Junior Problems

J655. Find all pairs (p, q) of primes such that

2
p2 q + 1 = (n + 1)! + n! + 1

for some positive integer n.

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

J656. Prove that for any positive real numbers a, b, c

a b c 81(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

+ + + ≥ 3.
b+c c+a a+b 16(a + b + c)3

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

J657. Let ABCD be a square of side a and center O and M be a point in the plane such that
max{M A, M C} = √12 (M B + M D). Evaluate OM.

Proposed by Mihaela Berindeanu, Bucharest, România

J658. Solve in positive real numbers the system of equations

(log x)(log y) = log(xy)

(log y)(log z) = log(1000yz)
(log z)(log x) = log(zx),

where log means log10 .

Proposed by Adrian Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

J659. Find all pairs (m, n) of nonegative integers such that 2n + 3m + 4 is a perfect square.

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

J660. Solve in positive integers the equation

 2
2 2 x+y
x − xy + y = +6 .
2

Proposed by Adrian Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

Mathematical Reflections 2 (2024) 1

 Senior Problems

S655. Evaluate the product

π 5π 13π 17π 19π 31π
sin sin sin sin sin sin
42 42 42 42 42 42

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

S656. Let ABC be a triangle with semi-perimeter s and area K. Prove that the circle of diameter BC is
tangent to the incircle if and only if
1 1 s
+ =
s−b s−c K

Proposed by Mihaela Berindeanu, Bucharest, România

S657. Solve in prime numbers the equation

p6 + q 6 + r6 + 2 = s3 − t3 .

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

S658. Let ABC be a triangle whose side lengths satisfy the condition a + b + c = 2. Prove that
r r r
a b c
2
+ 2
+ 2
≥ 2.
a + bc b + ca c + ab

Proposed by Vasile Cîrtoaje, Petroleum-Oil University, Ploieşti, România

S659. Let a, b, c be non-negative real numbers such that a + b + c = 1. Find the greatest constant λ such that
the following inequality holds

(a) a2 + b2 + c2 + λabc ≤ 1.
(b) a3 + b3 + c3 + λabc ≤ 1.

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

S660. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that

1 − 2(a + b + c) + 3(ab + bc + ca) − 4abc = 0.

Prove that
1 1 1
+ + + 56(a + b + c) ≥ 54.
a b c

Proposed by Marius Stănean, Zalău, România

Mathematical Reflections 2 (2024) 2

 Undergraduate Problems

U655. Let n be a positive integer non congruent to 1 (mod 3) and let z be a root of unity of order 2n+1 − 1.
Evaluate
n
(Re(z) − 1/2) Re(z 2 ) − 1/2 Re(z 4 ) − 1/2 · · · Re(z 2 ) − 1/2 .

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

U656. Let K ⊂ L be fields such that the equation z 2 − z + 1 = 0 has no roots in K.Assume that x, y ∈ LK
such that x2 + 2y, y 2 + 2x, xy ∈ K. Prove that K(x) = K(y) .

Proposed by Mircea Becheanu, Canada and Mihaela Berindeanu, România

U657. Evaluate
3−(i+j)
P
1≤i<j≤n
lim ln2 (n + k) ·
(ij)−1
P
n→∞
1≤i<j≤n

Proposed by Mihaela Berindeanu, Bucharest, România

U658. Find all the quadruples (a, b, c, d) of positive integers that simultaneously verify the equations

3a! + b = 19c and 3a + 4b! = 19d .

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, USA and Marian Tetiva, România

U659. Evaluate 
1/p 

lim n sin (2πn)p + 2p π p np−1 p − nπ(1 − p).
n→∞

Proposed by Perfetti Paolo, Università degli studi di Tor Vergata Roma, Italy

U660. Let n ≥ 2 be an integer and a ∈ (−2, 2) a real number.

(1) Prove that the matrix equation X 2 + aX + In = On has a solution in the ring Mn (C).
(2) Prove that the equation has a solution in Mn (R) if and only if n is even.
(3) Prove that in each of the above situations the equation has infinitely many solutions.

Proposed by Dorin Andrica, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, România

Mathematical Reflections 2 (2024) 3

 Olympiad Problems

O655. Let a, b, and dn , n = 1, 2, . . . be integers such that a is nonzero and relatively prime to every dn , n ≥ 1,
and, also, dn and dn+1 are relatively prime for every n ≥ 2. Prove that there exists a permutation
c1 , c2 , . . . of the numbers an + b, n = 1, 2, . . . such that dn divides c1 + · · · + cn for any positive
integer n.

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, USA and Marian Tetiva, România

O656. Let n ≥ 2 be an integer. Find the largest integer k such that

2
a21 + a22 + · · · + a2n

a1 + a2 + · · · + ak
≥
k n

for all nonnegative real numbers ai which satisfy a1 ≥ a2 ≥ · · · ≥ an .

Proposed by Vasile Cîrtoaje, Petroleum-Oil University, Ploieşti, România

O657. Let p1 = 2, p2 = 3, . . . be the increasing sequence of all primes. Prove that a sequence q1 , q2 , . . .
of distinct primes can be found such that q1 + · · · + qn is divisible by pn for every n ≥ 1.

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, USA and Marian Tetiva, România

O658. Prove that there are infinitely many positive integers a such that

a! + (a + 2)! | (2a + 2)!

Proposed by Navid Safaei, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

O659. Let ABC be a triangle and let M be any point inside the triangle. Denote by x, y, z the distance from
M to sides BC, CA, AB respectively. Prove that
p
abc(ayz + bzx + cxy)
min{M A, M B, M C} ≤ ≤ max{M A, M B, M C}
2S
where S is the area of triangle ABC.

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

O660. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that

1 − 2(a + b + c) + 3(ab + bc + ca) − 4abc = 0.

Prove that
1 1 1 33
+ + + 32 ≥ .
a b c a+b+c
When does equality hold?

Proposed by Marius Stănean, Zalău, România

Mathematical Reflections 2 (2024) 4