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Lecture 1 - Introduction

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preeto.pritam
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Khulna University of Engineering

& Technology

ECE 3205 : Digital Communications

Prof. Dr. Md. Faruque Hossain


Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering
KUET
Course Information
EEE 3205: Digital Communications Cr. Hrs. 3.00

• Instructor Prof. Dr. Md. Faruque Hossain


ECE, KUET
Phone: 01714087376
Email: [email protected]

• Syllabus Introduction to Digital Communication Systems: Digital


Communication Sources, Transmitters, Transmission Channels and
Receivers, Distortion, Noise and Interference.
Sampling: Nyquist Sampling Theory, Difficulties in Sampling
Process, Aliasing Effect, Reconstruction of Sampled Signals,
Sampling of Band Pass signal.
Pulse Modulation and Digital Signaling: Pulse Amplitude
Modulation (PAM), Bandwidth Requirements and Reconstruction
Methods, Pulse Time Modulation (PTM), Generation of PTM
Signals and Reconstruction Methods. 2
Course Information
• Syllabus Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Quantization Noise, Companding,
Differential PCM, Log PCM, Delta Modulation (DM), Adaptive DM,
Multiplexing: Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Synchronous TDM,
Statistical TDM, TDM Hierarchy, T1 and E1 PCM System,
Synchronization.
Line Codes and Spectra: Different Types of Line Codes and Spectra,
Eye Pattern, Regenerative Repeater.

Digital Modulation Techniques: Band Pass (modulated) Digital Data


Systems, ASK, PSK, DPSK and FSK. M-array Data Communication
Systems, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Systems, QPSK,
MSK, GMSK, OFDM. Application of Modem, Introduction to Spread
Spectrum System, FH-SS and DS-SS System.
Optimum Receiver Design: Detection-Error Probability (BER) for
Binary Communications, Optimum Threshold Detection, Matched Filter,
coherent and Non-coherent Detection. Performance in noisy channel,
BER for various modulations and line codes, Optimum Receiver. 3
Lectures
Introduction and Background Pulse Code Modulation
1. Data rate and bandwidth 8. PCM (1)
2. Signal degradation and noise 9. PCM (2)
3. Design parameters 10. DPCM
11. DM
12. ADM
Sampling & Pulse Modulation 13. Line Coding (1)
4. Sampling (1) 14. Line Coding (2)
5. Sampling (2)
6. PAM Multiplexing
7. PWM, PPM 15. TDM (1)
16. TDM (2)

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Learning Objectives
• Explain the principles of a communication system
• Discuss the nature of information, different types of signals involved
and their characteristics
• Make the distinction between Analog and Digital communication
systems
• Determine the need of modulation and differentiate various type of
modulation techniques in time, frequency domain
• Important steps in analog to digital conversion, PCM, PAM, PPM etc
• Discussion of principles and phenomenon related to physical layer of
communication systems

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About the Classes

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References
1. Modern Digital and Analog Communications Systems
- B. P. Lathi

2. Digital and Analog Communication Systems


- Leon W. Couch, II

3. Data and Computer Communication


- William Stallings

4. Communication Systems
- Simon Haykin

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References

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Significance of Human
Communication
• Communication is the process of exchanging information.

• Main barriers are language and distance.

• Methods of communication:
1. Face to face
2. Signals
3. Written word (letters)
4. Electrical innovations:
•Telegraph
•Telephone
•Radio
•Television
•Internet (computer)

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Milestones in Communication

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Milestones (2)

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Communication Systems

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Communication Systems
Input Transducer: The source originates a message, which could be
a human voice, a television picture or data. The source is converted by
an input transducer into an electrical waveform referred to as the
baseband signal or message signal.

Example: In electrical communications, speech waves are converted by a


microphone to voltage variation.

Transmitter: The transmitter processes the input baseband signal to produce a


signal suits to the characteristics of the transmission channel for efficient
transmission.

Signal processing for transmission almost always involves modulation and may
also include coding. In addition to modulation, other functions performed by
the transmitter are amplification, filtering, pre-emphasizer and coupling the
modulated signal to the channel.
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Why Modulation?
Modulation …
- Continuous carrier wave modulation
- Pulse modulation

Modulation is used in communication system for-


 Matching signal characteristics to channel characteristics.
 Reducing noise and interference.
 Simultaneously transmitting several signals over a single channel.
 Overcoming some equipment limitations.

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Communication Systems
Channel: The channel is a medium through which the transmitter output
is sent, which could be a wire, a coaxial cable, an optical fiber, or a radio
link, etc.
The signal undergoes some amount of degradation from noise, interference and
distortion

Receiver: The task of the receiver is to extract the desired signal from the
distorted and noisy received signal at the channel output and to convert it to a
form suitable for the output transducer.

The receiver may consist of a demodulator, a decoder, a filter, and a de-


emphasizer.

Output Transducer: The receiver output is fed to the output transducer, which
converts the electrical signal to its original form desired by system user.

Example: Loudspeaker, personal computer (PC), tape recorders.


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Noise, Interference and Distortion
• Noise
unwanted signals that coincide with the desired
signals.
Two types of noises: internal and external noise.

- Internal noise
Caused by internal devices/components in the circuits
–thermal noise, random emission in electronic circuits.
- External noise
noise that is generated outside the circuit.
E.g. atmospheric noise, solar noise, cosmic noise, man
made noise.
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Noise, Interference and Distortion
• Interference
 Contamination by extraneous signals from human
sources.
 e.g. from other transmitters, power lines and
machineries.
 Occurs most often in radio systems whose receiving
antennas usually intercept several signals at the same
time
 One type of noise.

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Noise, Interference and Distortion
• Distortion
 Signals or waves perturbation caused by imperfect
response of the system to the desired signal itself.
 May be corrected or reduced with the help of
equalizers.

Transmitters and receivers are carefully designed to


overcome the distortion and noise. The Goal of Physical
layer Communication System is to transmit information
accurately and efficiently (power and spectrum).
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Limitations in Communication System
• Technological problems
 Includes equipment availability, economic factors, federal
regulations and interaction with existing systems.
 Problem solved in theory, but perfect solutions may not be
practical.
• Physical limitations
Bandwidth limitation
 Measure of speed
 The system ability to follow signal variations depends on the
transmission bandwidth.
 Available bandwidth determines the maximum signal speed.
Noise limitation
 Unavoidable.
 Noise relative to an information signal is measured in
terms of signal to noise ratio (SNR). 19
Communication System Design
• Compromise within:
Transmission time and power
SNR performance
Cost of equipments
Channel capacity
Bandwidth

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Objectives of System Design

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