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Chapter 6 - Mechanical Properties and Behavior

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14 views21 pages

Chapter 6 - Mechanical Properties and Behavior

Uploaded by

k.ghanem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Science and Engineering

of Materials, 4th ed
Donald R. Askeland – Pradeep P. Phulé

Chapter 6 – Mechanical Properties and Behavior

1
Chapter 6 Outline
 6.1 Technological Significance
 6.2 The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress-Strain Diagram
 6.3 Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test
 6.4 Hardness of Materials
 6.5 Impact Behavior
 6.6 Fatigue
 6.7 Creep

2
Section 6.1
Technological Significance

Aircraft, such as the one shown here,


The materials used in sports equipment must be
makes use of aluminum alloys and
lightweight, stiff, tough, and impact resistant.
carbon-fiber-reinforced composites.

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Section 6.2
The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress-Strain Diagram

A unidirectional force is applied to a specimen in the tensile test by means of the moveable
crosshead. The cross-head movement can be performed using screws or a hydraulic mechanism.

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Section 6.3
Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test
 Engineering stress - The applied load, or force, divided by the original
cross-sectional area of the material.

 Engineering strain - The amount that a material deforms per unit length in a
tensile test.

 Yield strength - The level of stress above which a material begins to show
permanent deformation.

 Tensile strength - The stress that corresponds to the maximum load in a


tensile test.

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 Stiffness - A measure of a material’s resistance to elastic deformation.
Stiffness is the slope of a load-displacement curve and is proportional to the
elastic modulus. It depends on the geometry of the component under
consideration, whereas the elastic modulus is a materials property. The
inverse of stiffness is known as compliance.

 Shear modulus (G) - The slope of the linear part of the shear stress-shear
strain curve in the elastic region.

 Hooke’s law - The linear-relationship between stress and strain in the elastic
portion of the stress-strain curve.

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 Necking - Local deformation causing a reduction in the cross-sectional
area of a tensile specimen. Many ductile materials show this behavior.
The engineering stress begins to decrease at the onset of necking.

 Poisson’s ratio - The negative of the ratio between the lateral and
longitudinal strains in the elastic region.

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 Modulus of resilience (Er) - The maximum elastic energy absorbed by a
material when a load is applied.

 Tensile toughness - The area under the true stress–true strain tensile test
curve. It is a measure of the energy required to cause fracture under tensile
test conditions.

 Ductility - The ability of a material to be permanently deformed without


breaking when a force is applied.

 Glass temperature (Tg) is a temperature above which many polymers and


inorganic glasses no longer behave as brittle materials.

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Ductile Materials Brittle Materials

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(a) Determining the 0.2% offset yield strength in gray cast iron,
and (b) upper and lower yield point behavior in a low-carbon steel.

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Comparison of the elastic behavior
of steel and aluminum. For a given
stress, aluminum deforms elastically
three times as much as does steel.

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The effect of temperance (a) on the stress-strain curve and (b) on the tensile properties of
an aluminum alloy.

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Section 6.4 Hardness of Materials
 Hardness test - Measures the resistance of a material to penetration by a
sharp object.

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Section 6.5
Impact Behavior
 Impact test - Measures the ability of a material to absorb the sudden
application of a load without breaking.

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Section 6.6 Fatigue
 Fatigue - The lowering of strength or failure of a material due to repetitive
stress which may be above or below the yield strength.

 Rotating cantilever beam test

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 S-N curve (also known as the Wöhler curve) - A graph showing stress as a
function of number of cycles in fatigue.

The stress-number of cycles to failure (S-N) curves for a tool steel and an aluminum alloy.

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Section 6.7 Creep
 Creep - A time dependent, permanent deformation at high temperatures,
occurring at constant load or constant stress.
 Creep test - Measures the resistance of a material to deformation and
failure when subjected to a static load below the yield strength at an
elevated temperature.

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