Research Paper
Research Paper
Abstract
Transportation is an important factor in our day to day life. Improvements in the transport sector has
made many issues easier. With the daily increase in use of vehicles the number of accidents are also
increased. Thousands of people are injured through road accidents every day and the shocking reality
is that it has become a global concern and a cause of tremendous loss of human lives. Accidents not
only causes traffic but also reduces the capability of help over time and for this reason road crashes
are the main cause of many deaths around the world. A lack of access to emergency services can result
in property damage and wastage of lives. In aircrafts the black box systems are meant for data
collection in case of accidents. The proposed concept is an adaptation of the same technology and is
applied for the vehicles using recording capabilities. Black box systems are used to track important
vehicle data such as engine temperature, unbuckled seatbelt and the driver's alcohol consumption. The
smart vehicle black box has different purposes. It alerts the driver in situations when maximum
attention is required. It stores the data of an event and emergency notifications are sent to the relevant
contacts like family and authorities on the occurrence of any incident. Because the data will be
transmitted in real time help will arrive in less time to reduce the delay in medical treatment. It also
monitors the driver behaviour and vehicle conditions for improved driver education and safety. It helps
in the investigation of accidents and detects issues like drunk and drive. This data is important for fast
response and solve all problems that may rise due to the accidents. All this data is very useful for
investigation purposes therefore helping the authorities get an insight into the causes of accidents and
work for the prevention of future accidents. The black box also contains a communication system
which is used to transmit the location of accidents to emergency services.
Keywords
Blackbox, Predictive accident prevention, Automated crash recovery, Real-time monitoring, Graphical
analysis.
1. Introduction
[7] With the fast development of automobile technology there is a rise in road accidents causing
many deaths worldwide. In 2008 road traffic accidents were the cause of death for every fourth
person on earth. [8]Road traffic accidents result in the deaths of nearly 1.3 million people every
year. Another 20 to 50 million suffer injuries from which they never recover fully. In fact among
those aged between 15 and 29 traffic injury is the number one killer. If nothing is done to prevent
accidents estimated annual fatalities were projected to increase to 1.9 million by 2020. [9]Delays
in emergency response often worsen the impact especially when medical aid fails to reach accident
sites fast. Those who survive accidents often face high risk of disabilities. 91% of these deaths
occur in low and middle income countries.[10] Thus equipping an automobile with a safety system
is often both expensive and high-tech. For this purpose a Smart Vehicle Black Box is used to
prevent accidents and ensuring better safety for the driver and the vehicle.[11] It is inspired by the
black box technology of airplanes.[12] It records, captures and analyzes critical data. This includes
data like harmful gas leakage or abnormal rise in the temperature and alcohol levels, seat-belt
identification, live location tracking and the time stamps.
[13]The guilty party or cause of an accident therefore requires relevant information about the
happening. The investigators often rely on rumours or gossips from witnesses who happen to be
near the scene when an accident occurs.[14] To overcome this it is very important to introduce a
black box system in vehicles for safety during accidents. The system is designed to detect accidents
in real time and immediately alert emergency services providing them with the precise location
information.[15] This means that tracking is activated when there is a sending of E-mails to the
registered devices which can also send notifications on the location of the vehicle to the pre-
registered mobile device.The system reduces the response time and improves recovery by lowering
the mortality rate during road accidents.
2. Literature Survey
[1] P. Josephinshermila and her fellow researchers developed an automotive smart black box
system with sensors like crash, temperature, and gas sensor for accident detection and any
abnormality inside the vehicle. This system uses GPS which gives the actual location of the vehicle.
By quick response at the scene of accident the fatality rate can be reduced. The system increases
safety on roads and aids in the investigation of accidents through key information in real time.
They proposed an accident detection model using Arduino Mega with sensors like DHT 11 to
measure the engine temperature and MQ-2 sensor for analysing of harmful gases and pulse sensors
for health monitoring of the driver. The system uses a fingerprint sensor for authentication of the
driver and also uses GSM, Zigbee and GPS for communication. It sends real time alerts to the
hospitals and other authorities in case of an accident.
A camera module monitors the driver's state and contributes both to accident prevention and post-
incident analysis. The research uses an Arduino ATmega2560 microcontroller which is an 8-bit
processor with huge memory and computational capabilities which supports a number of sensors
at the same time. They used GSM SIM900 communication module and GPS module which is used
to find the location and then IR sensor and L293D DC motor are used for measuring speed. The
Micro SD card is used for data storage and the ESP8266 module is used for real time uploading of
data into the cloud and enabling the system to be monitored remotely.
[2] Rajendran Thanikachalam along with his colleagues proposed a Car's Black Box System
This method integrates the Arduino Mega 2560 board with numerous sensors including GPS,
accelerometers, alcohol sensors, and vibration sensors. The system captures various critical
information including speed, temperature of the engine, mileage covered, the level of fuel and the
current address. It also consists of an accident detection module which provides an emergency alert
with the current position of the vehicle using a Wi-Fi module. The GPS module helps in finding
the location of the vehicle and the SD card module stores critical data for analysis.
It is designed to improve the safety of passengers and assist accident investigators in the analysis
of the crash data. There is an alcohol sensor in the system that prevents accidents due to driver’s
behaviour caused by alcohol levels. It detects sudden movements and issues alerts whenever an
accident occurs. It is made cost-effective, flexible and adaptable to be accessible to a wide range
of consumers. Many sensors can be integrated to it and an application on the cell phone is
connected for more efficient accident investigation. This system is designed to collect a wide range
of vehicle data that deals with GPS coordinates, speed, acceleration and engine. The mentioned
parameters are compared with sensor data. The BBS installation in the vehicle helps reducing of
accidents and analyse the vehicle’s health.
[3] Priyanka Vijay Teke suggested a Smart Vehicle Black Box system to improve driver
safety by collecting valuable accident data for subsequent investigations. This system uses various
modules to check the status of the vehicle and the driver in real time. It detects critical conditions
such as obstacles, alcohol levels and vehicle location and in case of an accident and then
automatically notifies emergency contacts. The system also records data such as speed, distance
and driver identity. The black box uses RFID technology to analyse the incident causes and
improve driving safety .The integration of GPS and GSM technologies provides accurate location
tracking and immediate communication for faster emergency response.
But the network dependency can limit the functionality of GPS and GSM technologies in remote
areas and affect the battery life. They also discussed about Privacy concerns in the paper as
continuous location tracking can increase the data exposure risks. The researchers felt that the
existing VBB systems has many challenges in scalability, cost and accuracy particularly in high
traffic and remote areas where GSM or GPS signals may be weak. By implementing technologies
like LoRa for long range communication the system aims to overcome the limitations like higher
costs and reliable data transmission over long distances.
[6] Gregor A. Aramice speaked about creating a Vehicle Black Box (VBB) system that
collects and records important data from a vehicle like its location, gas levels and any fire hazard.
It improves safety and prevent false traffic fines. This VBB system has two main parts they are the
hardware which collects the data and the software which processes, displays and stores this
information. The hardware components are built using sensors, GPS module and a Arduino Mega
2560 board which are worked together to collect data from the vehicle. The GPS module records
the vehicle’s exact location along with the time and speed.
The communication system is built using LoRa technology which is a type of wireless technology
that can send data over long distances while using very little power. This makes LoRa a good
choice for vehicle networks especially when we need to send data from moving vehicles to a base
station that is located far away. The LoRa is operated with a frequency of 433MHz which is a long
range and suitable for the real time data transmission. The software prepares the data as a packet
that contains the key details like the vehicle’s ID, sensor readings, location, date and time. This
packet is transmitted using LoRa to the base station where the data can be saved. The Arduino is
programmed for the handling of errors. This base station software saves the data to a memory
card so that it can be checked later. This system enhances the safety of the vehicle and provides
evidence to protect drivers from incorrect traffic fines.
S.No Author Name Hardware Communication Merits Limitations
Components Technology
3.1Components
3.1.1 Raspberry Pi
Raspberry Pi is a single board computer developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. It has a 1.2 GHz
64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 CPU and 1GB of LPDDR2 RAM. The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B
has a Wi-Fi (802.11n) and Bluetooth 4.1 . It has four USB 2.0 ports and a HDMI port .It also has a
3.5mm audio jack and a 10/100 Ethernet port for wired connections. It has 40-pin GPIO header for
connecting sensors and motors. It supports Raspberry Pi OS.
3.1.4 IR Sensor
An infrared (IR) sensor is a type of sensor which is used to detect the infrared radiation emitted by the
objects. It can detect the motion, distance and the presence of another objects. The passive infrared
(PIR) sensors are used to detect the changes in infrared radiation. The proximity IR sensors has a
emitter and the receiver to detect the objects by measuring the reflected light. If the vehicle is moving
close to the another car or a wall then the IR sensor will detect the distance and sends the alerts to the
driver about the collision if they get too close. An IR sensor is also used as a seatbelt sensor to check
whether the passengers properly put their seatbelt or not.
3.1.5 Accelerometer
An accelerometer is a device that is used for measuring the acceleration acting on an object by using
multiple axes (X, Y, and Z) to determine its movement and orientation. An accelerometer measures the
acceleration by detecting the force applied on a mass when the sensor notice a change in the motion
using tiny mechanical structures that are used for detecting the shifts in mass or capacitance due to the
movement. To measure the speed the accelerometer’s data is used to calculate the change in velocity
from time to time. Speed is calculated by integrating the collected data mathematically.
3.2 Working
We propose a system for vehicle safety and predict potential accidents before they occur. The
system has many sensors like DHT sensor, IR sensor, MQ3 sensor, camera and accelerometer to
monitor the vehicle.The data from all sensors is processed by the Raspberry Pi 3. The system uses
limits for each sensor to predict accidents. When any of these conditions are detected then the
system can predict a possible accident. When the abnormal conditions are detected then the system
triggers alerts to the driver and sends realtime notifications to pre-registered mobile devices via
email containing the cause of the accident and the vehicle's exact location. The sensor data is
visualized in the ThingSpeak cloud platform in the form of a graph. This data is stored for review
of vehicle performance and driver behaviour. In case of an accident the system alerts the
emergency services with the exact location and details of the incident. We also store the live
recordings for later to help in investigation. They also help to improve the women safety.
Fig 3.2 (a): Architecture Diagram
ThingSpeak Cloud is a platform that can be used to collect, store and analyse the sensor data. It is
used for monitoring the data and remote sensing. It is a cloud-based environment where the data
is stored from devices like Raspberry Pi, Arduino, ESP8266 and other microcontrollers. After the
data is stored in the platform then it can be processed and visualized using customizable charts for
a easy way to monitor the patterns. In Thingspeak users can create a account and set up channels
for their data and then obtain an API key to connect their IoT device to the platform. The data is
sent to the ThingSpeak through a simple HTTP POST or GET request.
First an account on the ThingSpeak cloud platform is registered. Then after login a new channel
named “blackbox” is created .Here there is a way to add many fields to visualize the data from
sensors. Each channel has many fields to display a type of data. This model has four fields in the
channel. They are Temperature, Humidity, Alcohol Level and Seatbelt Status. Then the
ThingSpeak automatically generated a unique API key for our channel to send data from the
Raspberry Pi3 to the cloud.
After this the DHT sensor , MQ3 sensor and the IR sensor are connected to the Raspberry Pi3.
Each sensor collects the data at regular intervals. The data is collected from each sensor and
uploaded to ThingSpeak using Python scripts. For the connection to ThingSpeak cloud the API
key is used from the Python script. Temperature and Humidity graphs were created. After that
Alcohol Level and Seatbelt Status graphs are also created in the cloud. When the Python script are
executed then the data is uploaded on the ThingSpeak platform. After that a channel dashboard
can be opened to view the graph.
Fig 4.1(a) represents the terminal output showing that the temperature readings are successfully
fetched from the DHT11 Sensor. Fig 4.1(b) shows the alert message sent to the mail with a
warning. The threshold temperature is set at 20 degrees Celsius. Whenever an abnormal change in
temperature is detected by the DHT11 sensor an alert is sent to the pre-registered E-mail with the
details of current temperature.
Fig 4.2(a) Fig 4.2(b)
Fig 4.2: Functioning of MQ3 Sensor
Fig 4.2(a) represents the terminal output showing that the alcohol readings are successfully fetched
from the MQ3 Sensor. Fig 4.1(b) shows the alert message sent to the mail with a warning that
alcohol is detected. The threshold blood alcohol content (BAC) is set at 50mg/dL. Whenever a
higher alcohol concentration is detected in a person’s breath by the MQ3 sensor an alert is sent to
the pre-registered E-mail.
Fig 4.3(a) represents the terminal output of the IR sensor showing whether the seatbelt is fastened
or not. Fig 4.3(b) represents the alert message generated by the blackbox. An Infrared Sensor is
placed in the seatbelt buckle of all seats in a car to check whether the seatbelt is fastened or not.
Whenever the seatbelt is not fastened an alert is sent to the pre-registered E-mail with a warning.
Fig 4.4(a) Fig 4.4(b)
ThingSpeak Cloud
Fig 4.6.4 shows the graphical analysis of the seatbelt fastening of the car at various time intervals
of a particular day. The x-axis of the graph represents the time interval whereas the y-axis
represents the seatbelt reading values obtained using the IR sensor. The graph represents either
“zero” or “one” as readings. “zero” indicates that the seatbelt is not fastened while “one” indicates
that the seatbelt is fastened.
Conclusion
It is our goal to create an efficient accident prevention and fast crash response. In this paper the
proposed system is integrated with multiple sensors to capture the vehicle data and connected them
with the Raspberry Pi 3 for the real-time processing. The system has a configured ThingSpeak
cloud platform to store and visualize the data in an accessible format. The model worked on a
reliable notification system that is used to send the alerts to the driver and the emergency contacts
during any dangerous conditions. The system improves the driver safety and supports the timely
assistance in case of an accident. The model is designed as a cost-effective and real-time
monitoring solution. It is a valuable tool for improving the road safety. Beside that there is a facility
of live video streaming and recording in our proposed system. It plays a major role in making
women feel safer. If a woman is driving alone then she can share a live video with a friend or
family member. This lets them see what's happening in real time and helps them check in to make
sure she’s safe. If there is an emergency then her family can contact the police and share the
location to get help. Having cameras in the car can also make people think twice about doing
something harmful because they know they’re being recorded. If something happens like someone
acting dangerously then the video gives a clear picture of what really happened. This can be useful
to report to the police or court. Finally the developed model can be helpful for the society in many
perspectives.
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