.

Department of Bioengineering Timed Remote Assessments – 2020-21

MODEL ANSWERS and MARKING SCHEME

Examiners: Sam Au (Questions 1, 2), Choon Hwai Yap (Questions 3, 4)

Paper: Bioengineering Science 2 (Heat and Mass Transport 2)

Question 1: (8 sub-parts, totalling 100 marks)

For parts a-e, we will approximate a capillary blood vessel as a very long 10 µm
diameter rigid hollow cylinder. The ratio of advective to diffusive mass transport
is defined by the Péclet number given by::
Lv
𝐷
Assume fully developed flow, and that the diffusivity of oxygen through blood is 𝐷 =1.0 x
10-5 cm2/s.

a. Blood initially flows through the vessel at 0.10 mm/s. Determine whether
advective or diffusive mass transport dominates in this system. Justify
your answer.
m
Lv (10x10−6 m)(1.0x10−4 )
s
𝑃𝑒 = = =1[5]
𝐷 1.0𝑥10−9 𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑁𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟[5], 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑒 = 1
Students can calculate with r not D to arrive at Pe = 0.5, but neither still
dominates as 0.5 is not <<< 1

10 marks
b. Assume that when the numerical value of the dimensionless ratio listed
above exceeds 100, that advection dominates mass transport. For what
fluid velocities can we safely ignore diffusive mass transport?

𝑚2
Pe𝐷 (100)(1.0𝑥10−9 )
𝑠
v= L
= (10x10−6 m)
=0.010m/s = 10mm/s [5]
v > 10 mm/s [5]
Students can calculate with r (v>20mm/s for full marks)

10 marks

c. A different dimensionless number is defined as the ratio of thermal

diffusivity to mass diffusivity. Give the mathematical definition of this
number using only the following: D – solute diffusivity, k – thermal
conductivity, cp – specific heat capacity (at constant pressure) and ρ –
mass density AND show that this number has no physical units.
 k⁄
ρcp k
𝑜𝑟 [5]
𝐷 𝐷ρcp
𝐽
𝑠 𝑚 𝐾 , 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 [5]
𝑚2 𝑘𝑔 𝐽
𝑠 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔𝐾

10 marks

d. The mass transport in a system is advection dominated. Using

dimensionless numbers, prove that when the dimensionless number
described in part d is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1, that the
heat transport in the system is also dominated by advection.

Lv
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝐷
Lv
𝑃𝑒𝐻𝑇 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 α = k⁄ρcp , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
α
α 𝑃𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑒 = ∴ 𝑃𝑒𝐻𝑇 = [5]
𝐷 𝐿𝑒

when Le = 1, 𝑃𝑒𝐻𝑇 = 𝑃𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑒 ≫ 1
∴ 𝑃𝑒𝐻𝑇 ≫ 1, 𝐻. 𝑇. 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 [5]
𝑃𝑒
lim → 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑃𝑒𝐻𝑇
𝐿𝑒→0 𝐿𝑒
∴ 𝑃𝑒𝐻𝑇 ≫ 1, 𝐻. 𝑇. 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 [5]
𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 1/𝐿𝑒

15 marks

e. A bacterium travels within a steady 2-D temperature field given by:

T = Asin(x) + Bcos(y)

At time 0, the bacterium has an x velocity of vx0 and a y velocity of vy0 and
accelerates in the x direction at a rate of -k and in the y direction at a rate
of kt. Assume the bacterium is infinitely small in relation to the fluid field.
By calculation, which of the following describes the time rate change of
the temperature experienced by the bacterium? You do not need to show
your work, marks will be awarded for correct answers only.

Calculate x & y components of velocity:

20 marks

A. −𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) − 𝑘𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦)
𝑘𝑡 2
B. 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)( 𝑣𝑥0 − 𝑘𝑡) + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦) ( 𝑣𝑦0 + 2
)
𝑘𝑡 2
C. 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)( 𝑣𝑥0 − 𝑘𝑡) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦) ( 𝑣𝑦0 + 2
)
𝑘𝑡 2
D. 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)( 𝑣𝑥0 − 𝑘𝑡) − 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦) ( 𝑣𝑦0 + 2
)
E. 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
 𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= −𝑘 , 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶 → 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑣𝑥0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑘𝑡 2 𝑘𝑡 2
= 𝑘𝑡 , 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = + 𝐶 → 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑦 = + 𝑣𝑦0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2 2
𝐷𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 → = + (𝑣 ∙ ∇)𝑇
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝐷𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑘𝑡 2
= 0 + 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 = (−𝑘𝑡 + 𝑣𝑥0 )(𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)) + ( + 𝑣𝑦0 ) (−𝐵 sin(𝑦))
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝐷𝑇 𝑘𝑡 2
= 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)( 𝑣𝑥0 − 𝑘𝑡) − 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦) ( 𝑣𝑦0 + )
𝐷𝑡 2

Answer is D [20]

f. A cylindrical bacterium (L in length and R in radius) consumes a

metabolite at a uniform and constant volumetric rate Ṡ. It sits within a
stationary fluid with metabolite concentration (C∞) with mass transport
coefficient km. Determine the steady state concentration of the metabolite
inside the bacterium.

∂ ∂
∫ 𝐶 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ Ṡ𝑉 𝑑𝑉 − ∮ (𝑗𝐷 ∙ 𝒏)𝑑𝐴 − ∮ 𝐶 (𝒗 ∙ 𝒏)𝑑𝐴 [5]
∂t 𝐶𝑉 ∂t 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑆

Steady state no flow across control surface

∂
∫ Ṡ 𝑑𝑉 = ∮ (𝑗𝐷 ∙ 𝒏)𝑑𝐴
∂t 𝐶𝑉 𝑉 𝐶𝑆

Ṡ (𝜋𝑅2 𝐿) = 𝑘𝑚 (𝐶 − 𝐶∞ )(2𝜋𝑅𝐿 + 2𝜋𝑅2 )[5]

Ṡ (𝜋𝑅2 𝐿) Ṡ (𝑅𝐿)
𝐶 = 2𝑘 2 + 𝐶∞ OR simplified into this or similar forms: 𝐶 = 2𝑘 + 𝐶∞ [10]
𝑚 (𝜋𝑅𝐿+𝜋𝑅 ) 𝑚 (𝐿+𝑅)
20 marks

g. Your professor questions whether you can assume that the concentration
of metabolite in the bacterium in part g can be assumed uniform. a) write
the mathematical expression for the mass transfer Biot number (Bim).
Under what values of Bim is your assumption valid?

ℎ
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐵𝑖 = 𝐿
𝑘
𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑚
𝐵𝑖𝑚 = 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝑅 [10]
𝐷 𝐷
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐵𝑖𝑚 ≪ 1[5]

15 marks

Question total: 100 marks

Question 2: (5 sub-parts, totalling 100 marks)

For parts a-c, consider a spherical element of fissionable material with radius Rf and
thermal conductivity kf surrounded by a spherical shell of cladding with radius Rc and
thermal conductivity kc surrounded by coolant at temperature T0. The temperature in the
centre of the sphere is TM.

The nuclear reaction occurring in the inner sphere produces energy at a volumetric
energy production rate (Ṡv) according to the following parabolic function:

𝑟 2
Ṡv = Ṡ0 (1 + 𝑏 ( ) )
R𝐹

Where Ṡ0 is the volumetric rate of heat production at the centre of the sphere (constant), b is
a dimensionless constant, r is radial distance from the centre of the sphere.

a) Which of the following describes the temperature inside the cladding (outer
sphere) as a function of radial distance at steady state? C1 and C2 are
constants of integration. You do not need to show your work, marks will
be awarded for correct answers only.

A. T𝑐 (𝑟) = C1
C
B. T𝑐 (𝑟) = − 21 + C2
𝑟
C1
C. T𝑐 (𝑟) = − + C2 𝑟
k𝑐 𝑟 2
C1
D. T𝑐 (𝑟) = − + C2
𝑟
E. 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

20 marks
First, we recognise that to determine the internal temperature within the sphere, we
should use the differential form of the heat equation. We can neglect time dependent
and advective and generation terms.

ì ¶T ü ·
rcp í
î ¶t
(
+ v · Ñ T ý = k Ñ T + Sv
þ
2
)
1 𝑑 𝑑T𝑐
k𝑐 2 (r 2 ) =0
r 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Integrating yields

𝑑T𝑐 C3
= 2
𝑑𝑟 r
C1
T𝑐 (𝑟) = − + C2
𝑟
Answer is D [20]

b) Which of the following describes the temperature inside the sphere

undergoing fission as a function of radial distance at steady state? C 3 and
C4 are constants of integration. You do not need to show your work,
marks will be awarded for correct answers only.

−Ṡ0 R𝑓 2 1 𝑟 2 𝑏 𝑟 4 C3
A. T𝐹 (𝑟) = ( ( ) + ( ) )− + C4
k𝑓 6 R𝐹 20 R𝐹 𝑟2
−Ṡ0 R𝑓 2 𝑟 2 3𝑏 𝑟 4 C
B. T𝐹 (𝑟) = (( ) + ( ) ) − 3 + C4
6k𝑓 R𝐹 10 R𝐹 𝑟
−Ṡ0 𝑟 2 3𝑏 C
C. T𝐹 (𝑟) = (( ) + 2 𝑟 4 ) − 3 + C4
6k𝑓 6 10R𝐹 𝑟
2
Ṡ0 R
𝑓 1 𝑟 2 𝑏 𝑟 4 C 3
D. T𝐹 (𝑟) = ( ( ) + ( ) )− 2 + C4
k𝑓 6 R𝐹 20 R𝐹 𝑟
E. 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
30 marks
Similar to part A we use the differential form of heat equation. We can neglect time
dependent and advective terms only however.

ì ¶T ü ·
rcp í
î ¶t
(
+ v · Ñ T ý = k Ñ 2T + Sv
þ
)
This leaves us with
𝑘∇2 𝑇 = −Ṡv
Applying a spherical Laplacian we end up with:

1 𝑑 2
𝑑T𝐹
k𝑓 ( r ) = −Ṡv
r2 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Simplify and substitute

𝑑 𝑑T𝐹 −r 2 𝑟 2
(r 2 ) = Ṡ0 (1 + 𝑏 ( ) )
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 k𝑓 R𝐹

Integrating twice yields:

−Ṡ 0 R 𝑓 2 𝑟 2 3𝑏 𝑟 4 C3
T𝐹 (𝑟) = (( ) + ( ) ) − + C4
6k 𝑓 R𝐹 10 R 𝐹 𝑟
Answer is B [30]

c) Write out four boundary conditions that can be used to solve the constants
of integration above. You do not need to solve the constants of integration
nor do you need to show your work. Each boundary conditions should be
written in the following format:

20 marks

at r = _____, _____ = ______

Any 4 of the following, no more than 20 marks total

1. at r = 0, T = TM [5]
𝑑T
2. at r = 0, = 0 [5]
𝑑𝑟
3. at r = Rf, Tf = Tc [5]
𝑑T𝑓 𝑑T
4. at r = Rf, −k𝑓 = −k 𝑐 𝑑𝑟𝑐 [5]
𝑑𝑟
5. at r = Rc, T = T0 [5]
𝑑T
6. at r = Rc, -k 𝑐 𝑐 = ℎ(𝑇 − T0 )[5]
𝑑𝑟

For parts d-e, you engineer a new protective gel that is designed to inhibit toxins from
entering patients through open wounds. Consider an aqueous solution containing toxin
at concentration C0 that is separated from vital organs by a layer of protective gel of
thickness Lg & toxin diffusivity Dg and a layer of interstitial fluid Ld and toxin diffusivity Dd.
Let the concentration of toxin at the boundary of toxin and gel be C 1 and the
concentration at the boundary of interstitial fluid and vital organ be C2. Assume the toxin
solution is well mixed and that you can neglect bulk flows and advection throughout.
 d) What is the overall mass transport resistance of the toxin through the
layers on a patch of area A?

10 Marks

For each layer, via diffusion resistance is equal to:

𝐿
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒[5]
𝐷𝐴

Because the two are in series, we simply add the resistances up.

𝐿𝑔 𝐿𝑑
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = [5] +
𝐷𝑔 𝐴 𝐷𝑑 𝐴
Students may include toxin layer in resistance and still receive full
marks
e) You want to know how thick of a gel layer is required to prevent toxin from
accumulating in the vital organ to a dangerous concentration. Write an
expression for the thickness required of the gel layer to achieve a
concentration of C2 or less using the variables provided in the problem
statement.

20 Marks

First let’s write the flow through each section via diffusion:

(𝐶1 − 𝐶0 )
𝐽𝑔 = −𝐷𝑔 𝐴 [5](𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠)
𝐿𝑔
(𝐶2 − 𝐶1 )
𝐽𝑑 = −𝐷𝑑 𝐴 [5](𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠)
𝐿𝑑
Notice that everything that passes through the gel layer must also pass through the
interstitial fluid layer
𝐽𝑔 = 𝐽𝑑
 (𝐶1 − 𝐶0 ) (𝐶2 − 𝐶1 )
𝐷𝑔 𝐴 = 𝐷𝑑 𝐴 [5]
𝐿𝑔 𝐿𝑑

𝐷𝑔 (𝐶1 − 𝐶0 )
𝐿𝑔 = 𝐿𝑑 [5]
𝐷𝑑 (𝐶2 − 𝐶1 )
Question total: 100 marks

Question 3: (4 sub-parts, totalling 100 marks)

Suppose you are a bioengineer working with a dialysis machine manufacturer,
evaluating the machine design. In the design, the tubing carrying blood from the
artery to the dialyser and then to the vein has length (L) of 2m, and diameter (D) of
2.5mm. You want to determine if a heater is needed to warm the blood before re-
entry to the body at the vein. Below is a table of potentially useful parameters
(assume that these parameters are not dependent on temperature)

Arterial blood pressure, 𝑃𝑎 90 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

Venous blood pressure, 𝑃𝑣 10 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

Conversion from mmHg to Pa 𝑃𝑎

133.3
𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

Thermal conductivity of blood, 𝑘 𝑊

0.624
𝑚. 𝐾
Thermal diffusivity, 𝛼 𝑚2
1.63 × 10−7
𝑠
Specific heat capacity of blood, 𝑐𝑝 𝐽
3617
𝐾. 𝑘𝑔

Prantl number of blood, 𝑃𝑟 0.478

Density of blood, 𝜌 𝑘𝑔
1060
𝑚3
Dynamic viscosity of blood, 𝜇 3.5 × 10−3 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠
Room temperature 25𝑜 𝐶
Body blood temperature 37𝑜 𝐶

a) Assuming the other components of the dialyser circuit do not have any flow
resistance, calculate the Reynolds number of the circuit.

Hint: Hagen-Poiseuille equation states that the volume flow rate is a function of pressure
difference (∆𝑃) and flow resistance (𝑅):
∆𝑃
𝑄=
𝑅
Where resistance is
8𝜇𝐿
𝑅= 4
𝜋𝑟
Where 𝑟 is the radius of the tubing.

10 marks

Use Hagen Poiseuille equation,

∆𝑃 ∆𝑃𝜋𝑟 4
𝑄= =
𝑅 8𝜇𝐿

Volume flow rate, Q, decreases linearly with increasing length, L, and increases with
increasing radius, r, at the 4th power of r.

When length=2m, and diameter=0.0025m,

0.0025
(90 − 10) × 133.3 𝑃𝑎 × 3.14 × ( 𝑚)^4
𝑄= 2 = 1.461 × 10−6 𝑚3 /𝑠
−3
8 × 3.5 × 10 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠 × 2𝑚

Average velocity, v, is thus,

𝑄
𝑣= = 0.298 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋𝑟 2
The Reynolds number is thus:

𝜌𝑉𝐷 1060𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 × 0.298 𝑚/𝑠 × 0.0025/2𝑚

𝑅𝑒 = = = 213
𝜇 3.5 × 10−3 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠

b) Estimate the mean temperature of blood at the end of the tubing just before re-
entry into the body. Assume the entire tubing contains flow that is fully developed
(because the flow development entrance length is small compared to the whole
length of the tubing). Assume that the tubing inner surface has a constant
temperature equal to that of the room.
40 marks

From the Reynolds number, the flow is laminar.

Thus, in the fully developed tubing flow, Nusselt number is constant at 3.66, and the
average Nusselt across the entire tubing is also 3.66.
̅̅̅̅ = 3.66
𝑁𝑢 = 𝑁𝑢

This means that heat transfer coefficient, h, is

 ℎ̅𝐷
̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢 =
𝑘
̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢 𝑘 3.66 × 0.0025 𝑊
ℎ̅ = = = 913.5 2
𝐷 0.624 𝑚 𝐾
20 marks for getting this concept

The temperature equation is

∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝜋𝐷𝐿 𝜋𝐷𝐿
= exp (− ℎ̅) = exp (− ℎ̅)
∆𝑇𝑖𝑛 𝑚̇𝑐𝑝 𝜌𝑄𝑐𝑝

Where ∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚

∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 3.14 × 0.0025 × 2

= exp (− × 913.5) = 0.0771
∆𝑇𝑖𝑛 1060 × 1.46 × 10−6

∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑚,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 25𝑜 𝐶 = 0.0771(25 − 37)𝑜 𝐶 = 0.93𝑜 𝐶

𝑇𝑚,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 25.93𝑜 𝐶

20 marks for solving getting this concept

The mean blood temperature at the end of the tubing is only 25.93 degrees Celsius,
having lost 92.3% of its heat.
Partial credits given based on perceived understanding of student of material

c) Calculate the rate of heat energy lost from the blood to the surrounding, in Watts.
20 marks

By conservation of energy, heat loss can be calculated from temperature difference

and flow rate:

𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 𝑚̇𝑐𝑝 (∆𝑇𝑖𝑛 − ∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 𝜌𝑄𝑐𝑝 (∆𝑇𝑖𝑛 − ∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 1060 × 1.46 × 10−6 × 3617 × (12𝑜 𝐶 − 0.93𝑜 𝐶) = 62 𝑊

Amount of heat loss is 62 W.
Important to show understanding of energy balance to solve this problem
Partial credits given based on perceived student understanding of material

d) Show mathematically, whether the following design changes will increase or

decrease the rate of heat loss (from blood to surrounding)?
1. Increasing the length of the tubing
2. Increasing the diameter of the tubing
3. Adding a roller pump to double the flow rate
30 marks

̅̅̅̅𝑘
𝑁𝑢 1
ℎ̅ = → ℎ̅~
𝐷 𝐷

∆𝑃 ∆𝑃𝜋𝑟 4 𝐷4
𝑄= = → 𝑄~
𝑅 8𝜇𝐿 𝐿

𝜋𝐷𝐿 𝐷𝐿 1 𝐿2
∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝑇𝑖𝑛 exp (− ℎ̅) ~exp (− 4 )~ exp (− 4 )
𝜌𝑄𝑐𝑝 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
𝐿

∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑚,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 25𝑜𝐶

So, the mean outflowing blood temperature, 𝑇𝑚,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ,

𝐿2
𝑇𝑚,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ~ exp (− )
𝐷4

𝐿2
Increasing length of tubing will decrease exp (− 𝐷4), and decrease ∆𝑇𝑚,𝑜𝑢𝑡 , thus the
amount of heat loss is higher for each unit volume of blood passing through.
However, flow rate of blood is lower, so the overall heat loss could be lower or higher
depending on the relative magnitude of these 2 effects
𝐿2
Increasing diameter of tubing will increase exp (− 𝐷4), and increase ∆𝑇𝑚,𝑜𝑢𝑡 , thus the
amount of heat loss is lower for each unit volume of blood passing through. However,
flow rate would have increased, and thus the overall heat loss could be higher or
lower depending on the relative magnitude of these 2 effects.
Increasing flow rate will increase ∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 , and thus the amount of heat loss is lower for
each unit volume of blood passing through. However, since more blood is passing
through, the overall heat loss could be higher or lower depending on the relative
magnitude of these 2 effects.
 Full marks are given where justifications
for either increase or decrease are provided.

Question total: 100 marks

Question 4: (3 sub-parts, totalling 100 marks)

During blood draw for donation, a needle connected to rubber tubing is used to
transport blood out from the body. The needle is made of material 1, while the
tubing is made of material 2. The walls of the needle and tubing are initially at the
ambient temperature, but are being warmed up as blood starts to flow into them.
We will analyse the temperature dynamics of the needle and tubing walls.

We may assume that air around the tubing and needle is a very effective insulator
with no convection. We may also assume that for the short length of the tubing
and needle, blood temperature drops negligibly before reaching the blood bag,
and we can effectively ignore variations of temperature in the z-direction
(direction of flow). Parameters are:

Needle diameter 2 𝑚𝑚
Needle wall thickness 1 𝑚𝑚
Tubing diameter 3 𝑚𝑚
Tubing wall thickness 2 𝑚𝑚
Ambient temperature 25𝑜 𝐶
Blood temperature 37𝑜 𝐶
Thermal conductivity of blood, 𝑘𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑊
0.6
𝑚. 𝐾
Thermal conductivity of material 1, 𝑘1 𝑊
42
𝑚. 𝐾
Thermal conductivity of material 2, 𝑘2 𝑊
0.5
𝑚. 𝐾
Heat convection coefficient of blood flow in the 𝑊
1140
needle, ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑚2 . 𝐾
Heat convection coefficient of blood flow in the 𝑊
760
tubing, ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚2 . 𝐾

Thermal diffusivity of blood, 𝛼 𝑚2

1.63 × 10−7
𝑠
Specific heat capacity of blood, 𝑐𝑝 𝐽
3617
𝐾. 𝑘𝑔
 Specific heat capacity of material 1, 𝑐𝑝1 𝐽
420
𝐾. 𝑘𝑔

Specific heat capacity of material 1, 𝑐𝑝2 𝐽

2005
𝐾. 𝑘𝑔

Density of blood, 𝜌𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑘𝑔

1060
𝑚3
Density of material 1, 𝜌1 𝑘𝑔
7850
𝑚3
Density of material 2, 𝜌2 𝑘𝑔
1100
𝑚3
Dynamic viscosity of blood, 𝜇 3.5 × 10−3 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠

a) Using an order of magnitude analysis, state and justify whether you will expect
that there will be negligible temperature difference across the wall of the needle
and across the wall of the tubing (temperature from outer diameter to inner
diameter) as they warm up?
30 marks

We can use the Biot number to justify this. For needle:

ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑙𝑒 1140 × 0.001
𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑙𝑒 = = = 0.027 ≪ 1
𝑘1 42

So, the walls of the needle will have very small temperature difference across its
thickness

For tubing:
ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 760 × 0.002
𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = = 3.0 ≫ 1
𝑘2 0.5

So, the walls of the tubing will have large temperature difference across its thickness
Partial credits given based on perceived student understanding of material

b) For the needle, develop an equation describing the wall temperature (at the
location mid-way between the outer and inner diameter) versus time. Sketch the
temperature of this point in the needle wall over time. Calculate how long it will
take for this point to reach 30oC.
45 marks
 Let r1 = radius of inner wall, and r2=radius of outer wall.

Since temperature is largely the same everywhere in the wall, we do not need to
model variation of T with r, and we can call the temperature 𝑇𝑤 . The rate of change of
heat energy in the wall equals to the convected heat.
𝜕𝑇𝑤
𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑉 = −ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 )
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑇𝑤
𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝜋(𝑟22 − 𝑟12 )𝐿 = −2ℎ𝜋𝑟1 𝐿(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 )
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑇𝑤 ℎ 2𝑟1
=− (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 )
𝜕𝑡 𝜌𝑐𝑝 (𝑟2 − 𝑟12 ) 𝑤
2

Or:
𝜕𝑇𝑤 1
= − (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 )
𝜕𝑡 𝜏
Where
𝜌𝑐𝑝 (𝑟22 − 𝑟12 ) 7850 × 420 × (0.0022 − 0.0012 )
𝜏= = = 4.33
2ℎ𝑟1 2 × 1140 × 0.001

Using the solution in class:

𝑇 − 𝑇𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑇 − 37 𝑡
= = exp (− )
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 25 − 37 𝜏

𝑇 = −12 exp(−0.23𝑡) + 37

The sketch is
When T=30oC, solve for t, and we should get t = 2.34 seconds.
Partial credits given based on perceived student understanding of material

c) Since material 2 conducts heat slower than material 1, and the tubing wall is
thicker, the temperature field over time in the tubing wall will be quite different
from that in the needle wall. Write the governing equation and boundary
conditions for solving for temperature as a function of time and location. Do not
solve the equation. The cylindrical coordinate form of the Laplacian expression
may be helpful:
1𝜕 𝜕𝐶 1 𝜕2 𝐶 𝜕2𝐶
∇2 𝐶 = (𝑟 ) + 2 2 + 2
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
25 marks

The axis convention is:

The governing equation of heat transfer is:

𝜕𝑇
𝜌𝑐𝑝 ( + 𝑣 ∙ ∇𝑇) = 𝑘∇2 𝑇 + 𝑆̇
𝜕𝑡
No convective term or heat source, so:
𝜕𝑇
𝜌𝑐𝑝 = 𝑘∇2 𝑇
𝜕𝑡

Express the Laplacian in cylindrical form:

 1𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕2 𝑇 𝜕2𝑇
∇2 𝑇 = (𝑟 ) + 2 2 + 2
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
But since there’s axissymmetry, and we are assuming no temperature gradient in the
z direction,
1𝜕 𝜕𝑇
∇2 𝑇 = (𝑟 )
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟

As such:
𝜕𝑇 1𝜕 𝜕𝑇
=𝛼 (𝑟 )
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝑘
Where 𝛼 = 𝜌𝑐 is the thermal diffusivity
𝑝

21 marks for stating the correct equation.

The boundary conditions are:

(𝑘∇𝑇)𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = ℎ(𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 − 𝑇𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 )
(𝑘∇𝑇)𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0

Or
𝜕𝑇
(𝑘 ) = 760(𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 − 37)
𝜕𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝜕𝑇
(𝑘 ) =0
𝜕𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
2 marks for each boundary conditions.

Question total: 100 marks