Final exam topics

● Epic, ballad, romance ✓

● Sonnet ✓
● Figures of speech ✓
● Novels and types of novel ✓
● Drama ✓
● Tragedy ✓
● Comedy ✓
● Stanza (types of stanza) ✓
● Old English Period ✓
● Medieval English Period ✓
● Courtly love tradition ✓
● Renaissance ✓
● Humanism before queen Elizabeth ✓
● The 17th Century ✓
● Meta poetry ✓
● King james bible ✓
● Civil war ✓
● 18th Century, Enlightenment
● Neoclassicism , age of reason
● Great fire, great plague ✓
● Romanticism, 19th Century, Victorian age
● Realism , aestheticism
● 20th century existentialism , modernism
 Epic: Long poems about achievements of a heroic figure.
examples:
*Beowulf
*John Milton - Paradise Lost

Romance: Narrative poetry about a knight.

examples:
*Sir Gawain and The Green Knight
*Sir Philip Sidney’s Arcadia

Ballad:
Comes from the italian word “Ballare”= to dance
Two types;
1. Traditional : A poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas.
2. Literary : A slow sentimental or romantic song.

Sonnet: It is a poem that has 14 lines. (8-6)

Comes from the italy “sonetto”= little song
*Most popular sonnet is 18. sonnet (shakespeare)
Edmund Spenser, W. Shakespeare, Sir Philip Sidney are forerunners.
The first major sonnet cycle in Eng. Lit is
*Sir Philip Sidney’s Astrophil and Stella

3 basic sonnet forms:

Shakespearean
Petrarchan
Spenserian

Figures of Speech :
Metaphor Blank Verse Paradox
Simile Imagery Alliteration
Onomatopoeia
Conceit Understatement Free Verse Assonance
Hyperbole Pun Oxymoron Satire
Allegory Euphemism Apostrophe Irony
Metaphor: Implicit comparison between two things.

Simile: Explicit comparison between two things.(like,such,as)

Conceit: Far fetched metaphor.

Assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds.

Alliteration: Repetition of consonant sounds.

Pun: A word play. (night-knight, sun-son)

Euphemism: Substitution of a mild expression for harsh

ones.

Paradox: Two contradictory terms are used, to give an idea.

(war is peace)

Oxymoron:Two contradictory terms are used, to give an

effect
(bittersweet)

Hyperbole: Saying more.

Understatement: Saying less than what is literally meant.

Apostrophe: The addressing of an absent person or a place,

an idea or abstraction. (O Romeo , Romeo)

Personification: The attribution of human feelings or

characteristics to abstractions or things.

Irony: What is said is in contradiction with what is meant.

1.Verbal irony
2.Dramatic irony (used in drama)
 ex:*Oedipus the king Sophocles.
3.Situational irony (used in films or drama)

Satire: way of writing.

-criticism of social norms.
-includes Hyperbole
Allegory: Way of writing.
-critique of social and political norms
-personification
ex: * G. Orwell-Animal Farm G. Chaucer-Canterbury tales

Imagery: A mental picture or concept.

visual (see)
olfactory (smell)
tactile (touch)
auditory (hearing)
gustatory (taste)

Onomatopoeia: words which sound like the noise they reflect.

(buzz) (fizz) (quack)

Blank Verse: It is a poetry written in iambic pentameter.

(has rhythm but no rhyme)

Free verse: It is a form of poetry which has not a regular rhyme or

rhythm. (no rhyme no rhythm)

Stanza and stanza forms

Stanza: It is a grouping of lines in poetry. (kıta)
➢ Couplet: A stanza form with two lines.
➢ Heroic Couplet
➢ Quatrain: A stanza form with four lines.
➢ Triplet: A stanza form with three lines.
➢ Terza Rima: A stanza form that uses sets of
three lines.
 ➢ Spenserian stanza: It is a stanza form with nine
lines in which the first eight lines in iambic
pentameter, the last line in iambic hexameter.
➢ Ottava Rima: It is a stanza form with 8 lines.

Novels and types of novel

Novel: It is an extended prose work, meaning fiction.
Novella: It is a collection of stories.
first novella: *Boccaccio-Decameron

In novel , we have;
♠Character ♠p.o.v.
♠plot ♠narrator
♠themes ♠setting
♠symbols
Types of Novel
Picaresque Novel: It is a type of adventure fiction story
focusing on a rogue character.
Example: Daniel Defoe - Moll Flanders

Epistolary Novel: It is a novel written as a series of

letters
(18. century)

Gothic Novel: It is a novel characterized by an

atmosphere of mystery and horror.
Examples:
*Horace Walpole-The Castle of Otranto
*Mary shelley-Frankenstein
*Jeanette Winterson- different

Realistic Novel: It is a genre consisting of stories that

could have actually occurred to people or animals.
(moralistic and didactic)
important writers:
*C. Dickens
 *Thomas Hardy
*Bronte Sisters
*Thomas Hardy
*Daniel Defoe

Stream of Consciousness: It is a genre focusing on the

mind of the character.

Utopian Novel: is a style of fiction that takes place in an

idealized world.
First example of genre : *Plato’s Republic
Examples:
*William Morris-News from nowhere
*Thomas More-Utopia

Anti Novel: It is a genre that lacks an obvious plot.

Magic Realism: It is a genre that depicts the real world.

Examples:
*One hundred years of solitude
*Angela Carter
*J.m. Coetzee-Waiting for the barbarians

Bildungsroman: A novel dealing with psychology or

morality.
Example:
*Thomas hardy- Jude the Obscure
*Charlotte Bronte-Jane Eyre

Drama
● Drama is a form of composition performed on a stage by
an actress or actors.
● Drama needs theater and theater needs drama.
● The roots of modern drama go back to Athens, Greece.
 ● Drama began with religious celebrations.
● The first city Dionysia is celebrated about 534bc and the
first winner Thespis.

Symbols; Laughing and weeping masks.

They are two symbols of the two ancient greek muses:
-Thalia muse of comedy
-Melpomene muse of tragedy

Ancient Dramatists: (first drama writers)

1. Aeschylus
● Father of Greek drama.
● He added a second actor on the stage and created a form
of dialogue.
● He developed drama into a form separated form;
singing, dancing or storytelling.
● He used the chorus effectively.

2.Sophocles
● Best known oedipus king.
● He acted in his own dramas.
● Increased the number of actors to 3 by reducing the
importance of chorus.
● Aristotle used Sophocles’ King Oedipus as the model for
his own analysis.
● though he wrote over 120 plays, only 7 complete
tragedies have survived.
Three of sophocles’ surviving plays: (trilogy)
1.King oedipus
2.Antigore
3.Oedipus at Colonus

3. Euripides
 ● Among the three ancient playwrights Euripides was
regarded as the most modern because he mixed comedy
and tragedy.
● He portrayed female characters sympathetically.

Tragedy
● It is the oldest form of drama.
● It brings death to the main character.
● The word tragedy comes from the greek word “tragos
ode” which means goat song.
● Goat was sacrificed before the beginning at tragic play at
the festival.
● Goat was given as a prize to the winner of the
competition.

Kinds of Tragedy
1. Senecan Tragedy
● Senecan tragedies were plays of ideas rather than action.
● The nine tragedies:
Hercules, Fureus, Medea, Troades, Phaedra, Agamemnon,
Oedipus, Octucus, Phoenissae, Thyestes,

2. Revenge
● Earliest instance of revenge tragedy is the *Orestein and
*Aeschylus.
● sometimes a villain rights a wrong
3. Domestic (bourgeois tragedy)
● family affairs
● The chief examples
*Thomas Kyd - Arden of Faversham
* Thomas Heywood’s A Woman killed with kindness
(1603)
 Comedy
● It is a form of drama.
● written to amuse its audience
● usually ends happily
2 period
1. Old Comedy
● Deals with the comedies whose characters are
recognizable contemporary figures.
● Aristophanes is the well-known master of old comedy.
● He wrote over 40 plays.

2. New Comedy
● Menander is the representative
● Based on bizarre situations incited by human lore.
● Characters are stock characters.

Types of Comedy
High Comedy
● Relies on words.
● Wit and sophisticated characters.

a)Romantic Comedy
● Developed by the Elizabethan dramatists.
● It includes a love affair; they unite happily at the end.
Example: William Shakespeare - As you like it

b)Satiric Comedy
● It ridiculous political, social or philosophical issues
● Through humor, it criticizes the deviations from norms
and standards.
Example: B. Jonson “Volpone”
c) Comedy of manners
● The characters are mostly from middle or upper classes.
● Themes mainly marital or sexual.
Example: Oscar wilde “The importance of being Earnest”

Low Comedy
● does not require much intellect
● mechanical manners, stock characters, bawdy jokes
a)Farce (saçmalık, absürt)
b)Commedia dell’Arte

OLD ENGLİSH PERİOD

Iberians: They were first comers to the island.

Celts: Then celtic invaders migrated from further East.

● they lived during the iron age.
● The word Celt comes from the Greek word “Keltai” which
means barbarians.

Romans: The Romans ruled the island 400 years and they made
contributions. They brought Christianity and Latin.

Anglo-Saxons: Britain was invaded by the representatives of three

Germanic tribes: Angles, saxons, jutes.
● Britain was called “England” by Angles which means “the land
of Angles”
● The King (chieftain) gathered a group of fighting men called
“retainers” or “thanes”. It was their duty to protect the king and
the land, as their return of their service the king rewarded
soldiers by giving gifts.
Vikings: Scandinavian invasion began with the raids along the
northeast seacoast. After a series of setbacks, Alfred defeated the
vikings at the battle of Edington in 878.
MIDDLE ENGLİSH PERIOD
● The Battle of Hastings (Norman Conquest) in 1066 is the end
of the Old English Period and the beginning of the Middle
English Period.
● The Duke of Normandy, William the conqueror became the
new king of the Middle English Period.
● Brought French culture.
● It was the great age of translation.

➢ Normans (upper class) spoke French

➢ Clergyman / Priest (middle class) spoke Latin.
➢ Anglo-saxons (lower class) spoke English.

Hundred years war

it’s between English and France.
France won.

War of Roses
France Between houses of Lancaster and York
red rose white rose
At the end of the war, the Tudor dynasty ruled England for the next
century.

Prose
Thomas Malory - The death of king Arthur
John Bunyan - The pilgrim's progress
Geoffrey Chaucer - The Canterbury Tales
William Langland - Piers Plowman
 RENAISSANCE
● Means re-birth, revival or re-awakening.
(after the long sleep of the middle age)
● Started in Italy, expanded through Germany and other
European countries.

Renaissance developed in different fields and countries;

➢ In Germany in the field of art and religion.
➢ In France, art and painting
➢ In England, literature

❖ In 1476, William Coxton established the first painting

house in Westminster. (beginning of Renaissance)

➔ Humanism (secular field)

*It signifies the dignity of man in this world.
*It is the opposition of the catholic church.
*Greek civilization and literature were important for the emergence
of humanism.
ex:Thomas More - Utopia

Bible Translation
Erasmus, the Dutch Humanist, published the first Greek New
Testament in Basel in 1516.This version served as the basis for
Martin Luther’s 1522 German version. His bible made a contribution
to the evolution of German language and literature.
-The rise of humanism inspired many translators.

➔ Reformation (religious field)

*It is a religious and philosophical movement.
*Emerged as a reaction to the ideas and doctrine of the medieval
church.
*Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses on the church door and it
began.
Great reformers: Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry 8

● Shakespeare - poetry, drama

● Thomas more - novel
● Edmund spenser - poetry
● F. Bacon - essay
● Sir philip sidney - essay, poetry

17. century
divided into 4 period
1. Jacobean age (James 1)
● He encouraged the church
2. Caroline age (Charles 1)
● He contradicts with the parliament.
● It caused the outbreak of civil war.
Battle of worcester
*Between the Cavaliers (supporters of charles 1 )
and the Roundheads (parliamentarians)
Roundheads win and charles executed
3. Interregnum (Richard cromwell)
● The period ends due to mismanagements of the
country by Cromwells.
4. Restoration (Charles 2)
● Monarchy was restored.
● He permitted the theaters, closed by Puritans, to
reopen.
*two terrible events took place in two years
successively;
1.Great Plague (london) (veba)
2.Great Fire (london)

King James Bible

● one of the most massive translation project
● most printed book in the history
● James 1 and 47 scholars.

Metaphysical poetry
● It emerged as a reaction to Elizabethan love poetry.
● love, human , fragility, god and religion..
● John Donne , Andrew Marvell , George Herbert
● John Milton - Paradise lost

Enlightenment Neoclassicism
● Society was more important than the individual.
● Rise of novel, satire was common
● William Orange and Mary ruled the country after the
escape of James 2.
● “The Glorious Revolution” william crossed the
english channel with a small army and no
bloodshed. (james burda kaçıyor)
● Deism was common
● Literature was simple, didactic and moralistic.
● ancient classics

Romanticism
● It was a reaction against neoclassicism
● individualism, nature, worship, primitivism.
 ● originally started in France

Modernism
● It came out as a rejection for 20th century optimism.
●

Existentialism