數位電路導論

Introduction to Circuits Theory

and Digital Electronics
許舒涵 (Shu-han Hsu)
成功大學 資訊工程系

Lecture 2 - Kirchhoff's Law & Circuits

What are circuits?
• Circuit: electrical components/elements connected with metal wires
(closed loop that carries electricity)
Breadboard Printed circuit board (PCB) Integrated circuit (IC)

• Circuit function
• Determined by which components are used and how they are interconnected
• Physical positioning of components has little effect
Images from Wikipedia
What is a circuit diagram?
• Shows how elements are connected
• Each element has a special symbol
• Lines are interconnecting wires
Nodes and Branches
• Node: point where two or more elements connect

Node

• Branch: path that contains two nodes which can deliver or absorb
energy
(short does not have circuit element)

(electrical4u.com)
 Circuit Diagram -Interconnecting wires have zero resistance
-Everywhere along node has same voltage

Node marked by the ground is the reference node

Circuit Diagram
• Indicate three meeting wires with a ∙ and crossovers without one

Or

Junction Crossover

• Avoid having four meeting wires in case the ∙ disappears

• Stagger the wires instead
Circuit Diagram
• Two conventions for + intersections:

(allaboutcircuits.com)

• *T intersections are always connected, so no confusion here

 Short Circuit, Open Circuit & Closed Circuit
Short circuit Open circuit
Closed circuit
(ex. wire) (ex. air)

• R = 0 → current path with no • R = ∞ → no current • Complete path where

resistance flows current is flowing
• Current will bypass load (resistor) • Voltage difference can • normal operating
and go through the wire (path of exist, as determined by condition
least resistance) the circuit
Circuit Loop and Mesh
• Loop: closed path in circuit
• Mesh: loop that has no other closed path inside

Loop

Mesh Mesh

(miniphysics.com)
 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
Kirchhoff’s Laws Interesting Fact:
Pioneer in spectroscopy
and black-body radiation

• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

• The algebraic sum of all the currents
entering any node in a circuit equals zero
෍𝐼 = 0

• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):

• The algebraic sum of all the voltages around
any loop in a circuit equals zero

෍𝑉 = 0 (todayinsci.com)
Notation: Node and Branch Voltages
• Use one node as the reference (the “common” or “ground” node) –
label it with a symbol
• The voltage drop from node x to the reference node is called the
node voltage 𝒗𝒙
• The voltage across a circuit element is defined as the difference
between the node voltages at its terminals
𝑅1
Example:

+_ 𝑣𝑠 𝑅2
Notation: Node and Branch Voltages
• Use one node as the reference (the “common” or “ground” node) –
label it with a symbol
• The voltage drop from node x to the reference node is called the
node voltage 𝒗𝒙
• The voltage across a circuit element is defined as the difference
between the node voltages at its terminals
𝑅1
Example: a b

+_ 𝑣𝑠 𝑅2

c
Reference node
Notation: Node and Branch Voltages
• Use one node as the reference (the “common” or “ground” node) –
label it with a symbol
• The voltage drop from node x to the reference node is called the
node voltage 𝒗𝒙
• The voltage across a circuit element is defined as the difference
between the node voltages at its terminals
_
+ 𝑣1
Example: a b

𝑅1 +
+
𝑣𝑎
+_ 𝑣𝑠 𝑅2 𝑣2
_ _

c
Reference node
Using Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Consider a node connecting several branches:

𝑖2
𝑖3
𝑖1

• Use reference directions to determine whether currents are “entering” or

“leaving” the node – with no concern about actual current directions
Using Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Charge cannot accumulate in a node
• What flows in, must flow out
• Analogous to the conservation of mass 𝑖2
𝑖3
𝑖1
Formulations of Kirchhoff’s Current Law
(Charge stored in node is zero)
Formulation 1:
Sum of currents entering node = sum of currents leaving node

Formulation 2:
Algebraic sum of currents entering node = 0 𝑖2
• Currents leaving are included with a minus sign 𝑖3
𝑖1
Formulation 3:
Algebraic sum of currents leaving node = 0
• Currents entering are included with a minus sign
A Major Implication of KCL
• KCL tells us that all the elements in a single branch carry the same
current
• We say these elements are connected in series

𝑖1 𝑖2

Current entering node = Current leaving node

𝑖1 = 𝑖2
 KCL Example
10 𝜇𝐴
Currents entering node: 24 𝜇𝐴 24 = 10 +(-4) + 𝑖
Currents leaving node: −4 𝜇𝐴 + 10𝜇𝐴 + 𝑖 𝑖 = 18 𝜇𝐴
24 𝜇𝐴
𝑖

3 formulations of KCL:
1. σIN 𝑖𝑖𝑛 = σ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡 : 24 = −4 + 10 + 𝑖 → 𝑖 = 18 𝜇𝐴
2. ෍ 𝑖𝑖𝑛 = 0 ∶ 24 − −4 − 10 − 𝑖 = 0 → 𝑖 = 18 𝜇𝐴 Equivalent
𝐴𝑙𝑙

3. ෍ 𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0 ∶ −24 − 4 + 10 + 𝑖 = 0 → 𝑖 = 18 𝜇𝐴
𝐴𝑙𝑙
Generalization of KCL
• The sum of currents entering/leaving a closed surface is zero. Circuit
branches can be inside this surface, i.e. the surface can enclose more
than one node!

𝑖1 𝑖2
This could be a big
chunk of a circuit,
e.g. a “black box”
𝑖4
𝑖3
 Example for Generalization of KCL

5 𝜇𝐴

2 𝜇𝐴 𝑖 =?
 Example for Generalization of KCL
Closed Surface

5 𝜇𝐴

2 𝜇𝐴 𝑖 =? ∴ 5 𝜇𝐴 + 2 𝜇𝐴 = 𝑖
Using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• Consider a branch which forms part of a loop: Closed loop:
Path beginning and
ending on the same
+ _ node
loop 𝑣1 loop 𝑣2
_
+

Moving from + to – Moving from - to +

Add 𝒗𝟏 Subtract 𝒗𝟐

• Use reference polarities to determine whether a voltage is dropped

• No concern about actual voltage polarities
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
• The algebraic sum of voltage changes taken around any loop in a
network is equal to zero
• Conservation of energy applied to electric circuits
+ 𝑣2 _ + 𝑣4 _
KVL around Loop 1 KVL around Loop 2
𝑣1 − 𝑣2 − 𝑣3 = 0 + + + 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 − 𝑣4 − 𝑣5 = 0
Loop 1 Loop 2
𝑣1 𝑣3 𝑣5
_ _
-
Formulations of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
(Conservation of energy) Sum of voltage changes
Formulation 1: around closed loop is zero
Sum of voltage drops around loop = sum of voltage rises
around loop + 𝑣2 _

Formulation 2: + +
Loop
Algebraic sum of voltage drops around loop = 0 𝑣1 𝑣3
_
• Voltage rises are included with a minus sign -
(Handy trick: Look at the first sign you encounter on each element when
tracing the loop)

Formulation 3:
Algebraic sum of voltage rises around loop = 0
• Voltage drops are included with a minus sign
A Major Implication of KVL
• KVL tells us that any set of elements which are connected at both
ends carry the same voltage
• We say these elements are connected in parallel

+ +
𝑣𝑎 𝑣𝑏
_ _

Applying KVL in the clockwise direction, starting at the top:

𝑣𝑎 − 𝑣𝑏 = 0 → 𝑣𝑎 = 𝑣𝑏
 KVL Example
_
+ 𝑣1 = 50V
෍ 𝑣𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 100 𝑉

+ + ෍ 𝑣𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3

𝑣𝑎 = 100 𝑉 𝑣2 = 30V = 50 + 30 + 20
_
- = 100 𝑉

_ 𝑣3 = 20V +
KVL Example
3.3𝑘Ω
+ 𝑣2 _
Determine the voltage, 𝑉2,
+_ + 𝑣3 = 12 𝑉
across the 3.3 𝑘Ω resistor
𝑣1 = 4 𝑉 _

Applying KVL:
𝑣1 − 𝑣2 − 𝑣3 = 0
𝑣2 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣3
𝑉1 and 𝑉3 are known:
𝑣1 = 4𝑉, 𝑣3 = 12𝑉
The negative sign indicates that the polarity of 𝑣2 is the
𝑣2 = −8𝑉 opposite of what was assumed
Alternative Statements of KVL
• For any node sequence A, B, C, D, … , M around a closed path, the
voltage drop from A to M is given by:
𝑣𝐴𝑀 = 𝑣𝐴𝐵 + 𝑣𝐵𝐶 + ⋯ + 𝑣𝐿𝑀
• For all pairs of nodes 𝑖 and 𝑗, the voltage drop from 𝑖 to 𝑗 is
𝑣𝑖𝑗 = 𝑣𝑖 − 𝑣𝑗
where the node voltages are measured with respect to the common
node.
Series Circuits
• Series-connected components
• Share one common node
• Nothing else connected to that node
• Connected end-to-end
• Equal current through each component

𝑅1
Resistors, 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 , and voltage source, 𝑣𝑠 ,
𝐼1 are all connected in series
+_ 𝑣𝑠 𝑅2
𝐼𝑠 𝐼2 𝑰𝒔 = 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐
Parallel Circuits
• Components in parallel
• Share two common nodes
• Connected side-by-side
• Equal voltage across each component

Resistors, 𝑅1 and 𝑅2, and voltage source,

𝑣𝑠, are all connected in parallel
+ +
+_ 𝑣𝑠 𝑅1 𝑣1 𝑅2 𝑣2
_ _ 𝒗𝒔 = 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒗𝟐
Series and Parallel
• Series connection: taking out one will “open circuit” the whole wire
𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑖3
𝑣𝐴 𝑣𝐵

• Parallel connection: taking out one circuit element does not affect
the whole circuit 𝑖1

𝑣𝐴 𝑖𝐴 𝑖2 𝑖𝐵 𝑣𝐵

𝑖3
 Question 1:
What is the simplified current source?
𝐼1 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2

𝐼2

𝐼1 𝐼2 ≡ 𝐼1 + 𝐼2

Analyze with KCL

 Question 2:
What is the simplified current source?
𝐼1 𝐼 = 𝐼1 − 𝐼2

𝐼2

𝐼1 𝐼2 ≡ 𝐼1 − 𝐼2

Analyze with KCL

Question 3:
What is the simplified current source?

𝐼2 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 
≡ 𝐼
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼 ✓
𝐼1
Resistors in Series
• Consider a circuit with multiple resistors connected in series.
• Find their “equivalent resistance”.

𝐼 • KCL tells us that the same current (𝑰) flows

through every resistor
𝑅1
• KVL tells us
+_
𝑣𝑠
𝑅2

𝑅3
 Resistors in Series
• Consider a circuit with multiple resistors connected in series.
• Find their “equivalent resistance”.

𝐼 • KCL tells us that the same current

𝑅1 + (𝑰) flows through every resistor
𝑣
_1 𝐼
+_ • KVL tells us +_ 𝑣𝑠 𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑣𝑠 + Simplify
𝑅2 𝑣_2 𝑣𝑠 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3
= 𝐼𝑅1 + 𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝑅3
+
𝑅3 𝑣3 = 𝐼(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 )
_
𝑣𝑠 R 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = ෍ 𝑅𝑖
= 𝐼 ෍ 𝑅𝑖 ⇒ 𝐼=
σ 𝑅𝑖

Equivalent resistance of resistors in series is the sum

Resistors in Series: Voltage Divider
Since 𝑣𝑠 = 𝐼 ෍ 𝑅𝑖
𝐼
𝑅1 +
𝑣_1 𝑣1 𝐼𝑅1
+_ Then =
𝑣𝑠 𝑣𝑠 𝐼 σ 𝑅𝑖
𝑅2 +
𝑣_2 𝑅1
=
𝑅3
+
𝑣3
𝐼 σ 𝑅𝑖
_ 𝑣𝑠 is divided into
𝑅1 𝑣1 : 𝑣2 : 𝑣3 in the
𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑠
σ 𝑅𝑖 proportions 𝑅1 : 𝑅2 : 𝑅3

𝑅𝑥
General form: 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣
σ 𝑅𝑖 𝑠
WHEN IS VOLTAGE DIVIDER FORMULA
CORRECT?
𝐼 𝐼
+ 𝑅1 +
𝑅1 𝑣_1 𝑣_1

+_ +_
𝑣𝑠 𝑣𝑠 +
𝑅2 + 𝑅2
𝑣_2 𝑣_2

+ 𝑖3
+
𝑅3 𝑣3 𝑅3 𝑣3
_ _ 𝑅4

𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑣2 = 𝑣 𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑠
σ 𝑅𝑖 𝑠 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 ∥ 𝑅4

Correct if nothing else Because 𝑅4 removes condition of

connected to nodes resistors in series (𝑖3 ≠ 𝐼)
Voltage Divider Example
Can you find 𝑣3 without knowing the
+
1𝑘Ω 𝑣_1 current passing through?
+_ 16 V
200Ω +
𝑣_2

300Ω
+
𝑣3
_
+
100Ω 𝑣_4
Voltage Divider Example
Can you find 𝑣3 without knowing the
+
1𝑘Ω 𝑣_1 current passing through?
+_ 16 V
200Ω + Ans:
𝑣_2

300Ω
+ 300Ω
𝑣3
_ 𝑣3 = 16𝑉 ×
1𝑘Ω + 200Ω + 300Ω + 100Ω
+
100Ω 𝑣_4
300Ω
𝑣3 = 16𝑉 × = 3𝑉
1.6𝑘Ω
 Resistors in Parallel
Consider a circuit with two resistors connected in parallel.
• KVL: same voltage dropped across
𝑥
each resistor
𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑉𝑥 = 𝐼1 𝑅1 = 𝐼2 𝑅2
𝐼𝑠
𝑅1 𝑅2 • KCL: 𝑉𝑥 𝑉𝑥 𝑉𝑥
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = + =
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅∥
If only 2 in parallel:
1 1 1 𝑅1 𝑅2
= + 𝑅∥ =
𝑅∥ 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
General Formula for Parallel Resistors
• What single resistance Req is equivalent to three resistors in parallel?
I I
+ +
𝑒𝑞
V 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 ≡ V 𝑅𝑒𝑞
_ _

1 1 1 1
= + +
1 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
Reminder: 𝐺 =
𝑅
𝐺𝑒𝑞 = 𝐺1 + 𝐺2 + 𝐺3
Equivalent conductance of resistors in parallel is the sum
 Series vs Parallel Resistor Check
• Adding a resistor in series to an existing resistor will INCREASE the
total resistance
R 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = ෍ 𝑅𝑖

• Adding a resistor in parallel to an existing resistor will REDUCE the

total resistance
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

more paths for the current

to pass through
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 Current Divider
𝑥
𝑉𝑥 = 𝐼1 𝑅1 = 𝐼𝑠 𝑅∥
𝐼1 𝐼2
𝐼𝑠 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅∥ =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2

𝑅2
Therefore, 𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑠 ×
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑅1
𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑠 ×
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Generalized Current Divider
Current splits among M resistors in parallel: +
𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼3
𝐼 𝐼𝑠 V
Formal approach: 𝑉 = 𝑅2 𝑅3
1
+ 1
+ 1 𝑅1 _
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

1
𝑉 𝑅3
𝐼3 = =𝐼 𝐺3
𝑅3 1
+ 1
+ 1 Note 𝐼3 = 𝐼
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝐺1 + 𝐺2 + 𝐺3
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2 /(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )
𝐼3 = 𝐼 =𝐼 Get this result by inspection?
𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅2 𝑅3 + 𝑅1 𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅2 /(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) + 𝑅3

Yes- Consider 𝑅1 𝑅2 as “one equivalent resistor”

𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2 /(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )
Then 𝐼3 = 𝐼 =𝐼
𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅2 /(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) + 𝑅3
 Current Divider Example
𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼3
Find 𝐼1 .
22 𝐴 300 Ω
200 Ω 100 Ω
 Current Divider Example
𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼3
Find 𝐼1 .
22 𝐴 300 Ω
200 Ω 100 Ω

Ans:
First, combine the 300 Ω and 100 Ω resistors in parallel

𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼3 𝐼1 𝐼2 + 𝐼3

22 𝐴 22 𝐴 75 Ω
200 Ω 300 Ω 100 Ω 200 Ω

1 1 −1
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = +
300 Ω 100 Ω = 75 Ω
 Current Divider Example
𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼3
Find 𝐼1 .
22 𝐴 300 Ω
200 Ω 100 Ω

Ans:
Next, apply the current divider equation:
𝑅2
𝐼1 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅1 +𝑅2

22 𝐴 75 Ω 𝐼1 = 22𝐴 75Ω
200 Ω 200Ω+75Ω

𝐼1 = 6𝐴
 Current Divider Example
𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼3
Find 𝐼1 .
22 𝐴 300 Ω
200 Ω 100 Ω

Ans:
Or, using conductances:
1
𝐼1 = 22𝐴 200Ω
1 1 1
+ +
200Ω 300Ω 100Ω

5𝑚𝑆
𝐼1 = 22𝐴 5𝑚𝑆+3.33𝑚𝑆+10𝑚𝑆

𝐼1 = 22𝐴 × 0.2727 = 6𝐴
 Using Equivalent Resistances
Simplify a circuit before applying KCL and/or KVL:
Example: Find 𝐼

𝐼 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 3𝑘Ω
𝑅1
𝑅3
𝑅3 = 6𝑘Ω
7𝑉 +_
𝑅2 𝑅4 = 𝑅5 = 5𝑘Ω

𝑅4
𝑅6 = 10𝑘Ω
𝑅6
𝑅5
 Using Equivalent Resistances
Simplify a circuit before applying KCL and/or KVL:
Example: Find 𝐼
6𝑘Ω
𝐼 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 3𝑘Ω
𝑅1 6𝑘Ω
𝑅3
𝑅3 = 6𝑘Ω
7𝑉 +_
𝑅2 𝑅4 = 𝑅5 = 5𝑘Ω

𝑅4
𝑅6 = 10𝑘Ω
𝑅6
𝑅5
 Using Equivalent Resistances
Simplify a circuit before applying KCL and/or KVL:
Example: Find 𝐼 3𝑘Ω
6𝑘Ω
𝐼 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 3𝑘Ω
𝑅1 6𝑘Ω
𝑅3
𝑅3 = 6𝑘Ω
7𝑉 +_
𝑅2 𝑅4 = 𝑅5 = 5𝑘Ω

𝑅4
𝑅6 = 10𝑘Ω
𝑅6
𝑅5
 Using Equivalent Resistances
Simplify a circuit before applying KCL and/or KVL:
Example: Find 𝐼 3𝑘Ω
6𝑘Ω
𝐼 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 3𝑘Ω
𝑅1 6𝑘Ω
𝑅3
𝑅3 = 6𝑘Ω
7𝑉 +_
𝑅2 𝑅4 = 𝑅5 = 5𝑘Ω

𝑅4
𝑅6 = 10𝑘Ω
𝑅6
𝑅5
8𝑘Ω
Current controlled voltage source (ccvs)
𝑖𝑏 𝑖𝑑
2Ω
+ 𝑉𝑏 _
What is 𝑖𝑑 ?
+_ 3V 3𝐴 _+ 1
𝑉𝑑 = − 𝑖𝑏
2
Current controlled voltage source (ccvs)
𝑖𝑏 𝑖𝑑
2Ω
+ 𝑉𝑏 _
What is 𝑖𝑑 ?
+_ 3V 3𝐴 _+ 1
𝑉𝑑 = − 𝑖𝑏
2

Ans: Looking here:

KCL: 𝑖𝑏 = 3 + 𝑖𝑑 3 − 𝑉𝑑 3 − −12𝑖𝑏
𝑖𝑏 = 𝑖𝑏 =
2 2
𝑖𝑑 = 𝑖𝑏 − 3 𝑖𝑏 = 2

Therefore, 𝑖𝑑 = 𝑖𝑏 − 3 = 2 − 3 = −1𝐴
Voltage controlled current source (vccs)
2Ω

𝑖1
+ What is 𝑖1 ?
+_ 4V 2Ω 𝑉𝑥 2 𝑉𝑥
_

4Ω
Voltage controlled current source (vccs)
2Ω 2 𝑉𝑥

𝑖1
+ What is 𝑖1 ?
+_ 4V 2Ω 𝑉𝑥 2 𝑉𝑥
_

4Ω

Ans:
𝑉𝑥 3𝑉𝑥
KCL: 𝑖1 + 2𝑉𝑥 = 𝑖1 = −
2 2
KVL: 4 = 2𝑖 + 𝑉
1 𝑥

𝑉𝑥 = −2𝑉, 𝑖1 = 3𝐴
Summary
• Node: point where two or more
circuit elements are connected
• Branch: path that contains two nodes
which can deliver or absorb energy
• Loop: formed by tracing a closed path Mesh
in a circuit through selected basic Loop
circuit elements without passing
through any intermediate node more
than once
• Mesh: loop that has no other closed
path inside
(electronics-tutorials.ws)
Summary
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
• The algebraic sum of all the currents entering any node in a circuit equals zero
• σ𝐼 = 0
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
• The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any loop in a circuit equals zero
• σ𝑉 = 0
Summary
• Equivalent resistance of k resistors in series:
• R 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = σ𝑘𝑖=1 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅𝑘
• Equivalent resistance of k resistors in parallel:
1 1 1 1 1
• = σ𝑘𝑖=1 = + + ⋯+
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅𝑖 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑘
𝐼 +
𝑅1 𝑣1
• Voltage divided between 2 series resistors: _+ 𝑣𝑠
_
R1 𝑅2 𝑣+
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑠 × _2
R1 + R 2
• Current divided between 2 parallel resistors: 𝐼1 𝐼2
𝑅2 𝐼𝑠
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑠 × 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅1 + 𝑅2