequences, Series and Approximations 307
41 Sequences ......................................................309 Concept of a
{a 309
sequence }..............................................................
Sequence defined by
recurrence relations..........................................310 Convergence, divergence and limit
of a sequence...................................312

L]IIU
Pure
Mathematics for CAPE

Limit of a sequence .........................................................312 Convergent

sequence .......................................................312 Divergent sequence
.........................................................313 Periodic sequence
...........................................................314 Oscillating sequences
.......................................................315
Application of mathematical induction to sequences ................................319 Sum of n
terms in a sequence.................................................319 Recurrence relation
and explicit formula.......................................321
Revision exercise 4 .............................................................324 Essentialfacts
.................................................................. 326
5 Series .......................... . 331 Series and summation notation
33
()................................................ 1 Arithmetic sequence and arithmetic series
.........................................338 Divergence of an arithmetic series
.................................................341 Geometric sequence and geometric series
.......................................... 342 Convergence and divergence of a geometric series
.................................. 344 Sum to infinity of a convergent series
.............................................345 The method of differences
.......................................................352 Taylor's theorem and Taylor
series................................................361 Maclaurin series
...............................................................374 Applications of mathematical induction
to series and factorials ....................... 379 Revision exercise 5
..............................................................385
Essential facts..................................................................388
6 ']I'lie binomial theorem ............................... 393 Meaning and properties of n
.................................................... 393
Meaning and properties of
= ................................................395 Pascal's triangle
................................................................ 400 Binomial theorem
b)n
..............................................................403 Expanding (a + when n E
.................................................. 406 Finding a coefficient and the constant term
........................................410
Expansion of a product......................................................413 Trinomial
expansion............................................................414 Binomial expansion of a
b)n
complex number......................................415 Expanding (a + when n E Q
..................................................417 Validity of a binomial expansion and
 approximations ...........................419 Approximate value of an irrational
number........................................429 Binomial expansion and partial fractions
..........................................435 Revision exercise 6
.............................................................448
Essentialfacts..................................................................451
Contents

7 Roots of equations ............................. . . . . . ......... 455

Intermediate value theorem ......................................................455
Locating a root of an equation .................................................... 455
Interval bisection...............................................................463 Linear
interpolation ............................................................469
Newton-Raphson method .........................................................476
Working of the Newton-Raphson method......................................489 Fixed
point iteration ............................................................491 Revision
exercise 7 ...............................................................500 Essential
facts..................................................................506
Module 3
Counting, Matrices and Differential Equations 509
8 Counting ................................... ................... 511
Principles of counting ............................................................ 511
Addition principle.......................................................... 511 Extended
addition principle ................................................... 513 Multiplication
principle ...................................................... 513 Extended multiplication
principle ............................................ 514 Permutations
.................................................................. 516
Permutations of n distinct
objects taken n at a time ................................... 518 Permutations of n distinct
objects taken rat a time with no repetitions allowed .......... 519 Permutations of n
distinct objects taken r at a time with repetitions allowed ............ 522 Permutations
with identical objects ................................................. 523 Permutations with
restrictions ................................................... 524 Permutations with identical
objects and restrictions .................. ....... ......... 529 Objects kept together
.

.......................................... ............... 529 Objects kept apart

........................................................... 531 Objects restricted to the
ends................................................. 535 Circular permutations
.......................................................... 537
 Combinations.................................................................... 543
Probability........................................................................ 552 Probability of an
event ........................................................... 553 Total probability
................................................................. 555 Probability that an event does not
happen .......................................... 556 Non-mutually exclusive events
.................................................... 557 Mutually exclusive events
......................................................... 562 Independent events
............................................................... 564 Conditional probability and dependent
events ........................................ 566 Treediagram
...................................................................... 571 Probability and permutations
.................................................... 586

Pure
Mathematics
for CAPE
 Probability and combinations ....................................................590 Revision
exercise 8 .............................................................593 Essentialfacts
.................................................................. 598

9 Matrices and systems of linear equations . . .. . . . . . . . ........ . 605 Matrix and

order..............................................................605 Types of matrices
............................................................. 606
Equal matrices ............................................................. 607 Operations on
matrices ........................................................ 607 Addition of matrices
........................................................ 607 Subtraction of matrices
...................................................... 611 Multiplication of a matrix by a
scalar.......................................... 612 Multiplication of matrices
................................................... 614 Transpose of a
matrix.......................................................... 625 Determinant of a n x n matrix
.................................................. 631 Singular and non-singular matrices
............................................. 637 Inverse of a non-singular n x n matrix
........................................... 639 Solving a system of linear equations using
determinants ........................... 648 Solving a system of linear equations using an
inverse.............................. 654 Solving a system of linear equations using Gaussian
elimination and
row echelon form ............................................................. 658 Finding the
inverse of a matrix using row reduction ............................... 662 Elementary row
operations .................................................. 665 Solving a system of linear equations by
row reduction of an augumented matrix ...... 666 Consistency of a system of linear
equations ....................................... 672 Two linear equations in two unknowns
............................ ............. 673 Three linear equations in three unknowns
..................................... 679 Applications of matrices: real world problems
.................................... 690 Revision exercise 9
............................................................ 693 Essentialfacts
................................................................ 699
10 Differential equations and modelling ...... ..... 709 Differential
equations .........................................................709 Separable differential
equation..................................................710
Separation of variables initial value problem ...................................712 Exact
differential equation .....................................................715 Exact differential
equation boundary value problem.............................716 First order linear ordinary
differential equation ...................................719 Solving a first order linear differential
equation.................................720 First order linear differential equation boundary value
problem ..................723 Applications of first order differential equations
..................................727 Seperable differential equations
...............................................727 First order linear differential equations
......................................... 731

Contents

Second order linear ordinary differential equation................................. 735

Homogeneous linear equations............................................... 735 Case 1:
Two real and distinct roots; b2 - 4ac > 0 ................................. 736 Case 2: Two
real and equal roots; b2 - 4ac = 0 ................................... 738 Case 3: Two
complex roots; b2 - 4ac <0 ........................................ 739
Second order differential equation .............................................. 743 Initial
value and boundary value problems .................................... 743 Particular
integral of a differential equation ...................................... 748 Case 1:f(x) is
a constant ..................................................... 748 Case 2:f(x) is a polynomial
.................................................. 749 Case 3:f(x) is a trigonometric
function......................................... 750 Case 4:f(x) is an exponential function
......................................... 752 Non-homogeneous linear equations
............................................. 757 Case 1:f(x) is a constant
..................................................... 757 Case 2:f(x) is a polynomial
.................................................. 758 Case 3:f(x) is a trigonometric
function......................................... 760 Case 4:f(x) is an exponential function
......................................... 761 Second order ordinary differential equation with
given conditions .................. 765 Solving a differential equation by substitution
.................................... 775 First order ordinary differential equation
...................................... 775 Second order ordinary differential
equation.................................... 777 Applications of second order differential
equations................................ 782 Revision exercise 10
........................................................... 789 Essentialfacts
................................................................ 794

Answers........................................................ 799 Index ....... . ............. . .

..................... . . . .. ......... 915
Complex Numbers, Analysis and Matrices

Module I
Complex Numbers and Calculus II
Complex
numbers

Imaginary numbers
Consider the quadratic equation
x2+ 1 = 0.
Then x2= —1
This quadratic equation has no
real solution since the square of
a real number is always
positive.
Further x = ±Ci
x=orx=-
The square root of a negative
number is meaningless under the
real number system. This
quadratic equation can only be
solved if the number system is
extended beyond the real number
system.
Ifweput i=111
then x=iorx=—i.
x2 = ([_)2 = 2 => 2 = —
Thus 1.
The number ±J1i are not real numbers.
These numbers are called imaginary
numbers.

The letter i which denotes J1i is called the

imaginary unit.

A new set of numbers called imaginary

numbers is built on this imaginary unit.
 A pure imaginary number is a number that can be expressed in the
a non-zero real number and i is the imaginary unit
form qi, where q is Jii, that is, i2= —1.

Example
- 3ji and [-18 are all pure imaginary numbers.
•=
= 2i.
•
• = 3,Ji,.JiT = —3(4)i = —121.
•
Sometimes 3'Ji is written as 3i'j.

Pure
Mathematics
for CAPE

In general,
for any real
number q,
where q > 0:
=
ii = qi.
 By the zero property of multiplication 0i = 0 1 = 0 which is a real
number.

Imaginary numbers are used to solve many practical problems, for example, in the field of
electricity.

Powers of I

By definition, i° = 1.

If x2 =-1
then x=iorx=_.i:ii.
So x=iorx=-i.
= i=j1iand-i=-j1i.
=> i2= - 1 and (i)2 = -
1.
Using i=*JI and i2 =-1
then i3 =i2 •i=-1•i=-i.
So 10=1
ii =
-1
and i3 =-i.
Also i4 =i2 .i2 =(-1)(-1)=1
i5= i4. i = 1 . i = i

i6 1 . (-J) -1
14 •i2
17 =i4 •i3 =1 • (-i)=-i.
It can be seen that the powers of i repeat in a definite cycle, consisting of sets of 4
consecutive powers, starting from the power 0.
Verify that the table of powers of i given below is correct.
Powers of i
i°=1
i4 =1 j6 1

i9= i 110=_i

-Example 1 1
+2
Evaluate (a) 14k (b) 14k +
i ( c) i 4 (d) i4k +3

- Solution
i 4 = (14)k = lk
(a) = 1

(b) 14k+1_14k.11 .i=i

(c) 14k+2.14k.12_1.(_1)=_1
14k + 3 = 14k. i
(d) 3 = 1 (-i) = -i
 Complex numbers

This example illustrates a rule for the power of i.

In general, for k E W:
• j4k1 • 14k+1..j
• 14k+2 = _1 • i4k+ 3 _._j

The rule for the power of i can also be illustrated on a clock 4 system.
4k
ockwise rotation

Example 2
4k + 1
Evaluate i67.
Solution
4k + 2 4k + 3

j67
= i416
+3 14k
= -i
+3
= -i
 Properties and operations
For the set of imaginary numbers, the commutative and associative properties hold for both
addition and multiplication.
The distributive property of multiplication over addition also holds.
The operations +, —, x and ­t- can also be applied to pure imaginary numbers. However, each
number must first be expressed in terms of i before any operation can be performed.

Example 3 (b)
Simplify = 71-41 (a) + (b) - = (7- 4)i distributive (c) (d) i-;ii ~ property. = 3i which is an

Solution imaginary (a) ..J + = f2_5 [-_1 + [4-[-_1 number. = 5i + 2i

= (5 + 2)i distributive (c) = j JCj.
property. = 6i 3i
= 7i which is an = (6 3) (i i)
imaginary = 18i2
number. = 18(-1)
= -18 which is a real
number.
 Solve each of the following quadratic
(d)

- JiJi In general, the sum, or the difference, of

-
two pure imaginary numbers is a pure
9i imaginary number.
8i The product, or the quotient, of two
9 pure imaginary numbers is always a real
number.
= - which is a real number.
8

Exercise la

-j equations. (c) (d)

1. (a) x2+ 2 = 0 (b) x2+ 5
=0
Evaluate
(b) x2 + 27 = 0
2. (a) x2+ 9 = 0 (b) x2+ 25 = 0 11. (a) i17 (b) i60 (c) i23 (d) i62 3. (a) x2 +8=0 12. (a)
=0
i28 (b) i71 (c) i (d) i73 4. (a) 2x2+ 5 = 0 (b) 3x2+ 15 13. (a) i53 (b) i83 (c) i57 (d) i95 5. (a) 5x2+ 9
=0
= 0 (b) 4x2+ 10 14. (a) i75 (b) i81 (c) i86 (d) i10°
Simplify ..JiA_i
15. (a) i96 (b) i97 (c) i102 (d) i127 6. (a) (b) Simplify
(d)
(c) 16. (a) + (b) - 7. (a) Ji (b) jf (c) (d) ~
(c) (d) 17. (a) Ji + (b) (c) - (d) 1 144
-

8. (a)
(b)
18. (a) (b) + (c) (d) —Ji (c) V-132 -- J—ioo (d) Ji - 9. (a) —5i (b) 8Ji 19. (a) 1-100
—

(b) '1-196 ~ 'Ji (d)

- sj
F3 3 (c) i+j (d) j-100ji (c) - 20. (a) ~V-225 (b) —196 10. (a)
_4sJ1 (b) —7J1 (c) '1-121— J-169 (d) '1-100+ '1-144

Complex numbers

Complex numbers
Consider the quadratic equation
x2 - 4x +5 = 0
where a = 1, b = —4 and c = 5.
Using the quadratic formula
x= —b ± jb2 - 4ac
2a
.
Then X= —(-4) ± - 4(l) (5) 2(1)
= 4±V16-20
2
4±
2
- 4±1
2
4±2i
2
x=2±i
Hence x=2+iorx=2—i.
The roots of the quadratic equation x 2- 4x + 5 = 0 are 2 + i and 2— i.
The roots consist of a real number 2 and a pure imaginary number ± i.
Numbers in this form are called complex numbers.

A complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form

p + qi, where p and q are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit

A complex number written as p + qi, (a + bi; x + yi) is said to be in standard form (rectangular
form; Cartesian form).
For a complex number z = p + qi, p is called the real part of z and it is denoted by Re (z),
Re (z)
that is = p. (p is the real component)
q is called the imaginary part of z and it is denoted by Tm (z),
that is Tm (z) = q.. (q is the imaginary component)
• When Re (z) = 0 and lm(z) # 0, then z = qi which is a pure imaginary number. •
When Tm (z) = 0, then z = p which is a real number.
• Any complex number z where Im(z) # 0 is an imaginary number.

The set of real numbers and the set of imaginary numbers are
subsets of the set of complex numbers.

Thus Fi c W c Z c 0 c R c C, where the set of complex numbers C = {z: z = x + yi; x, y E ll);

orC={z:z=x+iy,x,yE }.

Pure Mathematics for CAPE

 The discriminant
Let us reconsider the quadratic equation
x2- 4x + 5 = 0.
The discriminant b2 - 4ac = (_4)2 —4(1)(5)
= 16-20
= —4 which is less than 0.
Thus b2 - 4ac < 0.
 Vb2
If the discriminant b2 - 4ac is negative, then - 4ac is an imaginary number. The discriminant
b2 - 4ac determines the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation. Since the discriminant b2 - 4ac =
—4, then the graph (parabola) of the equation x 2- 4x + 5 = 0 does not intersect the x—axis as
indicated below. The equation has imaginary roots.
 For the general quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, if the
discriminant b2 - 4ac <0, then the two roots are complex roots.

The nature of the roots of a quadratic equation, using the discriminant, is summarized in the
table below.
b2 -4ac
Value
O real
ofdiscrimi
nant
b 2 - 4ac = 0 real and equal
b 2 - 4ac> 0 real and unequal (distinct)
- 4ac <0 complex

Example 464
Determine the nature of the roots of each of the following quadratic equations.
(a) 2x2 -5x+3=0 (b) x2 +3x+5=0 (c) 16x2 +8x+1=0 Solution
(a) Given 2x2— 5x + 3 = 0
where a =2, b = — 5 and c =3.
Then the discriminant b2 - 4ac = (_5)2 - 4(2)(3)
= 25 —24
=1
Since 1 > 0, then
b2 - 4ac> 0.

Hence, the quadratic equation 2x 2- 5x +3=0 has two real roots which are unequal (unique).

Complex numbers

(b) Given x2 +3x+5=O

where a= 1,b=3 and c=5.
Then the discriminant b2 - 4ac = 32 -4(l)(5)
= 9 - 20
= —11
Since —11 <0, then b2 - 4ac <0.
Hence, the quadratic equation x2+ 3x + 5 = 0 has two complex roots (which are
conjugates).
(c) Given 16x2+ 8x + 1 = 0
 where a=16,b = 8 and c = 1.
Then the discriminant b2 - 4ac = 82 -4(16)(1)
= 64 - 64
=0
Since 0 = 0, then
b2 - 4ac = 0.

Hence, the quadratic equation 16x 2+ 8x + 1 = 0 has two real roots which are equal.

Conjugate pairs of complex roots

The roots of the quadratic equation
x2 -4x+5=0
are 2+i and 2—i.
The roots 2 + i and 2— i are called conjugates. They are complex conjugates of one another. If a
quadratic equation with real coefficients has complex roots, then the roots are conjugates.

The complex roots of a quadratic equation with constant coefficients

form a conjugate pair p + qi and p - qi, which may be written as p ± qi

Example 5 Solution
Solve the equation 2z 2+ 5 = 4z for z and Method 1: Quadratic formula
express the roots in terms of i. Given the equation 2z2+ 5 = 4z.
Then 2z2 -4z+5=0. where a =2,
b = —4 and c = 5.
Using the quadratic formula
4ac
—b ± Jb2 - X=— 2a

Then z = —(-4) ± J(_4)2 - 4(2)(5)

2(2)
- 4±J16-40
4
4±
4
4 ± iAi
4
- 4±2ji

Hence z =1 + or z =1—
The complex roots of the equation 2z2
+5 = 4z are 1 + Li and 1— . Li.
Pure Mathematics for CAPE

Method 2: Completing the square

Given the equation 272+ 5 = 4z.
5
Then 2z2 -4z+5=0 So z 2 -2z+
-=0

•
2
i.e. 5

z -2z=-- 2

2225

z -2z+1 =1 -- 2
= (Z_1)2 = _ (z_1) 2 = .i2

Z_1 = ± 2

Hence z = 1 + i or z = 1- i.
 27,
Given the equation 2+ 5 =
4z. Then 2z2 -4z+5=0 So
(2z2 -4z+2)+3=0 i.e. 2(z2
-2z+1)+3=0 2(z-1)2 -3i2
=0
(z _1)2 __ = 0

(z_1)2 _(iJ = 0

Either z -1 + —i = 0 or z -1-
—i = 0 V2 V2
f_. 1_.
z=1- i-i or z=1+ I-i.
II-
Hence z = 1+ . or z =1 - .
 Is
1 J, ?1 j
Is b
The solution of the general where p = - - and q =
quadratic equation az2+ bz +J4ac_b2 2a 2a
Exercise lb c = 0 is z = p ± qi

Determine the nature of the roots of each -Example 6

of the following quadratic equations. quadratic equation
1.(a)x2 +3=2x (b)x2 +3x=4 2.(a)x2 Given the general quadratic equation
ax + bx + c = 0 where a 0
+5x+2=0 (b)x2 +x+5=0 3. (a) -x2 and the quadratic formula
-4x+3=0 (b) -x2 +4x-6=0 4. (a) 3x2 -b ± jb2 - 4ac
-5x+7=0 (b) -4x2 -i-7x-2=0 5.(a)9x2 x= 2a
+6x+1=0 (b)5x2 +3x+1=O then the roots of the quadratic equation are
In numbers 6-10: _b+Vb2 _4ac _b_Jb2 _4ac and 8=
2a 2a
(i) Use the discriminant b2 - 4uc to determine
The sum of the roots,
the nature of the roots of each quadratic
equation. _b_Vb2
_b + Vb 2 _4ac + -4ac
(ii) Solve each equation for x. 2a 2a
6. (a) x2 +2x-1=0 (b)x2 +2x+1=0 - -b + -\fb2- 4ac - b 4V - 4ac
7.(a)x2 -3x+4=0 (b) x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 8. (a) 2a
—2b
x2 -2x+3=0 (b)x2 -x+2=0 9.(a)2x2
2a
+4x+3=0 (b)3x2 -5x+2=0 b
10. (a) -2x2+ 4x -5 = 0 (b) -5x2- 4x - 6 = 0
Solve each of the following quadratic The sum of the roots, a,+ ,g= -
equations, expressing the roots in terms of The product of the roots,
i.
_4ac)[_b_Vb2
11. (a) z2 -2z+3=0 (b) -z2 +2z-3=O 12. (a) ,fl{b+Vb _4ac] 2a
2z2+ 3 = z (b) 3z2+ 2 = 4z 13. (a) 4z2+ 3 = 2z 2a

(b) 5z2+ 2z + 3 = 0 14. (a) 5z2 +3z+4=0 (b) _(Vb2

(-b)2 _4ac)
-6z 2 +4z-3=0 15. (a) 7z2 -5z+4=0 (b) (2a)
2

8z2-9z+4=0 - b2- (b2- 4ac)

Complex numbers 4a2
- b2 -b2 +4ac
Sums and product of roots of a 4a2
 4ac
4a2
C

a
The product of the roots, a,8=£
(a) 4i and -4i (b) 5 -21 and 5 + 2i -

Solution
Method 1
(a) The sum of the roots,
a +/3= 4i + (-41) = 0
The product of the roots, aJ3 = (4i)(-4i)
= -16i2
= -16(-1)
= 16
A quadratic equation is in the form:
X 2- (sum of roots) x + (product of
roots) = 0
So x2 -(a+/3)x+a/3=0
i.e. x2 -0•x+16=0
x2 +16=0
Hence, a quadratic equation with the
given roots is x2 + 16 = 0.

b
Method 2 (a) The sum of the roots, - -
= 4i + (-41) =0 a
The product of the roots,
16i2 =
£ = (4i)(-4i) = _ 16

Leta 1: --=0

And a
C
So -=16
1
c=16
Substitute a = 1, b = 0 and c = 16 into
the general quadratic equation
ax2+ bx + c = 0
So 1x2 +0x+16=0
x2 +16=0
Pure Mathematics for CAPE

Method 3
(a) The roots are 41 and -41.
So x = 4i and x = -4i.
i.e. the factor are
 x - 4i =0 and x + 4i =0.
The product of the factors
(x - 4i)(x + 4i) = 0.
The difference of two squares
x2 - (41)2.... 0
i.e. x2 -16i2 =0
x2+ 16 = 0
Method 1
(b) The sum of the roots,
a+/3=(5-2i)+(5+2i)=10
The product of the roots,
af3= (5 -2i)(5 + 2i)
= 52 - (2i)2
= 25 - 4i2
= 25-4(-1)
=25+4
=29
A quadratic equation is in the form:

x 2- (a+ /3)x + a/3= 0

x2 -lOx+29=0
Hence, a quadratic equation with the

given roots is x 2- lOx + 29 = 0.

Method 2
(b) The sum of the roots,
- = (5- 2i) + (5+ 2i) = 10
The product of the roots,
2 =(5-2i)(5+2i)
= 52 -(2i)2
=25- 4i2
=25+4
=29
Leta =1: --=10
a
So -=10 1
 And £29
a

So £29
1
c = 29
Substitute a = 1, b = -10 and c = 29 into
the general quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0
2
So 1x + (-10)x + 29 = 0
x2 -lOx+29=0
Method 3
(b) The roots are 5 - 2i and 5 + 2i.
Sox=5-2iandx=5+2i.
i.e. the factors are
x-(5-2i)=O and x-(5+2i)=0
The product of the factors
[x - (5 - 2i)][x - (5 + 21)1 = 0
The distributive law
(x - 5 + 2i)(x - 5 - 2i) = 0
The difference of two squares expansion
[(x - 5) + 2i]{(x - 5) - 2i} = 0
The difference of two squares
(x - 5)2 - (21)2 = 0
So x2 -lOx+25-4i2 =0 i.e. x2
-lOx-i-25+4=0 x2 -lOx+29=0
Example 7 '
One root of a quadratic equation is 2 + 31.
(a) State the other root of the quadratic
equation.
(b) Form a quadratic equation having
these roots.
Solution
(a) The quadratic equation has complex
roots, therefore the roots are
conjugates.
Since one root is 2 + 31, then the other
root is 2 - 3i.
(b) The sum of the roots,
a+ /3= (2 + 31) + (2- 3i) = 4
Complex numbers
The product of the roots,

Example 8&-A
= 22 -
(3j)2
=4 -
9j2
 =4+9 the values of x and y if the two complex
= 13 numbers z 1 and z2 are equal.
A quadratic equation is in the Solution
form: x2 -(a+fl)x+ a/3=0
Given that z 1 = z2
x2 -4x+13=O
Then 5+yi=x-'fii
Hence, a quadratic equation with
the roots is x2- 4x + 13 = 0. x=5 and y=-'fi
Example 9
Equality of complex numbers Two Given that z1 = (x -3) + 8i and z2=9- (y + 2)i,
complex numbers are equal if and only if
find the values of x and y if z 1 = z2
.

their real parts are equal and their imaginary

parts are equal. Solution
Given that z 1 = z2
If z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di are Then (x-3)+8i=9-(y+2)i
two complex numbers, then z 1 = z2 So x-3=9 Equating the real i.e. x=9+3
I iffa=candb=d.
parts.
If z 1 = z2 IRe (a + bi) = Re (c + di) thena + bi = x=12
c + di Im(a+bi)=Im(c+di) And -(y+2)=8 Equating the So y + 2 =
-8 imaginary parts. i.e. y=-8-2
y=-1O
Exercise ic

1. Write a quadratic equation whose roots

are (a) 5i and -5i (b) 2 - 5i and 2 + 5i (b) Form a quadratic equation
2. Find a quadratic equation whose roots having these roots.
are (a) -2i and 2i (b) 3 + 8i and 3 - 8i 7. One root of a quadratic equation is 4- i.
3. Determine a quadratic equation whose (a) What is the other root of the
roots are quadratic equation?
(a) 6i and -6i (b) 4 - 7i and 4 + 7i (b) Write a quadratic equation
having these roots.
4. Write a quadratic equation with roots
(a) -Wi and lOi (b) 7+ 10i and 7- lOi 8. One root of a quadratic equation is 5 +
8i. (a) What is the other root?
5. Find a quadratic equation with roots (a) (b) Find a quadratic with these two roots.
13i and -13i (b) 9 - 14i and 9 + 14i
9. A root of a quadratic equation is 6- 5i.
6. One root of a quadratic equation is 3 + (a) State the other root of the
2i. (a) State the other root of the quadratic equation.
quadratic equation. (b) Write a quadratic equation
Given that z 1 =5+yi and z2 =x-fii,find having these two roots.

Pure Mathematics for CAPE

10. A root of a quadratic equation is 8 + 9i. 15. One root of the quadratic equation (a) What is the
other root of the quadratic x2 - 16x + q = 0 is 8 - 15i. State the value
equation? of q?
(b) Form a quadratic equation with these 16. Given that z1=4-yiand z 2 =x+Ji,find the
two roots. values of x and y if the two complex
11. The roots of the quadratic equation numbers z 1 and z2 are equal.
x2 -4x+c=O are 2+7i and 2-7i.
17. Given that z 1 = 8 + yi and z 2 = x - 5'ji,
What is the value of c? find the values of x and y if the two complex
12. The roots of the quadratic equation numbers z1and z2 are equal.
x2 +bx+41 =O are 4-5i and 4+5i. 18. Given that z 1 = (x + 4) + 51 and
State the value of b. z2 = 8 - (y + 3)i, find the values of x and y
13. The roots of the quadratic equation if z 1 = z2 .
x2 -6x+k=O are 3-6i and 3+6i. 19. Given that z 1 = (x - 7) - lOi and z2 = 9- (y
Write down the value of k. - 4)1, find the values of x and y if z1 = z2 .
14. One root of the quadratic equation x2- 20. Find the real numbers x and y if
lOx + p = 0 is 5 + 12i. What is the x + yi = -5'fii.
value of p?
Algebraic operations on complex numbers
The basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division can be applied to complex
numbers which are in the form a + bi, by treating each complex number as a binomial.

Addition of complex numbers

In order to add two complex numbers we treat them as two binomials.
The two real parts are added together, then the two imaginary parts are added together. In
general, if z 1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di, where a, b, c and d are real numbers, then z 1 + z2 = (a
+ hi) + (c + di)
... z 1 +z2 =(a+c)+(b+d)i.

Example 10J
Find the sum of the two complex numbers (8 + 5i) and (3 + 7i).
Solution
(8 + 51) + (3 + 7i) = (8 + 3) + (5 + 7)i
= 11 + 12i
 Subtraction of complex numbers
In order to subtract one complex number from another complex number, we treat them as two
binomials.
One real part is subtracted from the other real part, then one imaginary part is subtracted from the
other imaginary part, the operation in both cases being done in the designated order.

Complex numbers

In general, if z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di; where a, b, c and d

are real numbers, then z1 -Z2 = (a + bi) - (c + di)
.. z1
-z= (a - c) + (b—d)i.
Example 11 1
Subtract 2 + 7i from 6 + 4i.
Solution
(6+4i)-(2+7i)=(6-2)+(4-7)i
=4- 3i
Example 12 II
Evaluate the following and state the result in the form a + bi.
(7+ 3i) + (4 - 51) - (6 - 9i).
Solution
(7 + 3i) + (4 - 5i) - (6 - 9i) = (7 + 4 - 6) + (3 - 5 + 9)i
=5+ 7i
Multiplication of complex numbers
In order to multiply two complex numbers, we multiply them as two
binomials, making use of the fact that i2 = -1.
In general, if z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di, where a, b, c and d
are real numbers, then z 1z2 = (a + bi) (c + di)
= a(c + di) + bi(c + di) using the distributive law.
= ac + adi + bci + bdi2
= ac + (ad + bc)i + bd(-1)
z 1z2 = (ac - bd) + (ad + bc)i
Alternatively:

zz expanding as the product of two binomial expressions. = (a +

bi)(c + di)
= ac + adi + bci + bdi2
= ac + (ad + bc)i - bd
z1z2= (ac - bd) + (ad + bc)i
Example 13
Evaluate (b) (J_fli) 2
(a) (5 + 8i)(2 - 31) (b) (J - 7i)2 Solution
.,r3-(,f 3-- ,ffi) - ,17-i (,,F3 - ,,r7-i)
Method 1
(a) (5 + 81)(2 - 31) = 5(2 - 3i) + 8i(2 - =3- - /ii + 7i2
3i) = 10 -151+ =3- 2sJi + 7(-1)
16i-24i2 =(3-7)-2*.J1ii
= 10 + (16 - 15)i - 24(-1)
= 10 + i +24 = -4- 2..Jii
= (10 + 24) + i
=34+ i Method 2
Method 2
(b) (,F3 - [7-i)2 = ( 3)2 _2(i)(fii)+(fii)
(a) (5 + 8i)(2 - 3i) = 10 - 15i + 16i - 24i 2 =3- 2jii -7
= 10 + 1+24 = -4- 2-.Jii
=34+ i Here we use the fact that:
Pure Mathematics for CAPE (a - b)2 = a2- 2ab + b2 .

Method 1

Product
of a pair
of
complex
 conjugates
Given the complex number z = x + yi, then the conjugate of the complex number z is f = x - yi.
The complex conjugate of z is z = x - yi.
Given the complex number z = x - yi, then the conjugate of the complex number z is = x
+ yi. The complex conjugate of z is z = x + yi.

The complex conjugate is obtained by changing the sign of the imaginary

part of a complex number.
Either of the two notations can be used to denote the complex
conjugate of a complex number.

In general, if z = a + bi and f = a - bi, where a and b are real numbers, then zz

= (a + bi)(a - bi)
= a(a - bi) + bi(a - bi) using the distributive law.
= a2- abi + abi - b2i2
= a2 + (ab - ab)i - b2(-1)
= (a2 + b2) + Oi
... z=a2 +b2
Alternatively 1:
expressions. which is the difference of two
zf =(a+ bi) (a - bi)

= a 2- abi + abi - b2i2

...
squares.
Alternatively 2:
zz = (a + bi)(a - bi)
= a2- (bj)2
a2 - b2i2
z=a2 +b2
expanding as the product of two binomial

Complex numbers

Since a and b are real numbers, then (a 2 + b2) is a real number and the product
zz must be a real number.

The product of a pair of complex conjugates is always a real

number.
 (z*)*?
What is

Let z=x+yi, then z*= x _ yi.

z*)*=(x _ yi)*
So (
= x + yi
(z*)*= z

The conjugate of the conjugate of a complex number z is the complex

number z.

- Example 14i
Find the product of the complex numbers (10 - 3sJi) and (10 + 3sJ).
- Solution

Method 1
(10_3Ji)(10+3/ii)= using the distributive law.
= 100 + 30.J5i - 30Ji - 9(5)i 2
=100-45(-1)
= 100 + 45
=145
Method 2

(10 - 3Ji) (10 + 3Ji) = 100 + 30Ji - 30J5i - 9(5)i 2 expanding as the product of two = 100

+ 45 binomial expressions.
=145
Method 3
= 102 - ( the denominator of the fraction
(10 - 3ii) (io + 3Ji)2 = formed.
100-45i2 The denominator of the fraction is
realized by multiplying and dividing
= 100 + 45
the fraction by the conjugate of its
= 145 denominator.
which is the difference of two squares. In general,
Pure Mathematics for CAPE if z=a+biwitha,bE Rand a
+ bi # 0 + Oi, then
CD Division of complex numbers
In order to divide a number by a where nER.
z
complex number, we need to realize
 n
a + bi
n a–bi
=x
a+bi a–In
- n(a – bi)
-
n na nb
=
-
a+bi a2 +b2a2 +b2
-Example 15
Divide 3 by 2 - 5i
- Solution

3--(2-5i)= 3 2-51
3 2+5i
=x
2-5i 2+5i
= 3(2+5i)

- 6+151
- 4+25
- 6+151
29
6 15.
+-1
=-
29 29
An alternative method of dividing a
number by a complex number is based
on the fact that a complex number
consists of a real part and an imaginary
part.
complex number we
expect the result to be a
complex number.
So two equations can be
formed by equating the
real parts and the imaginary
parts. The two equations
can then be solved
simultaneously to find the
value of the real part and
the value of the imaginary
part, from which the
complex number can be
formulated.
Alternatively:
Let 3-(2-5i)=x+yi
Then =x+yi
2-5i
So 3=(x+yi)(2-5i) =
2x - 5xi + 2yi -
5yi2
 3+Oi=(2x+5y)+(-5x+2y)i
Thus 2x+ 5y=3
-5x+ 2y =0 ©
x 5 and © x 2:
10x+25y=15 ©
-lOx+ 4y=O
29y= 15
15
y=
Substitute y = into ©:
29
-5x+2=0 (")
30
Then -5x+--=0 29
30 5x= —
So 29
30
29 x 5
6
x=- 29
15 x+y1= -+ -- 1
6 29 29
15
6 Hence 3--(2-5i)= —+ —i. 29 29
with a, b, c,dE ll and c+di*0+0i,then When a complex number is divided
= - Z2 by a complex number we expect the
Z, result to be a complex number.
z2 z1 Complex numbers
a + bi
Two equations can be formed and
c + di
solved simultaneously to find the
a+bi c—di value of the real part and the value of
=x
the imaginary part, from which the
c+di c—di complex number can be formulated.
- (a+bi)(c-di)
Alternatively:
- (c+ di) (c-di)
- ac - adi + bci - bdi2 Let
- c2 +d2 5+2i 3_4i =x+ y1
- ac + (bc - ad)i + bd Then 5 + 2i = (x + yi)(3 - 4i) = 3x -
c2 +d2 4xi + 3yi - 4yi2
- (ac + bd) + (bc - ad)i
5 + 2i = (3x + 4y) + (-4x + 3y)i
- c2 +d2
• a+biac+bd bc—ad. Thus 3x+ 4y= 5
c+di - c2+d2 + c2+d2 -4x+ 3y= 2 ©
Example 16'1-Fa x4 and ®x3:
5 +2i
12x+16y=20 ©
Simplify and express the result -12x+ 9y= 6
in the 3-4i 25y=26
form x+yi. 26
y= .
Solution
5+2i 5+2i 3+4i into ©:
Substitute y = 25
=x
(26
3-4i 3-4i 3+4i -4x+3i 1=2 k.25)
(5+2i)(3+4i) 78
Then -4x+—=2 25
(3-4i)(3+4i)
78
15+20i+6i+8i2 So 4x= --2
- 3242 25

- (15-8) + (20 + 6)i

- 78-50
25
- 9+16 28
- 7+26i 25
25 28
7 26. 25 x 4
-
= + -- 1 x= - 25
2525 7
 7 26
=> x+yi= —+ --i 25 25
=—+—i.
5+2i 7 26. Hence 3-4i
25 25
 49x-14y=7 ©
Conjugate of a 4x+14y=O
p+qi
53x=7
a 7
In order to find the conjugate of ,where p
+ qi x=-
a, 53
p, q, E E1, we first state the fraction in
the form x+yi, where x,yE R.
a
The conjugate of is then x - yi.
=
p + qi Substitute x into ©:
- Example 17 1I
7()_2y= 1
Find the conjugate of 7+ 2i
- Solution
Then -2y=1
53 4 9
Method 1 So 53
1 1 7-21 - 49-53
=x 53
7+2i 7+2i 7-2i -4
7- 2i 53
72 +22 4
i.e. 2y=- ---
7- 2i
53
- 49+4 4
7-21
53 2
2. 53
17 =---' 7 2.
7+21 53 53 = x+y1= --- 1

. 1 7 53 53
. Hence the conjugate of is - + 2
7 2.
7+2i 53
1. x-yi=--+—i
53 53 53
1
Method 2 Hence the conjugate of is + 1.
Let =x+yi 7+2i 53 53
7+ 2i
Square roots of a complex
Then 1 = (x + yi)(7 + 2i) number
= 7x + 2xi + 7yi + 2yi2 The roots of the equation z2 = p + qi
1 + Oi = (7x - 2y) + (2x + 7y)i
where p, q e R are the square roots of
Thus 7x-2y=1 © the complex number p + qi.
2x+7y=O © Example 18
© x 7 and © x 2:
r
Find the square roots of the
 complex number 4+2J5- . Complex numbers

Solution
Equating the real parts and the imaginary
Let sj4+2vi=x+yi
Squaring: (J4 + 2V-5-i) = (x+yi)2

Then 4+2sJi=x2+2xyi+y2i2 So When x=V:

4+2,J5-i=(x2_y2)+2xyi
parts: 2xy=2-J ©
x2 -y2 =4 When x = -J: y = = - -1 - j
X
2
From Z: y
=— 2x
y=— © X
X
Substitute y = into (): Here, we have to
use the method
X
2 of substitution, since the

5 equations are not

x2 --=4 linear.
xx2: x4 -5=4x2
x4 -4x2 -5=O
Factorizing: (x2- 5)(x2 + 1) =0
Either x2 -5=0orx2 +1=0
So x2= 5 or x2= -1 (No solution since x2 >
0)
Hence, the square roots of the complex
number 4+2Jiis J+iand -J-i, that is

Check:
Since a'= + i and 9= -j - i Then
And
= -5- Ji - Ji -
= -5- 2.Ji +1

The equation is:

Z2 - (a± /3)z + x/3= 0

z ..0. z± (_4_2/i)=0
i.e. 2
 Quadratic equation with complex coefficients
A quadratic equation with complex roots can be solved using the quadratic formula which
will entail finding the square root of a complex number.
2
ramp 19
We need to find the square root of the
Solve for z, the quadratic equation
complex number -8 + 6i.
Z2- (5 + i)z + (8 + i) = 0
Pure Mathematics for CAPE
- Solution
Given the quadratic equation Let ..J-8+6i=x+yi
z 2 - (5 + i)z + (8 + i) = 0
Squaring: (J-8 + 6i) = (x + yi) 2 Then -8 +
where a=1,b=-(5+i) and c=8+i.
6i = x2+ 2xyi - y2 So -8+6i=(x2 -y2)+2xyi
Using the quadratic formula Equating the real parts and the imaginary
-b ± lb2 - 4ac
X= So x2 =-9 or x2 =1 .. (No solution since x2 >
2a
0) x = ±1
= j[-(5 ± i)] 2- 4(1)(8 + i)
Then z 2(1) When x=1: y==3=1+3i
- 5+i±J(5+i)2 -4(8+i)
xl
2 When x = -1:
5+i±'.J25+10i-1-32-4i
y==- j =-3=--1-3i=-(1+3i)
2
5+ i ± J-8 —+6i
parts:
x2 -y2 =-8 Thus 'j-8+6i=±(1+3i)
2xy=6 ©
Factorizing (x2+ 9)(x2- 1) = 0
y= -6-- Either x2+ 9 = 0 or x2- 1 = 0 Exercise
From®: 2x
3
id
y= ©
Z
substitute y 3 -nto ®: i And =
- (3)2 = -8

So x2_=_8
xx2: x4 -9=-8x2 x4 +8x2 -9=0
 5+i±(1 a+/3=3+2i+2-i=5+i And
+3i) 2 a/3=(3+2i)(2-i)
(5+i+1+3i) 6+4i = 6- 3i + 4i + 2
Hence z= = =3+2i 2 2 =8+1
(5+i-1-3i) 4-2i The equation is:
or z= = =2-i 2 2 z2 -(a+ f3)z + afi= 0
Check: z2 -(5+i)z+(8+i)=0.
Since a=3+2i and /3=2-1 Then

Find the sum of each pair of complex numbers. 10. (a) 8 - 5i from 3 + 9i (b) 7 - 4i from 3 - 5i
1. (a) 2 + 5i and 9 - 2i (b) 3 + 7i and 2 + 4i 2. Evaluate
(a) 7-4iand3+8i (b)4-iand5-2i 3. (a) -3 - 16. (a) (2+3i)(5+4i) (b) (1+2i)(3-41) 17. (a)

4i and -2 - 5i (b) 6 + 9i and 4 + 7i (5 - 2i)(3 - 7i) (b) (5 - 3i)(2 + 7i) 18. (a) (4 +
4. (a) -2 - 7i and 6 + 31(b) 8+ 7i and 5 + lOi 5. 7i)(3 + 2i) (b) (5 - 2i)(3 - 4i) 19. (a) (8 - 3i)(5
(a) 9 - 4i and 7+ lOi (b) 7- 4i and 3 + 9i - 4i) (b) (7 + 2i)(4 + 5i) 20. (a) (7 + 9i)(8 - 5i)
Substract (b) (6 - 7i)(3 + 1)
6. (a) 2+3i from 4+51 (b) 1+2i from 3+7i 7. Evaluate the following and state the result in
(a) 3+4i from 5+6i (b) 4 + 5i from 7 + 8i 8. the form p + qi.
- ".,[3-i)2
(a) 2 - i from 4 + 5i (b) 3 - 5i from 4 + 7i 9. (a) 21. (a) (J
3 - 81 from 7 - 2i (b) 6-91 from 10+ 121 (b) (2 + 3.Ji) (2- 3fii)
Evaluate the following and state the result in 22. (a) (j--..Jgi)2
the form a + bi.
(b) (5 _2Ji)(5+2ii)
11. (a) (4 + 3i) + (7 - 2i) + (3 + 5i)
23. (a) (fi - ii)
(b) (2 + 51) - (4 - 3i) + (7- 2i)
(b) (9 + 5fii)(9_ 5fii)
12. (a) (2 - 5i) - (8 + 3i) + (4 - 7i)
24. (a) (Jii +
(b) (3 + 2i) + (5 - 4i) - (8 - 3i)
(b) (12- 8Vi) (12 + 8Ji)
13. (a) (5 + 3i) - (2 - 5i) - (6 + 1)
25. (a) ( hi - ii)
(b) (6-7i)+(4±i)-(9-2i)
(b) (13 + 7ii)(13 - 7Ji)
14. (a) (10-3i)+(5+2i)+(7-6i)
In numbers 26-30:
(b) (9 + 51) - (7 - 4i) + (3 - 81) (i) Realize the denominator of each fraction
and state your answer in the form x + yi. (ii)
Hence state the conjugate of each fraction.
15. (a) (19 + 5i) - (7 - 4i) + (2 - lii)
26. (a) --- (b)
(b) (12 - 7i) - (5 + 2i) - (4 - 3i)
4+1 5-i
 1 1 4 - 3i (b) 10 + 3i by 8 - 51
27. (a) (b)
2-3i 4+7i Realize the denominator of each fraction and
8 state your answer in the form a + bi.
28. (a) (b)
7+21 6-51 36. (a) 2+31 (b) 3+4i 1-2i 2+51
1 1
29. (a) (b)
37. (a) -3 + 4i (b) -7-21 2-51 3+4i
I

10+71 9-4i
Complex 38. (a) -4-31 (b) 5-8i 7-41 2+91
numbers
39. (a) 8-91 (b) + 5i
4+3i 8-3i
30. (a) (b) 10
40. (a) -10+7i (b) 12-13i -5-9i
8+5i 7-61
-6+111
Divide
Find the square roots of each of the following
31. (a) complex numbers.
2+7iby1+3i 41. (a) 3+4i (b) 8-6i 42. (a) 12 - 161 (b) 24
(b) + lOi 43. (a) -48 - 14i (b) -5 + 12i 44. (a) 2
5+8iby1-2i + 4Ji (b) 7- 6hi 45. (a) -4 + 2./i (b) -14-
32. (a) 3 - 8i 8i
by 2 - 3i (b) In numbers 46-50:
4-9iby2+3i Find the complex linear factors of each of the
following quadratic expressions.
33. (a) Here, factorize each quadratic expression
8+9iby4+3i completely.

(b) 46. (a) z2 -.2z+5 (b) z2 -4z+5 47. (a) z2

9-4iby4-i + 6z + 10 (b) z2+ 16

34. (a) 7- 41
by 3 +21 (b)
7- 8i by 3 - 4i
35. (a) 9 + 7i by

Pure Mathematics for CAPE

48. (a) z2 - z + 5 (b) z2 - 6z + 11 50. (a) 2z2+ z + 5 (b) 2z2+ 3z

+ 5. 49. (a) z2 - 4z + 8 (b) 3z2+ 27, + 1
Solve for z, each of the following quadratic equations.
51. (a) z2 -(3+2i)z+(1+3i)=0
52. (a) z2 -z+(-1+3i)=0 53. (a)
z2 -(5-i)z+(8-i)=0 54. (a) z2 +(3+2i)z+(1+3i)=O (b) z 2
-(6+2i)z+(7+6i)=0 55. (a) z2 -2iz + (-1 + 8i) = 0 (b) z2
-(8-i)z+(17--7i)=0 +(1+2i)z+(2+16i)=0 (b) z 2 -
(6 + i)z + (14 + 8i) = 0

The Argand diagram

(b) z2 +z+(-1+3i)=0 (b) z2 1y

CDo Cartesian form: in Cartesian form (rectangular P(x,y)

complex number as a point form; standard form) can be 4y units
represented as a ,
A complex number z = x Second quadrant
0
xunits x X
+yiorz=x+iy which is written First quadrant

point P(x, y) in a coordinate plane. resulting diagram is called an Argand

The coordinate plane is called the diagram.
complex number plane (z-plane) and the The complex number plane is
constructed similar to the rectangular represented as a point in the complex
coordinate plane (Cartesian plane). number plane.
Two axes are drawn which are mutually
at right angles to each other, thus defining
Imaginary axis
four quadrants.
The real number axis is the horizontal
axis which is called the x-axis. 3 -.P(2,3)
The pure imaginary number axis is 2+3i
2
the vertical axis which is called the
y-axis (yi.-axis). 1
Third quadrant Fourth quadrant
z = x + yi =' P(x, y)

Each complex number can be

-3-2i -3 Complex numbers
The point where the two axes Real axis
intersect, the origin,
represents the complex Each complex number can be
represented as a vector in the
number 0 + Oi = 0. lm(z)
complex number plane.
To plot a point (ordered pair)
representing a complex number
z = x + yi, scales are used as Vector OP has both a magnitude
usual along the two axes. and a direction.
The ordered pair (x, y) can The magnitude of vector OP is
—3 + Oi
then be plotted similar to the the
rectangular coordinate
system.
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -1

-2
Q(-3, -2) Re(z)
—3 —2 —1 0

In the first Argand diagram above, the

point P(2, 3) represents the complex
•3-3i number 2 + 3i and the point Q(-3, —2)
modulus of the complex number z and it is represents the complex number —3 - 2i.
denoted by (or the letter r) Ten complex numbers are represented
Izi
on the second Argand diagram above.
YA
Polar form: complex number as
 a vector
A complex number z = x + yi can
also be represented as a vector in the
complex number plane.
1y1'

y units

x
0 xunits X

z = x + yi => P(x, Y)=> Op =

G)
The position vector OP = (x)
represents the complex number z = x +
yi.

This is so since the point (x, y)

<=> the position vector (XY).

x
x=rcos9 x

From the diagram:

Re(z) x cosO= =-=x=rcosO Izi r

Izt r
So z=x+yi
= r cos 0 + (r sin 0)i
= r cos 0 + ir sin 0
z=r (cos 0+i sin O)
Also z = r cis 0 which is an abbreviated
 form. the argument of z.
z = r (cos 0 + i sin 0) is called the polar From the diagram above, by
form (modulus-argument form; Pythagoras' theorem:
trigonometric form) of a complex number. = x2+ y2
For a general complex number z = x +
yi, the point P has polar coordinates (r, So r=jx2+y2
0); where r is the modulus of z and 0 is

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for CAPE

.. the modulus
=
of z, J zJ = r
.Jx2
+7
And tan O= '
=
Re(z) x
In the first
quadrant:
The argument
of z, arg z =0=
tan-' -

Imaginary
 iidit ; Firt qiadint
SO
--

The polar form of a complex number is unique as the argument of z is taken to be the
principal value of 8 which lie in the domain —it < 0 !~ it.
If the complex number z lies in the first quadrant or second quadrant, then 0 is positive,
since the angle is measured counterclockwise from the positive real axis. If the complex
number z lies in the third quadrant or fourth quadrant, then 0 is negative, since the angle is
measured clockwise from the positive real axis.
The general polar form of a complex number is written as
z=r(cos0+i sin 0), it<0s~ it
—

where 0 = arg z is stated in radians or degrees.

CD Conjugate of z = r (cos 0 + i sin 0)

Given the complex number z = r (cos 0 + i sin 0)
Then the conjugate of z is z = r (cos 0 - i sin 0)
So the conjugate of z in polar form is z = r [cos (-0) + i sin (-0)1

Thus 1z *1 = J zJ and argz* = - argz.

Complex numbers

These facts are illustrated in the Argand diagram below.

iy, z(r cos O,r sin 8)=z(r,O)

\-
o

z *(r cos(-O), r sin(-O)) = z(r, -0)

-Example 20
Find the modulus and the argument for each of the following

z1
-
complex numbers. (a) = + 3i (b) z2 -
J3_ + 3i

(b) z3 =-j-3i (d) z4 =J-3i

Hence, state the polar coordinates of each complex number.
-Solution
(a) The complex number z1 = + 3i exists in the first quadrant.
= ,x2
The modulus of z1 , z1 + y2

F(J3~y + 3
2
iy

V3

N11_2 /:
2,13-
NV
N
Since tan9=—
_x3 - __________
en tan-7= Then
-

So the argument of z1 , 0= tan ' In the 1st quadrant: 3 2

-

The principal argument is positive and

Hence, the polar coordinates of z1 are (2i1 acute.
).

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(b) The complex number Z2 = - - \r3- + 3i exists in the second quadrant. 1y

The modulus of z2, Iz2 = + 32 z2(- 3) = Z2(2 ) 3

=

=2
Since tanO=
-

Then tan 0= - and tan'= -

it it
So the argument of z2, 0= it - In the 2nd quadrant: 27t –<0<it 2 3
\ The principal argument is
Hence, the polar coordinates of z2 are (2/ 27c. positive and obtuse.
(c) The complex number Z3= -,r3-- 3i exists in the third quadrant. i/
The modulus of z3, Z31=F(—/~3y+(-3y
__ 1 0 x
= J3 +9
Since tan 0=

Then tanO = and tan' =

75 75 3
-
(it
So the argument of
Z2,0=- 7C__

2,0=_it__J Z3

/3)Z3(-) - 2it In
the 3rd quadrant:

--
- 3 it 2
Hence, the polar coordinates
27t "\
of z3 are(2i. The
principal argument is J
negative and obtuse.
(d)

The

complex number Z4= - 3i exists in the fourth quadrant. The modulus of

z41 1z41 =1(73 2 + (_3)2

= V-3—+9
= ii
=2

Complex numbers

iy
Since tan =
3 Hence, the polar coordinates of z4 are (2,[31 -
Then tan 0=—j ==and tan_ 3 it =- ,

An Argand diagram representing the four

So the argument of z4 0= —
,
 complex
0 F3

Z4('\1-3) = Z4(2/ -*

numbers is shown below. It

In the fourth quadrant: --<0<0
2
The principal argument is negative
and acute.

Imaginary axis

Z2(-4 3) = z2(2 )
The principal value of 8
is positive and acute
2ic
The principal value of 8 3 O=tan 1 i X
is positive and obtuse
Real axis
O=1t _tan_1 +
-tarr1
3 HH
0=_(7t _tan71 LJ)
z1 (I3) =z1 (2 f)
 The principal value of 0 : The principal value of 0 is negative and obtuse is negative and acute

------------------3------------------
Z3(-'J -3) z3(21
-) Z 4('1 -3) = z4(2 -)

Example 21
Convert each of the following complex numbers from rectangular form to modulus-argument
form.
(a) z 1 = 3 + Oi (b) z2 = 0 - 4i
Solution
(a) The complex number z 1 = 3 + Oi is a real number.

KE
Pure
Mathematics for CAPE

The complex number is represented in the Argand diagram below.

13+011
The modulus of z1, z1 1 =
= 32 +02

= 19 +0
=
=3
The argument of z1 , arg z1 = arg(3 + Oi)

= tan-1
3
= tan-1 0
0=0
Hence, in modulus-argument form, z1 = 3(cos 0 + i sin 0). (b) The
complex number z2 = 0 - 4i is a pure imaginary number. The complex
number is represented in the Argand diagram below.

The modulus of z2,

IZ 2 1 =0 —4i1

=02 (_4)2
=.iO+16
Ji
=4
The argument of z2, arg z2 = arg (0 - 4i)

Hence, in modulus-argument form, z 2=4[cos (_ ) + i sin (- i)].

 Complex numbers

-Example 22
Express each of the following complex numbers in polar form.
(a) z1 = 1 + ji (b) z2 = -2 + 2i
- Solution
(a) The complex number z 1 =1+ ii exists in the first quadrant.
z1 =1+
The modulus of ,
Izil

F1+(i) 2

____ = 1+

=2

Since tan 9=
=
V ol X Then the principal value of 0= tan -' NF3=

7C 7U
Hence, in polar form, z 1 =2 (cos . + i sin

(b) The complex number z2 = -2 + 2i exists in

the second quadrant. The modulus of z2 IZ2 1 ,

= -2 + 2i1
+ 22 iYA
=4+4 z2 =-2+2i
=
=2
Since tanO = - = -1

Then the principal value of 0= it - tan-' 1

It
= It--- 4
3ir
4
i-I 37r . 37r Hence, in polar form, z 2 = Zq2 cos—+ism— .
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 Mathematics for CAPE

Alternative Method
(a) Given the complex number z 1 =1 +
Let i+Ji=r cos e+ir sin e
Equating the real parts and the imaginary parts:
r cos 0 = 1
r sin e = ©
20+r2
©2 +©2: r2 Cos sin 20l2+(J)2
So r2 (cos2 0+sin2 0)=1+3
i.e. r2 =4
r F4 since r> 0
=2
r sin 0j
r cos 0 1
1J
0 =tan 0 is in the first quadrant.
So tan 0=

1
3 .. 1 1
=-1t Hence, m polar form, 1+.i3-i = 2 (cos.-ir+ ism
( ic

(b) Given the complex number z2= —2+ 2i

Let —2+2i=r cos O+ir sin O
Equating the real parts and the imaginary parts:
r cos 0=-2
r sin 0 = 2 ©
+ ©2: 0 = (_2)2 22
r2 cos20 + r2 sin2 +
So r2 (cos2 0+sin2 0)=4+4
i.e. r2 =8
r='j since r>0
=2
rsin0 2
r cos O —2
So tan O=-1 If tan 0 = 1 Then in
So in the second quadrant 0=
the first quadrant 0= tan' 1
0 is in the second quadrant.
1
= —It
-( 3 . . 3 Hence, m polar form, —2+2i = 2v2tcos.It+1s1nit
Complex numbers

-Example 23
Express each of the following complex
numbers in trigonometric form. (a) z=-2-5i
(b) z=4-8i
Hence, state the polar coordinates of each complex number
- Solution
(a) The complex number z = -2 - 5i exists in
the third quadrant.
IzI
The modulus of z1, =1 -2 -
= J(_2)2 +(_5)2

=J4+25

-5 Since tan9=-=2.5 z=-2-5i Then the principal value of

9 = —(it - tan-12.5) (calculator in radian mode)
=-(it-1.190)
= -1.952 radians
=
Hence, in trigonometric form, z 4[cos(_1
.952c) + i sin(_1 .952c)] . The polar coordinates

of z are (j , _1 .952).
(b) The complex number z =4 - 8i exists in the fourth quadrant.
The
modulus = [42 =
z1, IzI + (_8)2 0 =i16x5
of
= 14 =J16+64 =4I
- 8i1
 x

X =-1.107

F z=4-8i
Since tanO=-=-2 4
Then the principal value of 9 = -tan 2 (calculator in radian mode)
= -1.107 radians
Hence, in trigonometric form, z = 4j [cos(-1 .107c) + i sin(-1 . 107C)]
. 107c) .
The polar coordinates of z are (4I, -1 .
Alternatively:
(a) Since tanO=-=2.5
Then the principal value of 9 = -(180 0- tan 2.5) (calculator in degree mode) =
-(180° - 68.2')
= -111.8°

In Pure
Mathematics for CAPE

Hence, in trigonometric form, z = Ji [cos(-111.8°) + i sin(-111.8 0 )}

The polar coordinates of z are - 111.8°).
(b) Since tane = = —2
4
Then the principal value of 0 = —tan 2 (calculator in degree mode) =
—63.4°
Hence, in trigonometric form, z = 4J[cos(-63.4°) + i sin(-63.4 0 )].
The polar coordinates of z are (4J, —63.4°).
Alternative Method
(a) Given the complex number z = —2 - 5i
Let —2-5i=r cos O+ir sin 8
Equating the real parts and the imaginary parts:
r cos 8=-2 ©
r sin 0=-5 ©
©2: = (_2)2 (_5)2
+ r2 Cos 20 + r2 sin20 +
So r2 (cos2 0+ sin 2 O)=4+25
i.e. r2 = 29
r = j29 since r>0
-

rsin0-5
r cos O —2
So tan 0 = 2.5 0 is in the third quadrant. 0 = —(t - tan
= —1.951 radians

Hence, in trigonometric form, —2— 5i = ii

[cos(-1 .951c) + i sin(-1.951')]
(b) Given the complex number z =4— 8i
Let 4-8i=r cos 0+ir sin O
Equating the real parts and the imaginary parts:
r cos O=4 ©
r sin 0=-8
®2 = 42
+ : r2 cos20 + r2 sin20 + (_8)2
So r2 (cos2 0+ sin 2 O)=16+64
i.e. r2 = 80
r — J since r>0
=4jg
rsin0 —8
rcosO 4
So tan 0 = —2 0 is in the fourth quadrant. 0 = tan 1 (-2)
= —1.107 radians
Hence, in trigonometric form, 4-8i = 4J[cos(_1.107)+isin(_1.107c)]
 Complex numbers

Example 24
Convert each of the following complex numbers from polar form to Cartesian form. (
it..it' \ 37t..
(a) z1 7cos_+1sin_) (b) z2 = 5 (cos—+ism 37r -- I (2 ..(21 I (c) z3 =4icosi
71
)]
---- i+isini -- ------ i (d) z4 =8cosi--i+isini-- L 3) 3)] [ 3)
Solution

it " 7 +in — it
(a) Given the complex number z1 = I 8 is in the first quadrant.
( - 6)
+i 0<9<
Then, in Cartesian form, z1 =7
(
i)]
= 7,[3-T (J3) +-
22
3ir
5 cos + i sin— I 9 is in the second
quadrant.
Given, the complex number z2 =
(b) 4) It
(
(..r 1 2 Then, in Cartesian form, z2 =5 - + i
55 =---------+----i
22

(c) Given, the complex number Z3 =

4[ Cos (_)+isin(_)] 9 is in the
third quadrant. 1 —it<9<---
Then, in Cartesian form, z3 =4 [- + j (- ""F3

= —2 - 2Ji

(d) Given, the complex number z4 =8

 [cos (_ ) + i sin (- i-)] 9 is in the fourth quadrant. i V3 -- 2<9<0
-1

11 Then, m Cartesian form, z4 1 =8 - +

j
----
=4-4-ji C

Alternative Method
(a) Given the complex number z1 =7 (cos + i sin
6
6)
Let x+yi=7 cos +i7 sin -
66

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 Equating the real parts: x =7 cos 0 is in the first quadrant. =71

=
Equating the imaginary parts: y -7 sink

=7(
7
2

( ..'—. Hence, m Cartesian form, 7i cos it - +i Sm it—I =.7 -j3 + 71 -.

6 6) 22
I 3ic..3ic
(b) Given the complex number z2=5 cos -i-- + i sm

. 3n
Let x+yi=5cos +i 5sm 37t ---
3t
Equating the real parts: x - 5cos--- B is in the second quadrant.

=-
Equating the imaginary parts: y =5 sin --

2
3it . 3it 5 5
Hence, in Cartesian form, 5cos—+isin--- 1= --i+-Ji.
4 FI
( \ . . \l
4) 2 2
z3 l -- I+ism ( 2ic
(c) Given the complex number =4 cos 2it L 3) 3

1 I
2ir" 2t
Let x+yi=4cosl-------1+i4sinl--- 1 '' 3 1 31

Complex numbers

Equating the real parts: x = 4cos(_) 8 is in the third quadrant.

4(—

= —2

Equating the imaginary parts: .(2ic

y = 4sm-----

=41-

Hence, in Cartesian form, 4

I Cos (_ + +i sin (_ )] = —2— 211.
±i
(d) Given the complex number Z4 = 8[(_-)
sin
(--'J] Let x+yi=8cos -- +i8sm --

Equang the real parts: x = 8cos(_) 8 is in the fourth quadrant.

=8i k2

Equating the imaginary

parts: y E_

(—II )

Hence, in Cartesian form, 8[cos(_-)+isin(_.-)] =4-4,[3-i.

Example 25i
Write the conjugate in polar form of each of the
following complex numbers. x 7C 7t
(a) z = 4J(cos..±isin) (b) w = F5 cos — isinJ)
Solution
(a) The complex number z =
7C 7E
The conjugate of z, z = 4,53 - ism
Pure
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CAPE
 Hence the conjugate of z in polar form, z = 4i[cos(_-)+isin(_--)].
3n 3n
(b) The complex number, w = cos_isin)
3n
The polar form of the conjugate of w, w = 15- 31c
(COS + isin).

Exercise le
Represent each of the following complex numbers as a point on an Argand
diagram. 1. (a) 0 + 21 (b) 0 - 31 (c) 1 + 01 (d) -2 + Oi 2. (a) 2 + 3i (b) -4 + 2i (c) 3 - i
(d) -1 - 2i 3. (a) -5 - 41 (b) -4+ 7i (c) 6 - 5i (d) 7+ 4i 4. (a) -6 + 8i (b) 8 - 7i (c) 9 +
6i (d) -8 - 6i 5. (a) 9-6i (b) -10-5i (c) -12+9i (d) 13+10i
Represent each of the following complex numbers z and its conjugate z on an Argand
diagram. 6. (a) z=1+i (b) z=1-i (c) z=-1+i (d) z=-1-i 7. (a) z=-8+3i (b)z=-8-3i (c)
z=8-3i (d)z=8+3i 8. (a) z=3-5i (b)z=3+5i (c) z=-3-5i (d)z=-3+5i 9. (a) z=-4-7i (b)
z=-4+7i (c) z=4+7i (d) z=4-7i
10. (a) z = 7 + lOi (b) z = 7 - lOi (c) z = -7 - lOi (d) z = -7 + lOi
Find the modulus and the argument for each of the following complex numbers. Hence,
state the polar coordinates of each complex number.
.JTi
11. (a) z1 = 3+Ji (b) z2 = —3+Ji (c) z3 = —3-1i (d) z 4 = 3—Ji 12. (a) z1 = 1 + (b)

z2 = -1 + 'j5i (c) z 3 = -1-- .Ji (d) z4 = 1- sjj 13. (a) z1 = + Ji (b) z2 = -/ + ,Jgi (c) z 3 = -..f -

Ji (d) z4 - ../i 14. (a) z 1 = + 6i (b) z2 = -'ji + 6i (c) z 3 = -ji - 6i (d) z 4 = Ji - 6i 15. (a) z1
= -.J + -,r1_8 i (b) z2 = -J + jii (c) z3 = --..J - jii (d) z 4 = -sJ - ..Jii

Convert each of the following complex numbers from rectangular form to

modulus-argument form.
16.(a) z1 = 5 + 01 (b) z2 = 0 + 8i
Complex numbers

17. (a) z1 =-4+0i (b)z2 =0+7i

Express each of the following numbers in polar form.
 (b) z2 = —10 + lOi
18. (a) z1 =5J+5i
(b) z2 =-12—sJi (b)
19. (a) z1 =7-7ii 20.
z2 —.Iii
(a) z 1 = 8 - 8i
Express each of the following numbers in trigonometric form. Hence, state the polar
coordinates of each complex number.
(b) z = —4 + 8i (b) z
21. (a) z=2+5i 22.
(a) z=-3-4i 23. (a) =6 - 3i (b) z=-7-2i
z=5-3i 24. (a) z = (b) z = 10 + 6i (b) z =
9 - 12i
—6 + 8i 23. (a) z =
—12 - 15i

Convert each of the following complex numbers from polar form to Cartesian form. z1

=5 cos ir..ir' (b) z2 =4 ( 5ir..5it

sm -
Lcos --- +
1
26. (a) ( - + i sin—)

z3 =3[ cos----)+ism (.(1 22

F
(c)
=
(----)] (d) z4 [Cos
27. (a) zi =si{cos-+isin-) (b) z2 =( Cos +isin) (c) Z3= [COS (_)+isin(_)] (d) z4
=iiiö[cos(_)+isin(_)] 28. (a) zi =fi (COS +isin) (b) z2 =(cos+isin) 37t 31c (c) z3

= cos (_ sin ( )] z4
[ + (d) = J[cos(_)±isin(_-)] 29. (a) z1 (b) Z2 = 3,j2 (cos 7c + i sin 7r)

(c) z3 = 3[cos(_)+isin(_)] 57c 57c (d) Z4 = 4.J[cos(_)+isin(_)] ,K n 5 5) (b) z 2 =

2i 37c 37c
(cos + i sin

30. (a) z1 = 5j5 (cos + i n si

5) .

7n 12 12
(c) z3 =4[
77c
Cos (_)+isin(_)] (d) z4 =5[ — 7t Cos (_)+isin(_)] 10 10

NOV
Pure
Mathematics for CAPE

Express each of the following pair of polar coordinates in rectangular form x + yi. 31. (a)
(5. (d) (7. (b)
(5 .) (b) (s -) (c) ) (5 _) 32. (a) (8 ) (b) 8,-- (c) (8. ) (d) 8,-
21c
33. (a) )
7,-- (c) (7 (d) 7, -
) 6 6)

(4. (d) (4. 9, (b) (9. (c) (9, t) (d)

34. (a) (6 (c) ) - 'C
35. (a) ) 9,-- Write the conjugate

in polar form of each of the following complex numbers. 36.(a) TC TC cos—+isin— I (b)
5ir 5it w= cos_+isin___)
fi(
4 4) 8 8
F 5)
37. (a) / 3it (b) cosi -- +ism (_" I' j]
38. (a) z = 4J[cos(_)+isin (_)] (b) w = JiO Cos 1 7\ -- ( 7\1
\
9)] t 9) ()] 37t
39. (a) z = 8JI
I1 - I—isin (b) =

3\
cosi - w 5J(cosit i sin it)
F 4) 4

it '\
z = 9-,r5- I cos - + i - sin I (b) w = 4 ( 9it..9it"
it
40. (a) (

cos - —1 sill - I

2 2) 10 10)

Argand diagram: addition of vectors

An Argand diagram may be used to find the sum of two complex numbers. The two complex
numbers can be treated as vectors and the parallelogram law of vectors can then be applied in
order to add the two vectors.

Example 26 cj
(a) Represent on an Argand diagram the complex numbers z1= 2 + 5i and z2 = —4+ 3i. (b)
Use the Argand diagram to find
(I) the value of z1 + z2
(ii) the modulus of z1 + z2
 (iii) the argument of z1 + z2
(iv) the conjugate of z1 + z2.
OP = QR
--
- Solution OQ = PR
(a) --
OR == OP + PR

I --
=OQ+QR

2
OR which is the diagonal of
Complex numbers

- -*
the resultant vector.
I
1
N'1 i-h
-Y TIF OR represents z 1 + z2.
parallelogram OPRQ is

t I In the Argand diagram:

iT HI :4 - (2)
t4 -

L!L6 In general:
H -} ifz 1 =x1 +y1i - and z2=x2+ y21

tt ti
then z1 +z2 =(x1 +x2)+(y1 +y2)i

I
 z 1 = 2 + 5i is represented by OP =5 P(2, 5)
—(-4
z2 = — 4 + 3i is represented by OQ = < Q(-4,3).

(b) Complete the parallelogram OPRQ by locating the point R. R

is located by translating the point
• P using the vector or
3)
using the vector (2)
•Q 5

-b- (i)OR
= 1 8 J represents the sum of the two vectors, z 1 + z2 .
The value of z 1 + z2 = -2 + 8i.

Pure Mathematics
for CAPE

(ii) The
modulus of z1+
z2, + z2 =
j(_2)2+82
 = J4 +64
r = which is the length of

+ z2
(iii) The argument of z1 + z2, arg(z1 ) =7c - tan-'
= it—tan 1 4
8 = 1.816 radians
(8 = 104.00)
—2-8i
(iv) The conjugate of z 1 + z 21 z 1±z2 -
This complex conjugate z1 + z2is represented by OR' which is the reflection of OR
in the x-axis.

Argand diagram: subtraction of vectors

An Argand diagram may be used to find the difference between two complex numbers, since the
complex numbers can be treated as vectors.
Example 27 WA
(a) Represent on an Argand diagram the complex numbers z 1=4 - i and z2 = —3 + 5i. (b)
Use the Argand diagram to find
(1) the value of z 1 - (ii) the modulus of z 1 - z2
(iii) the argument of z 1 - z2 (iv) the conjugate of z 1 - z2
Solution OQ' =—OQ
-- 30

(a) -1 ji 11 H 71 OR = OP + PR --
=OQ'+Q'R
--
--
.-1-
I 1 Lt
30

--
tt 1 = OP + OQ'
II
iD ff- 1 I I
=OP—OQ
-I-I
.. i I %
ry In general:

OR is the diagonal of
parallelogram OPRQ'.
1 t:c OR represents z 1 - z2 .

H H
4
4
4

ifz1 =x1 +y1 i

 and z = x ± y2i -p. (4\
then z1—z2=(x1—x2)±(y1—y2)i
Complex numbers

In the Argand diagram:

z1 =- i is
represented
by OP = P(4,
—1)

z2 =-3+5iis
represented
byOQ=
<=Q(-3,5)
 (b) Locate the point Q' by reflecting the point Q in the origin 0 or rotating the point Q
1800
through about the origin.
3
—z 2 = 3 - 5i is represented by OQ' = Q'(31—5).

Complete the parallelogram OPRQ' by locating the point R.

R is located by translating the point

• P using the vector ( ), or

• Q using the vector (4).

(i) OR = —6J represents the difference of the two vectors, z 1 - z2. Thus
z1 —z 2 =z1 +(—z 2)=7-6i. _______
=
(ii) The modulus of z 1 - z21 Izi - z2 + (_6)2
= J49 +36
r=.i which is the length. ofbi
The argument of z 1—z 2, arg(z1 —z 2
(iii) )= tan-'
0= —11.5 radian
(0 = —40.6°)
+6i
(iv) The conjugate of z 1 - z 21 z 1 - Z2= 7 --
z1
The complex conjugate _ Z2 is represented by OR' which is the reflection of OR in the
x-axis.

Argand diagram: multiplication of vectors

The product of two complex numbers can be interpreted graphically using vectors on an
Argand diagram.
Example 28 'WA
Two complex numbers are given as z1=4+ Nand z2 =2 + i.
Use an Argand diagram to find the value of z 1z2 .
Hence, find the modulus and argument of z1z2.

Pure
Mathematics for
CAPE

- Solution
Now z 1z2= (4+
3i)(2 + 1)
= 4(2 + i) + 3i(2
 + i)
--
So OR=4OA+3i - OA
---
OR = ON + OB'
And 4(2 + i) = 8 + 4i
--
i.e. 4•OA=OA'
-
OA'=8+4i
Here, multiplying the complex number by 4 is equivalent to an enlargement with the origin as
centre and scale factor 4.

Multiplying a complex number by k, where k E D, is equivalent to an

enlargement with the origin as centre and scale factor k, that is M(0 k)
--
yi. 4

3
; MP =-1+2i
2 1(2 + i) = 2i + i2 =2i+(-1) i•OA=OB
= 2i —1
1
-I,, ?w -raw AM
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x
TC
Here, multiplying the complex number by i is equivalent to a counterclockwise rotation of
radians, which is 90°, about the origin.
2

Multiplying a complex number by i is equivalent to a counterclockwise rotation of

radians, which is 90°, about the origin, that is, R(0 R which is R(0 90°)
Further 3i(2 + 1) = 3(-1 + 2i) = —3 +
:kJtrit H 6i -
3i•OA=3i•OB
i.e. -* -
4( 3OB=OB'
- L

-1 0 1 2

Here, multiplying the complex number by 3i is equivalent to the composition of M(0 3)0R(0 90°)'
which is M(Q 3)°R(0 90°)

Multiplying a complex number by ki, where k E R, is equivalent to the

composition of MI(0 k)° R(). which is M(0 k)' R(0'90°)•
 Complex numbers

H1

4:1
4
Ei
I _iI *-'

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 x
We now complete a parallelogram with ON - and OB' as adjacent sides and use vector

addition to find the resultant vector OR. -- Recall that QR,, = ON + o13'
OR=OA'+A'R
•i:rimri
sm
IBM
- 15
OR=I
IVE Hence the value of z1z2 = (4 + 3i)(2 + i)
=5 + lOi
.. . ... . q.
..
ME •... .......... . .•.. .
The modulus of z1 z2, Jz1z2I = + 102
21 PW!3 =V25+loO
=.Ji7:
OUR in ON, r = 5,r5 which isthe
-3-2-1012345678 x length of
So ' 10
The argument of z1 z2, arg(z1 z2 ) = tan --
=tan 1 2
0= 1.107 radians
(9= 63.4°)

c Product of complex numbers in polar form

Consider the two complex numbers
(cos
z 1 = r1 (cos 01 + i sin 01) and z2 = r2 02+ i sin 02 ).

Then the product z 1 z2 = i(cos01+i sin 01)•i (COS02+i sin 02 )

=
nT2 [cos 91 (cos 02 + [ Sin 02) + i sin 9
 (cos 02+ [sin 2)
=
ni(cos01 COS 02+i COS O1sin 02 +i sin 01 COS 02 — sin 01sin 02)
= ir2 — sin G1sin O2)+i(sinO1 COS
{(cos 01 COS 02 02 + COS O1sin 02)]

So z1 z2 = nr2 [cos(01+02 )+isin(01+02)] -

The modulus of the product z 1z2is j z 1z2 = r1r2
ZJ
Z1Z2 I =I 1Z21.

on
Pure
Mathematics for CAPE

The argument of the product z 1z2is arg(z 1 z2 ) 0 +

arg(z 1 z2 ) argz1+argz2 .

If arg z 1+arg z2 lie outside the interval —it < 0 !~ it, then the principal value of
the argument of z1z2 has to be found.

0 Re(z)
Consider the Argand diagram above, where vector OP represents the complex number z1,
vector OQ represents the complex number z2 and vector OR represents the product z1z2.

0 Re(z)
• The length of OP can be enlarged (or reduced) by the factor r2, since the modulus of the
product is r1r2.
If r7 > 1, the OP is enlarged to give OP'.
• If 02> 0, then O' is rotated through 02 in an anti-clockwise direction, since the argument of the
1
product is 0 +
The result is the vector OI.
Example 29 iM

,-I . Given that z1=2 Cos _+1sm_ir ) and Z2 = cos 7 5it —+ ism . 5ic
---

(a) Find
 (1) the modulus of z1z2 (ii) the argument of z1z2.
Complex numbers
z1z2
r1 (_ 5it\ . . I 5it1.
(b) Hence, state the product z1z2 in polar form.
m
=27Lcos)+1smL)] polar
form.
-Example 30 (c) The modulus of the complex
(c) Describe the effect of the
multiplication geometrically. number z1 is enlarged by fi and it
Solution is rotated through and angle of
clockwise.
(a) (i) Given that z1 =2 (cos +i sin
57c
57c and z2 = - + 1 sm Then
the modulus of z1 z2 = I z1z2
=2xfi
=2fi
(ii) The argument of z1 z2= arg z1 +
arg z2 it
5ic
=—+-
36
7it
6

The angle L7Cis not the principal

argument since it is greater than
it. The principal argument of
(
z1z2 = -2it---
7it

5it
6

(b) The product

and z2= —2 + 2i.
(a) Find
(i) the modulus of z1z2
(ii) the argument of z1z2
(b) Hence, state the product
z1z2 in polar form.
(c) Describe the effect of the
multiplication geometrically.
- Solution
z1
(a) (i) Given =+i
Then IZI {=I'i+iI
= +12
=

=
=2
Given z2 = —2 + 2i
1z21=1
Then -2 + 211

= (_2)2 + 22
= V4 +4

The modulus of z1z2,

+ 2i) (..i+iI !-2+2i1.
=2x2-J
=4
(ii) Given z1
= + i (first

quadrant) Then Im(z)t

arg z1 = arg (si +
0 7E
_1 =tan ______________
 1 (
z
)
E R
6
R 6
e

KE Pure Mathematics for CAPE

Given z2= –2 + 2i
+ ) (-2 +
Then arg z2 = arg(-2 + 2i) The argument of z 1z 2, arg (,i [3-
20 = arg
=it–tar( - ('I + i) + arg (-2 + 20 it 3it

—2
=-+-
= it - tan' 1
64
hit
12
IM(z)
(second quadrant) z2=-2+2i
(b) The product z1z2in polar form = 4'/(
Z21 = cos +ism—J. 12 12)
Re(z)
TC
L 02
I

(c) The
 modulus of the complex number z 1 is enlarged by 2,[2- and it is rotated through an angle of
371
anti-clockwise.

Argand diagram: division of vectors

The quotient of two complex numbers can be interpreted graphically using vectors on an
Argand diagram.
CDP Quotient of complex numbers in polar form
Consider the two complex numbers
z1 = i(cos01 +isin01 ) and z2 = r2 (cosO2 +isin02 ).

z 1 (cos O, +i sin 01 )
Then the quotient 1 r
Z 2 r(cos0 +isin0 2 )
= r, (cos O1 +i sin 0,) >< (COS 0 –isin02 )
r2 (cos 02 +isin02 ) (cos02 –isin02 )
- r1 (cos0, +isin01 )[cos(-02 )+isin(-02 )]
- r2 (cos 2
02 + sin 2 02)
= r, {[cos 01 cos(-02 ) - sin 01 sin(-02 )1 + i [sin 0, cos(-02 ) + cos 01 sin(-02 )]}
r2
= 2-[cos(01 _02 )+isin(0,_02 )}
So

Z2 r2
z1 i z, rj
The modulus of the quotient — s — = -
Z2 z 2 r,

Complex numbers

• zi
_IziI
2
z2r
L
The argument of the quotient is arg=01—02
z Z2
_i-J =argzi _ argz2.
arg(
z2

If arg z 1 - arg z2lie outside the interval —it < 0 < Ic, then the
principal value of the argument of has to be found.
 0 Re(z)

Consider the Argand diagram above, where vector OP represents the complex number z 1 and
z
vector OR represents the quotient 1-

Z2
1
• The length of OP can be reduced (or enlarged) by the factor -, since the modulus of the
r 12
quotient is
12
If r2 > 1, then OP is reduced to give OP'.

• If both 01 and 02 are positive angles, then OP' is rotated through 02 in a clockwise direction,
01
since the argument of the quotient is -02-
Example 31
it . • it
( ic . . Given that z =31 cos - + i sin - I and z = -(Cos- - +ism
k. 6 6222
ME Pure Mathematics for CAPE
and z2 =—1 Cos --+ism 2k. 2 2
(a) Find Then the modulus of
(I) the modulus of -
Z2
zi - Izil
Z2
- IziI
(ii) the argument of
Z2
3
1
(b) Hence state the quotient z 1 in polar
2
form. Z2
=3x 2—
1
(c) Describe the effect of the division
geometrically. =6
(ii) The argument of
- Solution
z1
n
7C
(a) (i) Given that z1 = 3( Cos .+ isinJ - = arg z 1 - arg z2
 Z2
It It
62
It

3
(b) The quotient
(it' ..( t
zF —=61 cosl -- i+isinl --
Z2
F k. 3) k. 3
(c) The modulus of the complex number z1
is enlarged by 2 (doubled) and
it is rotated through an angle of
clockwise.
Given the complex numbers z1 = -3 + i
and z2 = 2 + 6i.
(a) Find
(i) the modulus of
Z2

(ii)the argument of
Z2

(b) Hence, state the quotient - in polar

form. Z2
(c) Describe the effect of the
division geometrically.
- Solution
(a) (1) Given z1 =-3 + i
Then Izil=k)2 + 12

=
Given z2 =2+6i
Then = 2+ 62
I; I 12

= J 4—+ 3 6 -
z1 —3+i
The modulus of -, l-3I
=
Z2 2+6i 12+611

Ji
2,50
1
2
(ii) Given z1 = —3 + i (second quadrant)
Then argz1 =it_tan1_j

=n—tan- —
3
1t-0.321 8C
= 2.819 8C
Given z2= 2 + 6i (first quadrant)
z2
Then arg = tan-' -
 Complex numbers Alternatively

tan-' 3
=1.2490c
(b) The quotient Z2 2+6i —3+i
L,
The argument of 2-6i
Z2 =x
—3+i
arg 2+6i = arg(-3 + 1) -arg(2 +
2+6i 2-6i
- —6+ 18i + 2i +6
6i) = 2.819 8' - 1.249 - 4+36
0C

= 1.570 - 20i
8C

= 1.57c (3 s.f.) --
= 1.
2
1 =
(b) The quotient in polar form Z2 cos—+isin 2 2 - (cos 1.57c+ i. sin 1.57')
22
2 z 1 1 1 t (a) Since
I
- = - cos - + i sin - z 22 11 cos—+isin— . (cos

2 2) z1
(c) The modulus of the complex then Z2 -
number z1
is reduced by
and it is
2/i
rotated (ii)

Since = (cos E
+ i. sin
 Z2 2 2 2)
1.249c clockwise,
through an angle of then arg- =
z2 2

Exercise if

1 (a) Represent on an Argand diagram (b) Hence, find

the complex numbers z 1 = 2 + 3i.
= 3 + 2i and (i) the value of z 1 + z2
. (ii) the

modulus of z 1 + z2 (b) Use the Argand diagram to find (iii) the argument of z 1 + z2
(i) the value of z + z (iv) the conjugate of z 1 + (ii) the modulus of z 1 + z2

(iii) the argument of z + 3. Given that z 1 = 4— i and z2 = —8 + 5i, (iv) the conjugate of

z, + z represent on an Argand diagram the complex numbers z 1 , z2 and z 1 + z2 .

2. Two complex numbers are given as
Hence, find the modulus and argument of z1 =4+5iandz2
=1+7i. :

Draw on an Argand diagram the z + 1 2

Z 1+ Z2
vector which represents z11 z2 and 4. (a) Show each of the following complex
numbers on an Argand diagram (1) z 1 = —2 - 5i (ii) z2 = 3 - 4i
1

Pure Mathematics for CAPE (iii) the argument of z1 - z2

(iv) the conjugate of z 1 - z2
(b) Hence, determine
(i) the modulus of z 1 + z2 7. Two complex numbers are given as z
(ii) the argument of z1 + z2 1 =3 +6i and z2 = 1 +9i.
(iii) the conjugate of z 1 + z2 (a) Draw on an Argand diagram the vector
which represents z1, z2 and z1 - z2.
5. (a) Ifz1 =5-8i and z2 =-7+3i,represent
(b) Hence, find
each of the following complex
numbers on an Argand diagram. (1) the value of z 1 - z2
(1) z 1 (ii) z2 z 1 + z 2 (b) Hence, find
(ii) the modulus of z1- z2
(iii) the argument of z 1 - z2
(i) the modulus of z 1 + z2
(ii) the argument of z1 + z2 (iv) the conjugate of z 1 - z2
(iii) the conjugate of z 1 + z2 8. Given that z 1 = -5 + i and z 2 = -2 - 7i,
6. (a) Represent on an Argand diagram the represent on an Argand diagram the
complex numbers z 1 = 5 + 2i and z2 = complex numbers z1, z2 and z 1 - z2.
-3 + 41. Hence, find the modulus and argument of z
(b) Use the Argand diagram to find 1 - z2.
(i) the value of z 1 - z2
9. (a) Show each of the following complex
(ii) the modulus of z 1 - z2 numbers on an Argand diagram.
 (i) z1= -4 - 71 (ii) z2= 2 - 31 (b)
Hence, determine
(i) the modulus of z 1 - z2
 (iii) the conjugate of z1- z2
10. (a) If z1 =7+8i and z2 =6-4i, represent
each of the following complex
numbers on an Argand diagram.
(i) z 1 (ii) z2 z1- z2 (b) Hence, find
(i) the modulus of z 1 - z2
(ii) the argument of z 1 - z2
(iii) the conjugate of z1- z2
11. Two complex numbers are given as z1 =5
diagram
+2i and z2 =3 +i. Use anArgand
to find the value of z1 2. Hence, find the
z
modulus and argument of z1
z2.
12. (a) Ifz 1 =2-5i and z2 =3+2i, find the
product z 1z2 using a graphical method. (b)
Hence, find
the modulus of z1 2
(i) z
the argument of z 1 2
(ii) z
(iii) the conjugate of z1z2
13. (a) Given the complex numbers z 1 =4 + 71
to find
and z2 = 2 + 31, use an Argand diagram
the value of the product z 1 2.
z (b) Hence, find the
modulus and
argument of z1z2 .
14. (a) Ifz 1 =-3-4i and z2 =5-2i, find using an
Argand diagram the product z 1z2. (b) Hence,
find
(i) the modulus of z1z2
(ii) the argument of z 1z2
(iii) the conjugate of z1z2
15. Two complex numbers are given as
z1 =5-2i and z2 =-2-4i.
(a) Draw on an Argand diagram the
vector which represents z1z2.
(b) Hence, find
(i) the value of z 1z2
(ii) the modulus of z1z2
(iii) the argument of z 1z2
(iv) the conjugate of z1z2
 z 2 =-v23 +ism--
(a) Find
16. Given that z1 =3 (cos + i sin and 6 6) (i) the modulus of z1z2
(ii) the argument of z1z2
Z2 ='j5icos—+ism- Complex
'\ 33 numbers
(a) Find
(I) the modulus of z1z2 (b) Hence, state
(ii) the arguments of z1z2 the product z1z2
(b) Hence, state the product z1z2 in polar in polar form.
form. (c) Describe the
(c) Describe the effect of the effect of the
multiplication geometrically. multiplication
geometrically.
17. Given that z 1 = 2 (cos+isin- and
20. Given
3 3)
that z 1 =6
(Cos .it
it
(cos it + i
z2 =3—+is m 2 2
sin it) and
(a) Find
(i) the modulus of z1 z2 7C
7C
Z2 =
(ii) the argument of z1z2
(b) Hence, state the product z1z2 in polar (cos
form.
(c) Describe the effect of the +isinJ
multiplication geometrically. (a) Find
=5cos 4 (i) the modulus
7C
7C
18. Given that z 1 4) +isin and of z1z2
(ii) the
Z2 =2l Cos —+isin- argument of
'\ 33 z1z2
(a) Find (b) Hence, state
(1) the modulus of z1z2 the product z1z2
(ii) the argument of z1z2 in polar form.
(b) Hence, state the product z1z2 in polar (c) Describe the
form. effect of the
(c) Describe the effect of the multiplication
multiplication geometrically. geometrically.

19. Given that z 1 =4 cos + i sin and 2 2) 21. Given the

complex

3 numbers z1 =
5 + 5i and z2
(COS21t 2it =+i
 (a) Find
(1) the modulus of z1z2
(ii) the argument of z1z2
(b) Hence, state the product z1z2 in polar
form.
(c) Describe the effect of the
multiplication geometrically.
22. Given the complex numbers z 1 =3+ -.Ji
and z2 =2+2i.
(a) Find
(1) the modulus of z1z2
(ii) the argument of z1z2
(b) Hence, state the product z1z2 in polar
form.
(c) Describe the effect of the
multiplication geometrically.
23. Given the complex numbers z 1 = - and
z 2 =-4i.
(a) Find
(i) the modulus of z1z2
(ii) the argument of z1z2
(b) Hence, state the product z1z2 in polar
form.
 (c) Describe the effect of the
multiplication geometrically. (a) Find

24. Given the complex numbers z1=1— (i) the modulus of Z 2

and z 2 = 5i (ii) the argument of - L' Z2
(a) Find
(b) Hence, state the quotient in polar form.
(i) the modulus of z1z2 z2
(ii) the argument of z1z2
(b) Hence, state the product z1z2 in polar (c) Describe the effect of the division
form. geometrically.
(c) Describe the effect of the
multiplication geometrically. 1
28. Given that z = (cos + i sin and 2 2 2)
25. Given the complex numbers z1 = - 3i and Z2
z2 =2--.Ji. 855
(a) Find (a) Find
(1) the modulus of z1z2 (i) the modulus of
(ii) the argument of z1z2 Z2
(b) Hence, state the product z1z2 in polar z1
form. (ii) the argument of - z2
(c) Describe the effect of the (b) Hence, state the quotient z 1 in polar
multiplication geometrically. z2
form.
(c) Describe the effect of the division
1
26. Given that z = 2( cos +i sin -') and 6 geometrically.
It
6) Z 2 (cos co —+isrn 2 2 4(Cos +ism — and I It . .
(a) Find 29.Giventhatz1=
8) ( it..it
(i) the modulus of
z1
- Z2 =2i cos—+ism-

(ii) the argument '\ 4 4

(a) Find
(b) Hence, state the quotient - in polar
(i) the modulus of
form. Z2
Z2
(c) Describe the effect of the division z1
geometrically.
(ii) the argument of -
Z2

R IC 27. Given that z1=3(cos 3 (b) Hence, state the quotient - in polar
3)
form.
+isin and
(c) Describe the effect of the division
It geometrically.
Z2 = — I cos —+isrn TC ).
..

4
 Complex

numbers
In
30. Given that z1 = 15( cos +i sin ) and k'
5 5) 33. Given
( 3ir . . 3ir the complex
numbers z1
Z2 =5i cos—+isin-
=3+ Ji
\44 and z2 =1 -
(a) Find i.
(1) the modulus of zi
Z2 (a) Find (I)
(ii) the argument of the modulus of
Z2 -- z2
(b) Hence, state the quotient - in polar (ii) the
form. Z2 argument of
(c) Describe the effect of the division
geometrically.

31. Given the complex numbers z1 =3— i and

z2 =3 + 9i.
(a) Find
(1) the modulus of Z2
('1) the argument of z1
Z2

(b) Hence, state the quotient in polar

form.
(c) Describe the effect of the division.
geometrically.

32. Given the complex numbers z 1 =2 + 2i

and z2 =6+2j5i.
(a) Find
z1
(i) the modulus of -
Z2

(ii) the argument of

Z2
z1
(b) Hence, state the quotient in polar
form. Z2
(c) Describe the effect of the division
geometrically.
 Z2
(c) Describe the effect of the division
(b) Hence, state the quotient -- in polar geometrically.
form.
(c) Describe the effect of the division 35. Given the complex number z1 =7- 7i and
geometrically. Z2 =1 +
(a) Find
34. Given the complex numbers z1 =5— z1
(i) the modulus of -
and z2 =3—'ji.
Z2
(a) Find
(ii) the argument of Z2
(i) the modulus of Z2.
(ii) the argument of (b) Hence, state the quotient - in polar
Z2 form. . Z2
(b) Hence, state the quotient -in polar (c) Describe the effect of the division
form. Z2 geometrically.

EM
Pure
Mathematics for CAPE

Loci in the complex plane

In all previous problems we have considered only fixed points on the Argand diagram. We will
now consider a variable complex number z = x + yi where x and y are real variables. Thus, the point
P(z) which represents z is a variable point (moving point) on the Argand diagram.
If z varies according to given conditions, then the path of the movable point (set of all
points) is called the locus of P(z) (locus of z).
Each locus is unique and can be described by an equation.

The locus of a point z (locus of z) in an Argand plane is

the set of all points z which satisfy a given condition

CDO Locus of z when I z - z1 1 = r, r E

-Example 33
Sketch the locus of the set of all points P(z) which represents the complex number z on an
Argand diagram and satisfies the equation
(a) jzj=r (b) jzj=3 y
Solution
(a) Given lzl = r Locus of Then x+yi=r

x2 +y2 =r2
This is the Cartesian equation of a circle with
centre at the origin and radius r. The P(z).
circle is the locus of P(z). Example 34 J
(b) Given Izl=3 Centre: 0 + Oi Centre: 0 + Oi

Then 1x+yiI=3
So 2 +y2 = 3
VX
i.e. x2 +y2 =32
x2 +y2 =9
This is the Cartesian equation of a
circle with centre at the origin and
radius 3. The circle is the locus of
Sketch the locus of the set of all points P(z) which represents the complex number z on an
Argand diagram and satisfies the equation
(a) Iz-ziI=r (b) Iz-21=3
= 2 (d) Iz —3 + 211 = 5
(c) Iz - ii
- Solution
(a) Given z—z11_—r
Then yi) - (x1+ y1 i)l = r
I(x +
So
I(x-xi)+(y-yi)iI=r
i.e. j(x_Xi)2+(y_y1)2
(x—x 1)2 +(y—y 1)2 =r2
This is the Cartesian equation of a circle with
centre
Complex numbers

Locus of P
Y)

(x1 , y1)

YO, X
(
Centre: z1
=X1 + y1i

Y)
(x 1 , y1 ) and radius r. The circle is the locus of
P(z).

(b) Given Iz -21= 3

Then
lx+yi-21=3
So
I(x-2)+yiI=3

i.e. j(x_2)2+y2 = 3
Locus of P
P(x, y)
(x-2)2 +y2 =32
(x-2)2 +y2 =9
This is the Cartesian equation of a circle with
centre (2, O and radius 3. The circle is the
locus of P(z).
=2
(c) Given Iz - ii
Then Jx+yi—if=2
So
lx+(y-1)iI=2 - i.e. jx2 + (y _1)2 =2
x2 +(y-1)2 =22
This is the Cartesian equation of a circle with
centre (0, 1) and radius 2. The circle is the 01 /
locus of P(z). (d) Given Iz -3+2i1=5 -1 '
Then Centre: 0 + i
Ix +yi-3+2i1=5
So
I(x- 3)+(y+ 2)iI= 5
i.e. j(x - 3)2 +(y+2) 2 = 5
2
(x — 3)2 + (y + 2) = 52
2
(x — 3)2 + (y + 2) = 25
This is the Cartesian equation of a circle with
centre (3, —2) and radius 5. The circle is the
locus of P(z). Centre: 3- 2i

Alternative Method y.4'

(a) Given (z - z1 I = r Locus of z

Then the distance from a fixed point z 1 to a r

y/ + yi Iz-zi l =
variable point z is always r.
Hence, the locus of z is a circle with centre
z1and radius r, where z 1 = x1+ y1i.
Centre: 2 + Oi

Locus of P
A
 Given
(b) Iz-21=3
Then the distance from the fixed point 2 + Oi to z is always 3.
Hence, the locus of z is a circle with centre 2 + Oi and radius 3.

(c) Given Iz - = 2
Then the distance from the fixed point 0 + ito z is always 2.
Hence, the locus of z is a circle with centre 0 + i and radius 2.

(d) Given z-3+2i1=5

Then z—(3-2i)l=5
So the distance from the fixed point 3 - 2i to z is always 5.
Hence, the locus of z is a circle with centre 3 - 2i and radius 5.
y.t'
Locus of z

+yi

z-21 =3

lz-iI =2
YA

Locus of
z P(x, y)
r=5\
/
 3- X

-2
(3, 2i)

z-3+2i1 =5

In general, if I z - z1 J r, r E R, then the locus of z is a circle with

centre at z1 and radius r.

-z
Locus of z when I z 1 I = I z - z2 I
-Example 35 3J
Find the Cartesian equation of the locus of the point z which satisfies the
+1— 3i1
equation Iz = Iz - 21.
Hence, sketch the locus of z on an Argand diagram.
- Solution
Given Iz+1-3i1=Iz-21
Then
lx+yi+ 1 - 3i1=k+yi- 21
Complex numbers
ME
So

i.e. J(x+1)2 +(y_3)2= J(x_2)2 +y2

(x+1)2 +(y-3)2 =(x-2)2 +y2
= x2 +2x+1+y2 -6y+9=x2 -4x+4+y2
2x-6y+10=-4x+4
—6y=-4x-2x+4--1O
—6y=-6x-6
y=x+1
This is the Cartesian equation of the locus of the point z.
Given
Iz+1-3i1=Iz-21

Then Iz — (-1+3i)I=jz - 21

The distance from P(z) to the point —1 + 3i is equal to the distance

from P(z) to the point 2 + Oi. YA

(-1,3)3 y=x-i-1
 z + 1 - 3i I rpendicu1ar bisector

<(P2 , 0)
7'lO 12 x
Locus of

The locus of z is the perpendicular bisector (mediator) of the line segment with
end-points (-1,3) and (2, 0).
Alternative Method
Iz
Given +1-3i1=lz-21
Then z—(-1+3i)I=Iz—(2+0i)I
The complex number 1 - 3i is represented by the point A(-1, 3).
The complex number 2 + Oi is represented by the point B(2, 0).
The given condition can now be written as AP = BP
So P is always equidistant from the two fixed points A and B.
That means that P lines on the perpendicular bisector of AB.
±x2 1
The mid-point of AB, M=(x1

(-1+2 3+0
2/2
(13
in Pure
Mathematics for CAPE

M = Y2 - Y
The gradient of AB,
X2 -x1
0-3

—3
3
= —1
.. the gradient of the perpendicular bisector of AB is 1.
The equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB is:
y 1
- y = m(x - x)
3
(
Then y— —=lix— 1—

22
3 1
So y —=x —
22
1
i.e. y=x —+3 —
22
y=x+l
The sketch is shown below.

YA
I, z+1-3i1 Locus of P

A(-1, 3)
Mediator
z
-21
B(2, 0)
-1QI 1 2 X
y=x+l

Hence, the locus of P is the perpendicular bisector (mediator) of the line segment AB.
And the Cartesian equation of the locus of P is y = x + 1.

In general, if z2 , then the locus of z is the perpendicular

Iz - z1 I=
bisector (mediator) of the line segment with end-points z 1 and z2

CDO Locus of zwhen Iz—z1 1 = kI z — z21, k r= R+, k# 1

 Example 36 '
r
- 21 = 3 +1— 4i{.
On an Argand diagram the point z satisfies the equation Iz Iz
(a) Find a Cartesian equation for the locus of z.
(b) Describe geometrically the locus of z.

Complex numbers

- Solution
Given
(a) Iz-2=3Iz+1-4iI
Then Ix +yi-2=3x+yi+1_4i

So (x -2)+yi= 3 (x+ 1)+(y -4)iI

i.e. - 2)2 +Y2 = 3j(x +1)2 +(y-4) 2
(x_2)2+y2=32[(x+1)2+(y_4)2]
=> x2-4x+4+y2=9(x2+2x+1+y2-8y+16)
=> x2-4x+y2+4=9x2+18x+9y2-72y+153
=> 0 = 8x 2 + 22x + 8y2 — 72y + 149

2 11 2 149
0=x +—x+y —9y+--
48
2 2 11 149
X +y +—x-9y+---=0
48
Hence, the Cartesian equation of the locus of z is x2 + y2 + x - + =0, which is
48
the equation of a circle.
Since
(b) x+_x+y —9y+--=O + f -() _(9)2 =
Complete the squares: =o
+ )2 +(y -
9\2 81
(( 149 121 Then I x+— I +1 y-- I +------=0
8) 2) 8 64 4
9\2 225
( 11 ( So Ix+—i +iy--i ----=0 8) 2) 64
9\2 225
I ii i.e. Ix+—I +(Y_y—I 8) 2) 64
9\2
I ii ( (152
X+I+I—I-
8) 2)
Geometrically, the locus of z is a circle with centre at - 11 + i and
 radius 82 8

U 9)

\82J Locus of z

-Z =k z2 1, k E , k # 1, then
I Ingeneral, if Iz .j I Iz -
the locus of z is a circle.

ffa Pure Mathematics for CAPE

CD Locus ofz when arg(z- z)=O where -Tc <O:5ir
- Example 37
The point P represents the variable complex number z on an Argand diagram. Sketch and
describe the locus of P given that:
TC
(a) arg z = -- (b) arg(z -1 + 21)

(c) arg(z -3 + 2i) = - (d) arg(z + 3+1) = - --

- Solution
It
(a) Given Then

arg z = - 3

arg(z-0)= z 1 = 0 + 01 0X
 Hence, the locus of P is a half-line (ray) with end-point at the origin 0 and making an
angle with the positive real axis.

(b) Given arg(z -1 + 2i) =

Then arg [z -(1 - 2i)] = z 1 = 1 - 2i

Locus of P YA

arg(z - 1 - 2i) =

1x

Hence, the locus of P is a half-line with end-point at (1, -2) and making an angle
with the dashed line which is parallel to the positive real axis.

Complex numbers
(c) Given arg(z —3+ 2i) = - TC

Then arg [z —(3 - 2i)] = - z 1 =3 - 2i

y4'

0123 x
-1
(3,-2)
-2
4

7 a
4

rg(z-3 +2i) =--

Locus of P

Hence, the locus of P is a half-line with end-point at (3, —2) and making an angle - -

with the dashed line which is parallel to the positive real axis.

(d) Given arg(z + 3+ i) = -

Then arg [z —(-3 -1)] = - -s z 1 = - 1

--

YA

-2 -10
(-3,-l)
'X + i) = - 27E

Locus of P

-1

/ arg(zi-,3

Hence, the locus of P is a half-line with end-point at (-3, —1) and making an - with the
dashed line which is parallel to the positive real axis.

In general, if arg(z - z 1 ) = 0 where —it < 0 :~ it, then the

locus of z is a half-line (ray) with an end-point at z 1 and
making an angle 0 with thepositive real axis
z—z1
Locusofzwhenarg= Z—Z2
-)
(

Example 38 '
The variable complex number z is represented on an Argand diagram. Find the locus of z
z —2 = Ic
which satisfies the equation arg(
\z+2) 2
Hence, find the Cartesian equation of the locus of z.
Solution

Given argz-2 it
2
(z+2)
Then arg(z —2)— arg(z +2) =
Let a=arg(z-2)and/3=arg(z+2)
which is a fixed angle.
Ic
The difference between the two angles is always
One possible solution for z is shown in the diagram below.

02
—2 Re(z)

We know that the angle in a semi-circle is -IE

Then, the locus of z is a semi-circle which is formed in the first and second quadrants
with its centre at the origin and radius 2.

Im(z)

Locus ofz x2 +y2 =4,y>O

—2 Or=22 Re(z)
Centre

The locus of z is drawn from z 1 to z2in an anti-clockwise direction.

The two points on the diameter (-2, 0) and (2, 0) are not included; investigate this fact.
Hence, the Cartesian equation of the locus of z is x2+ y2 = 4 with y> 0.
This is the Cartesian equation of the semi-circle which is above the real axis.

Complex numbers

-Example 39 Wa
z
Given that arg( _3) = , show that the variable complex number z when
represented on an
\z+3) 4
Argand diagram is a major arc of a circle.
Hence, find
(a) the coordinates of the centre of this circle
(b) the Cartesian equation of the locus of z.
- Solution

Given argz-3 it
4
(z+3)
Then arg(z-3)—arg(z+3)=
Let a= arg (z —3) and /3= arg (z + 3)
a—fi= which is a fixed angle.
The angle formed is always and the locus of z is drawn from z 1 to z2in an
Jm(z)
anti-clockwise direction. 4

arg(zK+3) ;
Locus ofz
L C arg(Z _\)

Re(z)

it
The representation of arg (z-3) +3) =must be as shown m the Argand diagram
above.
Hence, the locus of z is a major arc of a circle.
(a) We know that the angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at
the circumference. Therefore, the angle at the centre of the circle is
The centre of the circle is at 0 + 3i, so it has coordinates (0, 3).
(b) C(O, 3)

3 This is an isosceles triangle.

(-3,0) 3 (0,0)
= 32 +32
The radius of the circle is r
=

= 3N'

Pure
Mathematics for
CAPE
 Alternatively: ________________
)2
The radius of the circle is r = j(x2 - x1 + (Y2 - y )
0)2 +(0-3)2
=-

= If9 +9
=
= 3j
The Cartesian equation of a circle is
2
(x – a)2 + (y – b) = r2
the Cartesian equation of the circle is
- 0)2 +
(x (y - 3)2

= ~ 8T)2
'

3)2 =
i.e. x2 + (y -
Hence, the Cartesian equation of the locus of z is
x2 +(y-3)2 = 18withy>0.
This is the Cartesian equation of the major arc of the circle which is above the real axis.
Example 40
=
Given that arg ( Z show that the variable complex number z when represented on
z+4) 4
an Argand diagram is a minor arc of a circle.
Hence, find
(a) the coordinates of the centre of this circle
(b) the Cartesian equation of the locus of z.
• Solution

Given

Then Let --
a = argz and ,13= arg(z +4)
1= —
(
z 3it
argl '.z+4) 4 aIt - 8 = - which is a fixed angle.

arg z – arg(z + 4) = 3n
The angle formed is always and the locus of z is drawn from z1 to z2 in an anti-clockwise
direction.
IM(z) 4,
Locus of z

-4 -4
Re(z)
 Complex numbers

The representation of arg (z +4 -- must be as shown m the Argand diagram, above.

)3 = 7c

Hence, the locus of z is a minor arc of a circle.

(a) We know that the angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at the circumference.
Therefore, the angle at the centre of the circle is
The centre of the circle is at —2 - 2i, so it has coordinates (-2, —2).
Q-2,-2)
(b)

2
This is an isosceles
triangle.

2 _________
The radius of the circle is r
i22+22

= I4 +4
= ,j .

=th
The Cartesian equation of a
circle is
)2 + ( 2
(x — a y — b) = r2
the Cartesian equation of
the circle is
(x - [_2])2 + - [_21)2
(y =
)2
(2,r2
i.e. (x+2)2 +(y+2)2 =8
Hence, the Cartesian
equation of the locus of z is
(x+2)2 + (y+2)2 = 8 with
y> 0.
This is the
Cartesian
equation of the
minor arc of the
circle which is
above the real
axis.
 arg Z Z1 - z 1 ) - arg(z - z2) = e, then the
In general, if 1 = e that is, arg(z
z— z2)
locus of z is the arc of a circle.
• If 0 = , then the locus of z is a semi-circle
2
• If 0 < 0 < (0 is acute), then the locus of z is a major arc of a circle.

• If <0 < it (0 is obtuse), then the locus of z is a minor arc of a circle.

The centre of the circle lies on the perpendicular bisector (mediator) of
the line segment (also a chord of the circle) with end-points z 1 and z2.
The chord formed by z 1 and z'2 does not always lie on the real axis.
in Pure Mathematics for CAPE
Example 41
The point P represents the variable complex number z in an Argand diagram. Sketch and
describe the locus of P when
(z+2 (z+3-4i
(a) arg =— (b) arg = 3 3
• Solution z-1+5i) 2it Iz+2' it
z-3i) it
arg (z V
(a) Given - 3i) — which is a fixed angle.
3
3 it
Then arg(z + 2)— arg(z - 3i) = it So Locus of P

a'-fi=— 3 Im(z)4.

Re(z)

dV \

Z
+2

is
 shown in the Argand diagram above.

A sketch of arg (z3 - i) =

3
The locus of P is a major arc of a circle.
(b) Given argz+3-4i=2ic
3
5i
(z-1+ )
Then arg(z + 3 — 4i) — arg(z — 1 + 5i) = 21c ----

So arg [z - (-3 + 4i)] - arg [z - (1— 5i)] =

which is a fixed angle.

IM(z)
4

4
arg(z+3-4i)/ \":
1
Re(z)

arg(z - 1 + 5i)
—5

A sketch of arg(z-1+5i) z+3-4i i 2it

3
= - is shown in the Argand diagram above.

The locus of P is a minor arc of a circle.

Complex numbers

Intersecting loci
An Argand diagram can be used to find the point(s) of
intersection of two loci. Example 42
Use an Argand diagram to find the complex number z that satisfies
the equations I z = 8 and arg(z) =

Solution
Now I z = 8 is the equation of a circle with centre 0(0,0) and
radius 8 units. And arg(z) = is a half-line with an open
end-point at 0(0,0) and making an angle of
with the positive real axis.
The Argand diagram that represents the two loci is shown below
Im(z) IT

The point of intersection of I =8 (COS +ISM

z = 8 and arg(z)= . is Z 4 v2 r2-

-
=81 + i 2
= 4ñ+i4V
Example 43
7C 7C
Use an Argand diagram to find the complex number z that satisfies the equations
arg(z-2)= and arg(z)=.

Solution
Now arg(z -2) is a half-line with end-point at (2,0) and making and angle of - with the
2
positive real axis.
And arg(z) = is a half-line with an open end-point 0(0,0) and making an angle of with the
positive real axis.
Pure Mathematics for CAPE

IM(z)

From the Argand

 diagram: tan -TC = -
2.
62
J3
And tan it -= 1 —=—
-
6f3 I

Thus
23
2 So
y=-;;--

It it

The point of intersection of arg(z -2) = - and arg(z) = - is z =2 + i 2

63
Example 44
-

Find the complex numbers that satisfy the equations

z-61=1z+21 and z-4-i1=5.
Solution
Now I z - 61 = (z + 21 is the locus of all points which form the perpendicular bisector of
the line segment with end-points (6, 0) and (-2, 0). S of the midpoint of the line
segment is (x1 +x2 y1 +y2
2' 2
(6+[-21 0+0
2/2
(4 0

=(2,0)
Thus the equation of the perpendicular bisector is x = 2.