‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحیم‬

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Internet
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History of Internet
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Technical components of internet
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Infrastructure
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Key services and Application
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Cybersecurity and Privacy
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Advantages and Disadvantages

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 Internet
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The internet is a global network that connects
millions of computers and devices, allowing them to
communicate and share information instantly.
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This vast “network of networks” enables data to be
transferred around the world via interconnected
physical infrastructure such as fiber-optic cables,
routers, and data centers ...

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 History of Internet
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Visionaries and early research: The Internet's roots
trace back to the 1950s and 1960s, inspired by
concept from visionary thinkers.
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Packet switching: in the mid-1960s, researchers like
Paul Baran in the U.S. and Donald Davies in the UK
pioneered packet switching a method of breaking
data into small “Packets” that could travel
independently across networks, allowing for more
efficient and resilient data transfer.

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 History of Internet

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ARPANET: Stand for “Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network” was the first operational packet-
switching network and widely considered the
precursor to the modern internet. It was developed in
the late 1960s by the “ARPA” an agency of the U.S
Department of Defense, which is now called “DARPA”
(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.)

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 History of Internet
Key Points About ARPANET
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Purpose: The main goal of ARPANET was to connect
computers across different locations allowing researchers
and government agencies to communicate and share
information.
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The first connection : The first ARPANET link was establish
on October 29, 1969 between computers at the University
of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and the Stanford Research
Institute (SRI). The first message attempted was “LOGIN”
but only the letters “LO” was transmitted before the system
crashed.
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 TCP/IP protocol development
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To facilitate communication between diverse
networks, ARPANET researchers, especially Vint Cerf
and Bob Kahn, developed the Transmission Control
Protocol/ Internet Protocol. TCP/IP provided
standardized way to send and receive data, which
became the foundation protocol for ARPANET and
later the internet. In 1983 ARPANET officially adopted
TCP/IP as its standard, making it compatible with
other emerging networks.

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 ARPANET’s Legacy

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ARPANET demonstrated the feasibility fo large scale
computer networks and set many of the technical
foundation of today’s internet, including packet-
switching, TCP/IP and a decentralized structure. It
also introduced concept such as email and remote
login, both of which are fundamental to today’s
online communication.

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 Technical components of internet
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Technical components of internet are:
1. Protocols:
. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol): Fundamental protocols that control how data is
split into packets and sent across networks.
. HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): The
primary protocol for web bowsing. HTTPS adds an
encryption layer for secure communication.
. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files
between computers.
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 Technical components of internet
. DNS (Domain Name System): Translate human-
readable names into IP addresses, enabling easy
website access.
2. IP Addresses:
. IPv4 and IPv6: IPv4, which uses 32 bit addresses , is
limited to about 4.3 billion addresses, leading to the
development of IPv6 with 138 bit addresses.

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 Technical components of internet

3. Routers and Servers:

. Routers: Devices that direct data packets through the
network to reach their destination efficiently.
. Servers: Powerful computers that store websites,
applications, and other data handling request from client
devices.

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 Infrastructure

1. Physical Infrastructure:
➢ Fiber Optic Cables: High speed cables made of
glass fibers, transmitting data via light signals. Major
submarine cables connect continents.
➢ Data Centers: Facilities housing thousands of
servers, handling data storage, and processing. They
are essential for cloud computing and large-scale
applications.

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 Infrastructure
➢
ISPs (Internet Service Providers): Companies
that provide users access to the internet. Examples
include Comcast, the Verizon, and smaller regional
providers.
➢
IXPs (Internet Exchange Points): Physical
Locations where multiple networks connect, reducing
the cost and time of data exchange.

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 Functioning of the Internet
➔
Packet Switching: The process of breaking down
data into smaller packets that travel independently,
taking the fastest route, and reassembling at the
destination.
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Client-Server Model: The standard model for data
exchange. The client request data, and the server
responds by delivering it.

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 Key Services and Application's
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World Wide Web (WWW):
. Explain how it organizes content via web pages
linked together by hyperlinks.
. Describe the roles of web browsers (e.g.,
Chrome,Safari) and search engines (e.g., Google,
Bing) .
✔
E-commerce and Online Banking: cover the
security protocol (like SSL/TLS ) and payment
systems that make online transaction secure.
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 Key Services and Application's
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Email: one of the earliest internet application. Explain
protocol like SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for
sending and POP3/IMAP for emails.
✔
Social Media: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram that allow for global social interaction.
Cover how these platforms have transformed
communication, news, and advertising.
✔
Streaming and Gaming: Explore how the internet
facilitate real-time access to video, music, and online
gaming.
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 Cybersecurity and Privacy
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Encryption: Techniques like HTTPS and VPNs
(Virtual Private Networks) protect data in transmit by
encrypting it, making it harder to intercept or tamper
with.
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Cybersecurity Measures:
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Firewalls: Protect networks by filtering incoming and
outgoing traffic.
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Antivirus Software: Detects and removes malicious
software.
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 Cybersecurity and Privacy
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Common Threats:
. Malware: Describe different types such as viruses,
ransomware, and spyware.
. Phishing: Social engineering attacks that trick
users into providing sensitive information.
. D DoS Attacks (Distributed denial of Services):
Overloading a server with requests to make it
unavailable.

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 How The Internet Works
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Data Transmission: The internet sends information in
the form of small data packets, which travel across
networks using standard set of rules, or protocols. The
most common is TCP/IP which breaks data into packets,
routs them, and reassembles them at the destination.
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Client-Server Model: when you access a website or
app, your device (the client) sends a request to a
remote server. The server processes the request and
respond with the information or service you requested.
Such as webpage or file.
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 Impact on Society
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Communication: Enables instant messaging, video
calls, and social networking globally
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Education and Learning: Online resources and
courses make information and education widely
accessible.
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Economic Impact: E-commerce, online banking, and
remote work have transformed the global economy.
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Social Impact: Influences culture, politics, and
relationship, and has enabled new forms of digital
activism
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 Advantages of Internet

1. Access to Information
i. Vast Knowledge base: The internet provides an almost
limitless source of information on any topic imaginable,
from science and history to art and culture.
ii. Real-Time Updates: News, Weather, and other
information are available instantly, keeping users up to
date
iii.Educational Resources: free and paid courses, e-book
research papers, and tutorials make learning more
accessible to people worldwide.
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 Advantages of Internet
2. Communication and Connectivity:
i. Instant Messaging and Emails: Allows for instant
communication across long distance, making it easy to stay in
touch with familyu, friends, and colleagues.
ii.Video Calls and Conferencing: Video conferencing tools
(e.g Zoom, Google Meet) allow for face-to-face communication
in real time, supporting remote work and learning.
iii.Social Media and Networking: Platforms like Facebook
Twitter, and linkedln enable people to connect, share
experiences, and network globally.
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 Advantages of Internet
3. convenience and Efficiency:
i. Online Shopping and E-commerce: users can shop, pay
bills, and conduct financial transactions online, saving
time and travel.
ii. Remote Work and Collaboration: the internet enables
remote work, allowing teams to collaborate,through tools
like Google Workspace, Microsoft Teams, and Slack.
iii.Cloud Storage and Access: Services like Google drive and
Dropbox allow files to be stored online and accessed form
any where.
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Advantages of Internet

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