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Ethernet Slides

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24 views

Ethernet Slides

ethernet slides

Uploaded by

Shiv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Link Layer:

Ethernet -- Overview
Kameswari Chebrolu
Background
● Very successful and widely used technology (as
of 2010, market of $16 billion per year)
● Cheap: Only 5$ (300Rs) for 100Mbps
● Kept up with speed race: 10Mbps to 100Gbps
● IEEE 802.3 working group
– Many standards (different speeds, different
physical media)
History
● 1970’s: Metcalfe conceived the idea
● Up to early 1990’s: Bus topology based on co-axial
cable
– Thicknet (10Base5)
– Thinnet (10Base2)
● Media Access Control: CSMA/CD
Metcalfe’s Ethernet sketch
Problems with Bus Topology
● Co-axial cables were expensive
● Break/Fault in co-axial cable affects all nodes
● Adding/removing nodes disrupts the entire
network
● Cabling Issues lead to star topology
Star Topology
● Connect via hub or switch
Hub or Switch
● 10BaseT, 100BaseT (Fast
Ethernet), 1000BaseT
(Gigabit Ethernet)
– Based on twisted pair cables
– Low cost, reliable, easy
management/troubleshooting
Hub
● Physical layer repeater: bits from one link sent
out on all other links at same rate after boosting
up the energy
 No frame buffering
 No MAC protocol (CSMA/CD) at hub
Interconnecting Hubs
● Can increases reach
● Cannot connect 10BaseT with 100BaseT

One big collision domain


Restrictions
● Can increase distance but many restrictions
– 10BaseT: terminal to hub 100m; at most 4
repeaters; network diameter 500m
– 10Base5: terminal to hub 500m; at most 4
repeaters; network diameter 2.5km
– 100BaseT: terminal to hub 200m; at most 2
repeaters; network diameter 200m
– Maximum number of hosts: 1024
Layer-2 Switch
● Also called Ethernet Bridge
● Most used configuration
● Transfers frames from an input to an
output link
– Runs MAC protocol on each interface
– Buffer packets
– Break up collision domains
– Can switch speeds (10Mbps, 100Mbps)
Interconnection with Switch

Hub Switch Hub

Hub

Three separate collision domains


Modes of operation
● Shared Mode (Half-duplex)
– Employs MAC protocol
● Full duplex mode
– Separate wires for transmission and
reception
– No need for MAC
– Works only on point-to-point links
Ethernet Service
● Connectionless: No handshaking between
sender and receiver
● Unreliable: Does not provide any means for
recovering lost frames
– If application needs reliability, it needs to employ
TCP
Ethernet Frame Structure
● Preamble: Sequence of alternating 1’s and 0’s
for synchronization
– 10BaseT: Manchester encoding
● SFD: 10101011 (start frame delimiter)
● Source and Destination addresses: 48 bit MAC
address
56 8 48 48 16 32
Dest Src
Preamble SFD Type Data CRC
address address
Ethernet Frame Structure
● Type: Demultiplexing key – specifies which
higher layer protocol the packet is intended
● Data: IP payload
– Minimum 46 bytes and up to 1500 bytes
● CRC: Error Detection
● Inter Frame Gap: 96 bits (12 bytes)
56 8 48 48 16 32
Dest Src
Preamble SFD Type Data CRC
address address
Ethernet Address
● Unique address belonging to the adaptor
– Each manufacturer allocated different prefix
– E.g. Intel: C4-85-08 (C4-85-08-30-33-48)
● In normal mode, an adaptor passes up frames if
– Addressed to it (Unicast)
– Broadcast address (all 1’s)
– Multicast address (first bit is 1) if it belongs to the group
and adaptor appropriately configured
Summary
● Ethernet underwent significant evolution over
the years
– Speed increased by 10,000 times
– Variety of media (coaxial, twisted pair, fiber optics)
– Switching circumvented need for MAC
– Many standards to cater to various versions
– Only constant: frame format
● Going Forward: CSMA/CD MAC

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