BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
BMT206 BIOPHYSICS
PCC 4 0 0 4

Preamble: The subject deals with the study of bio potentials, their generation and different
techniques for their measurement. It also includes the study of basic principle and working of
diagnostic equipments.

Prerequisite: Nil

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Understand the mechanism of cell potentials, generation and propagation of neuronal

impulses.
CO 2 To study about the generation and characteristics of various bio potentials and their
principles of acquisition.
CO 3 To study about skin impedance and various electrodes used for the acquisition of
signals.

CO 4 Helps to gain knowledge about the different types of radiation as well as their useful
and harmful effects in human beings
CO 5 T o explore the basic engineering principles of diagnostic equipments.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
1 10 11 12
CO 1 3 1 1 1 1 2
CO 2 3 1 3 1 1 1 3
CO 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 3
CO 4 3 1 3 1 1 1 3
CO 5 3 1 3 1 1 1 3

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester Examination

1 2
Remember 10 10 10
Understand 20 20 20
Apply 20 20 70
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
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Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE Duration

Marks

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Describe about action potential, resting membrane potentials and Na+-K +pump.

2. State Nernst potential and Goldman Hodgkin Katz equation

3. Define nerve impulses and synapses

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Describe the working and method of acquisition of ECG, EEG and EMG.

2. Describe about arrhythmias, evoked potentials and electrical activity of muscles.

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Explain skin contact impedance ,electrode tissue interface, electrode electrolyte and electrolyte
skin interface

2. Describe various electrode used for the acquisition of signals.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. State law of radioactive decay

2. Describe half life period, interaction of radiation with matter.

3. Explain the production of X-ray.

4. Describe various radiation therapies.

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Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Explain the underlying engineering principles for the designing of medical equipments such as
pacemaker, X-ray, ECG, EEG.

Model Question paper

PART A

Answer all questions

1. Illustrate and explain Goldman Hodkin equation.

2. Differentiate between EPSP &IPSP.

3. Draw and explain PQRS waveform.

4. What are arrhythmias?

5. What is evoked potential?

6. Name some of the EEG wave forms.

7. Write some of the applications of EMG.

8. Expand ENG, ERG and EOG.

9. State law of Radioactivity.

10. What is half life period?

PART B

Answer any one from the OR questions

1. a) Write the equation to find Nernst potential and explain.(4)

b) Make short note on

a) Electrode-tissue interfaces (4)

b) Electrode-electrolyte and electrolyte-skin interfaces (4)

OR

2. a) Differentiate between chemical and electrical synapse. (6)

b) Explain different types of neurotransmitters. (8)

3 a) Make short notes on natural & ectopic pacemakers. (8)

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b) Describe various Artefacts that occur in ECG recording. (6)

OR

4 a) Illustrate and explain with neat diagram the Lead system in ECG recording (12)

b) What is mean by biphasic recording of ECG signals?(2)

5 a) Name some of EEG waveforms and explain them briefly (6)

b) Explain EEG with block diagram. (8)

OR

6 a) Explain in detail about 10-20 lead systems. (10)

b) What are the applications for taking EEG?

7 a) Explain the working of EMG with neat diagram. (8)

b) Describe in detail about electrical activity of muscle. (6)

OR

8. a) Name and explain some of the electrodes used for acquiring EEG signals (5)

b) Explain myoelectric control system (9)

9. a)Distinguish between continuous and line spectra of X-ray emission. (7)

b) Explain briefly about the interaction of radiation with matter. (7)

10. Make a detailed note on two methods of production of X-rays.

a) Discharge tube method (7)

b) Coolidge tube method (7)

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Syllabus

Module 1

Excitable cells, Polarized state, Nernst potential, Goldman Hodgkin Katz equation .Synapses
& Neuronal Integration: Synapses – electrical & chemical synapses, excitatory & inhibitory
synapses. Synaptic potentials – EPSP & IPSP. Post synaptic integration – types
Neurotransmitters – types. Electrode-tissue interfaces - electrode-electrolyte and electrolyte-
skin interfaces. Skin contact impedance.

Module 2

Electrocardiogram: Generation of ECG, pacemakers – natural & ectopic, waveforms and

their significance. Recording of bio potentials – monophasic & biphasic recording - Lead
systems in ECG. Diagnostics value of ECG, ECG machine – Block diagram - Artifacts in
ECG recording. Arrhythmias – rate abnormalities, AV conduction block, premature
contractions, flutter, fibrillation.

Module 3

Electroencephalogram - brain waves, sleep stages, Abnormal EEGs – epilepsy. Measurement

of EEG - 10-20 electrode system, block diagram of EEG machine. Applications of EEG.
Evoked potentials – visual, auditory & somatosensory – applications.

Module 4

Electrical activity of muscles- EMG. Measurement of EMG - block diagram of EMG

machine. Applications of EMG - myoelectric control system. Electrodes for measurement of
bio potentials– ECG, EEG & EMG electrodes. Basics of other bio potentials – ENG, ERG,
EOG, EGG.

Module 5

Radioactivity -units -radio emission - law of radioactive decay, half life period, detection of
radioactivity or measurement methods - interaction of radiation with matter, applications. X
rays – Production – discharge tube and Coolidge tube methods, x-ray spectra –continuous
and line spectra, factors determining the x-ray emission. Electromagnetic radiation and
applications. Radiation therapies (cyber knife, Intensity-modulated radiation therapy,
Stereotactic radio surgery, Image-guided radiation therapy.) –uses, types and side effects

Text Books

1. Arthur C. Guyton “Textbook of Medical Physiology”, Prism Books (Pvt) Ltd & W.B. Saunders
Company.1991
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2. R S Khandpur”Handbook of Medical Instrumentation”, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.2005.

Reference Books

1. W.J. Meredith & J.B. Massey, “Fundamental Physics of radiology”, Varghese Publishing
House, Bombay, 1992

2. John G. Webster: “Medical Instrumentation -Application and Design” ; Houghton Mifflin

Co., Boston.1992

3. Geddes & Baker, “Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation”, John Wiley 3 rd

edition 1989

4. D.J. Aidley: “The Physiology of Excitable cells”, 3rd Ed., Cambridge University Press.
1998

5. Webb, S. (ed) “The Physics of Medical Imaging”, Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol,
1992.

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No Topic No. of Lectures
1 Cell potentials ,Synapses and Neuronal Integration
1.1 Excitable cells, Polarized state, Nernst potential, Goldman 2
Hodgkin Katz equation.

1.2 Synapses & Neuronal Integration: Synapses – electrical & 2

chemical synapses, excitatory & inhibitory synapses.
1.3 Synaptic potentials – EPSP & IPSP. Neurotransmitters – types. 2
Post synaptic integration – types.

1.4 Electrode-tissue interfaces - electrode-electrolyte and electrolyte- 2

skin interfaces. Skin contact impedance.

2 ECG
2.1 Generation of ECG, pacemakers – natural & ectopic, waveforms 3
and their significance. Diagnostics value of ECG.
2.2 Recording of bio potentials – monophasic & biphasic recording - 2
Lead systems in ECG.
2.3 ECG machine – Block diagram - Artifacts in ECG recording 2
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2.4 Arrhythmias – rate abnormalities, AV conduction block, 2
premature contractions, flutter, fibrillation
3 EEG
3.1 Electroencephalogram - brain waves, sleep stages, Abnormal 2
EEGs – epilepsy
3.2 Measurement of EEG - 10-20 electrode system, block diagram of 3
EEG machine
3.3 Applications of EEG. Evoked potentials – visual, auditory & 3
somatosensory – applications.
4 EMG & Electrodes For Recording Bio potentials
4.1 Measurement of EMG - block diagram of EMG machine. 3
Applications of EMG
4.2 Myoelectric control system 1
4.3 ECG, EEG & EMG electrodes 2
4.4 Electrode-tissue interfaces - electrode-electrolyte and electrolyte- 2
skin interfaces. Skin contact impedance
4.5 ENG, ERG, EOG, EGG. 2
5 Radioactivity& X rays
5.1 Radioactivity -units -radio emission - law of radioactive decay, 3
half life period detection of radioactivity or measurement methods
- interaction of radiation with matter
5.2 Law of radioactive decay, half life period - interaction of radiation 2
with matter
5.3 Discharge tube and Coolidge tube methods 1

5.4 X-ray spectra and factors determining the x-ray emission, 2

Electromagnetic radiation and applications

5.5 Radiation therapies (cyber knife, Intensity-modulated radiation 2

therapy, Stereotactic radio surgery, Image-guided radiation
therapy etc) –uses, types and side effects