For Binding Final Pages Deleted

UTILIZING IRRIGATION SYSTEM AS ELECTRICITY SOURCE
IN RICE FIELD HOUSES IN BRAULIO E. DUJALI,

DAVAO DEL NORTE
BALTAZAR, ANGEL FERRO D.

GIANGAN, CESAR LOUIS S.
MARTINEZ, JAMES ANGELO L.
PRADO, MELVIN S.
REYES, ERSIND YOUIE V.
June 2024
Republic of the Philippines
University of Southeastern Philippines
College Of Engineering
Declaration of Originality
We, ANGEL FERRO D. BALTAZAR, CESAR LOUIS S. GIANGAN,

JAMES ANGELO L. MARTINEZ, MELVIN S. PRADO, and ERSIND
YOUIE V. REYES, declare that this capstone project entitled “UTILIZING
IRRIGATION SYSTEM AS ELECTRICITY SOURCE IN RICE FIELD
HOUSES IN BRAULIO E. DUJALI, DAVAO DEL NORTE”, is original to
the best of our knowledge. We declare further that this activity was undertaken by
the undersigned.
PRADO, MELVIN S.

Researchers
June 2024
ii
ABSTRACT
ANGEL FERRO D. BALTAZAR, CESAR LOUIS S. GIANGAN, JAMES

ANGELO L. MARTINEZ, MELVIN S. PRADO, ERSIND YOUIE V. REYES,
College of Engineering, University of Southeastern Philippines, Obrero, Davao City,
June 2024, Utilizing Irrigation System as Electricity Sources in Rice Field Houses
in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao Del Norte
Adviser: Nikka Samantha A. Basan, REE, RME
The rising global demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources has
motivated the development of inventive strategies to harness the previously unexplored
potential of natural resources. Within the agricultural industry, there exists a significant
potential to harness energy from water bodies utilized for irrigation, namely in rice
fields. The researchers have devised the title “Utilizing Irrigation System as Electricity
Sources in Rice Field Houses in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao Del Norte" to develop a
prototype that enables farmers to transport electricity through water. The objective of
this study's prototype was to harness transformed energy for the purpose of providing
electrical access. Additionally, it sought to evaluate the efficiency and sustainability of
the device in supplying power. The researchers employed the same principle of a
bladeless turbine particularly the SETUR (or Sedlacek's Vortex Turbine) in the context
of hydropower. The researchers obtained the required data for analysis through
conducting 3 trials, which was determined using the arithmetic mean. The system
produced an average of 8.86 watts and determined the maximum output voltage to be
191 volts to power lights and radios in 5 rice field homes. The researchers deemed the
overall research endeavor to be successful and have put up proposals for enhancing the
prototype in the future.
Keywords: Renewable energy, irrigation system, hydroelectric power, bladeless

turbine, vortex.
iii
UTILIZING IRRIGATION SYSTEM AS ELECTRICITY SOURCE
INRICE FIELD HOUSES IN BRAULIO E. DUJALI,
DAVAO DEL NORTE
A Capstone Project
Presented to
The Faculty of College of Engineering
Obrero, Davao City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

PRADO, MELVIN S.
June 2024
iv
APPROVAL SHEET
The capstone project entitled "Utilizing Irrigation System as Electricity Source in

Rice Field Houses in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao Del Norte" prepared and submitted by
Angel Ferro D. Baltazar, Cesar Louis S. Giangan, James Angelo L. Martinez,
Melvin S. Prado, and Ersind Youie V. Reyes, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering, is hereby
recommended for approval and acceptance.
NIKKA SAMANTHA A. BASAN

Adviser
Approved by the Capstone Project Advisory Committee:
RICARDO FORBES L. ABEAR

Chairperson
CHARITO O. CLARO RANDY M. TONGSON

Member Member
Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Bachelor of

Science in Electrical Engineering
DALIA M. RECONALLA
Dean
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to extend sincere thanks and gratitude to the
following persons who have contributed and supported in the fulfillment of this study.
To their study's adviser, Nikka Samantha A. Basan, REE for her support and
priceless advice, patience, and recommendations, all of which were crucial to the study's
successful completion. The panelists, led by Ricardo Forbes L. Abear, REE who
challenged and contributed ideas to their study, along with Charito O. Claro, PEE, and
Randy M. Tongson, MEE were equally significant.
They would also like to thank Dean, Dalia M. Reconalla, Ph.D., for imparting
support in their study.
They would also like to thank, Jose Russel D. Lapore for giving his potential
in fabricating their prototype, his contributions made the biggest impact to the success
of their study.
They also want to sincerely thank their families for their unwavering support—
financially, morally, spiritually, and emotionally. Throughout their journey to finish this
study, their families' steadfast support and understanding have been vital. They are
incredibly appreciative of their families' attendance and efforts, as they have found
strength and inspiration in their support. They also want to thank their love one’s for
their unwavering support and patient throughout this journey. Their love and
encouragement have been the source of inspiration and motivation.
And most of all, they would like to extend wholehearted gratitude and praise to
ever loving and merciful God for touching and bringing together those people who
literally shared their abundant resources, skills, time, and effort for the completion of
the study.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page ..................................................................................................................... i
Declaration Of Originality......................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. iii
APPROVAL SHEET ................................................................................................. v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ vii
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... x
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1
Background of the Study ............................................................................... 1
Statement of the Problem .............................................................................. 2
Objectives of the Study.................................................................................. 3
Significance of the Study ............................................................................... 3
Scope and Limitation of the Study ................................................................ 4
Definition of Terms ....................................................................................... 7
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................ 10
Related Literature and Studies ..................................................................... 10
Theoretical Framework................................................................................ 15
Conceptual Framework................................................................................ 16
vii
3 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 18
Research Design .......................................................................................... 18
Research Environment ................................................................................. 19
Sources of Data ............................................................................................ 19
Data Gathering Instruments ......................................................................... 20
Sampling Technique .................................................................................... 21
Materials ...................................................................................................... 22
Operational Diagram ................................................................................... 23
Procedure of the Study ................................................................................ 24
Statistical Treatment............................................................................................ 24
4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 25

Presentation of Gathered Data ..................................................................... 26
Analysis of Measures Output ...................................................................... 28
5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............. 35

Summary...................................................................................................... 36
Conclusions ................................................................................................. 37
Recommendations........................................................................................ 38
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 38
APPENDICES .......................................................................................................... 41
CURRICULUM VITAE .......................................................................................... 66
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Budgetary Requirement ....................................................................................22

2 Measured Output...............................................................................................28
3 Battery Rating Calculation ................................................................................29
4 Rice Field Houses Loads ..................................................................................30
5 Monthly Electric Bill of each Rice Field Houses .............................................33
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Braulio E. Dujali Map ................................................................................................ 5

2 Site Location ............................................................................................................... 5
3 Designed Location ...................................................................................................... 6
4 Site Location with Houses Location ........................................................................... 6
5 Libuganon River, Aerial View ................................................................................... 7
6 Libuganon River, Actual View................................................................................... 7
7 Conical Basin............................................................................................................ 14
8 Conical Basin Front View ......................................................................................... 14
9 Right Side View Design ........................................................................................... 15
10 Conceptual Framework of the Study ........................................................................ 16
11 Prototype Mount Location ........................................................................................ 19
12 Operational Diagram ................................................................................................ 23
13 Process Flow Diagram .............................................................................................. 24
14 Design Criteria, 3D View ................................................................................................. 27
15 Design Criteria, Front View.............................................................................................. 27
16 Design Criteria, Side View ............................................................................................... 27
17 Design Criteria, Top View ................................................................................................ 27
x
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study

The innovative solutions to tap into the untapped potential of natural resources
have been driven by the increasing global demand for sustainable and renewable energy
sources. In the agricultural sector, there is a valuable opportunity to extract energy from
water bodies used for irrigation, particularly in rice fields. Rice cultivation plays a
crucial role in numerous economies, providing sustenance for millions of people across
the globe. By integrating renewable energy technologies into traditional agricultural
practices, we can achieve dual benefits of meeting energy needs and promoting
environmental sustainability.
In the Philippines, farmers belong to one of the two most impoverished labor
groups. Climate disturbances like El Niño, which can last for a year, result in erratic
weather patterns, tropical storms, and droughts. These adverse conditions directly
impact their crop yield and subsequently, their income. The provision of irrigation
systems proves to be highly beneficial for farmers as it alleviates their water scarcity
concerns, eliminating the need to depend solely on rainfall. However, effective water
management is crucial in irrigation to ensure optimal water usage efficiency while
simultaneously conserving resources and minimizing water loss.
Irrigation plays a crucial role for farmers as it allows them to water their crops
without relying solely on rainwater. While hotter temperatures may indicate the
possibility of rain, it is not always a reliable source due to unpredictable weather patterns
and insufficient rainfall caused by drought. Traditionally, farmers used to require 4,000
liters of water to yield a kilo of rice, but with proper management, this amount has been
reduced to approximately 2,600 liters, resulting in a water saving of up to 35%. Among
the various irrigation methods, drip irrigation stands out for its efficient water usage and
flexibility, although the installation and maintenance costs are equally high.
Water runoff, a form of wasted potable water resulting from inefficient irrigation
practices, has the potential to be utilized more effectively. By harnessing the water
runoff that flows through channels, there is an opportunity to implement hydroelectric
1
power generation, with the welfare of farmers in mind. The concept involves using an
integrated bladeless turbine, coupled with a generator, to harvest hydroelectric power.
This off-grid source of energy can greatly benefit farmers by reducing their expenses on
electricity, which is currently distributed by privately-owned utilities such as Davao
Light or Northern Davao Electric Cooperative, Inc.
The proposed bladeless turbine is designed to generate electricity regardless of
the flow rate of the water. This innovative approach makes bladeless hydro turbines an
ideal solution for rice irrigation systems. Compared to traditional hydroelectric systems,
bladeless hydro turbines offer several advantages (Bao & Wang, 2021). They are
simpler, more cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. Unlike complex
infrastructures like dams and extensive piping, which are often impractical for small-
scale applications like rice fields, bladeless hydro turbines provide a streamlined and
efficient method for capturing the kinetic energy of water flow. To further optimize the
benefits of this system, an installed battery energy storage system on the farm can store
the harvested hydroelectric energy. This not only reduces dependence on the grid but
also leads to long-term savings on electric bills.
The researchers have formulated the title "Utilizing Irrigation System as
Electricity Sources in Rice Field Houses in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao Del Norte" in
relation to the presented ideas. The rise in rice inflation and increasing expenses in rice
field farming cannot be denied, largely due to drought and the use of electricity and
water. This study aims to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of incorporating
bladeless hydro turbines into rice irrigation systems. Through a thorough examination
of the technical, economic, and environmental aspects, the researchers aim to provide
valuable insights into the potential advantages of this innovative approach. The goal is
to contribute to the sustainable development of rural areas by empowering farmers with
clean and affordable energy solutions, while also promoting environmental stewardship.
Statement of the Problem

Rice growing relies on irrigation infrastructure to provide water throughout its
development. The type of irrigation system used in a rice crop depends on geography,
water availability, and labor. Farmers rely on pumps to transfer water throughout the
2
land due to the irrigation system's current flow rate. Most rice growers live near their
farms and are off the grid. Rice field farmers, the backbone of agricultural production,
face disproportionately high electricity prices compared to urban farmers, stressing their
already thin margins. Braulio E. Dujali also has several rice fields connection to
irrigation systems. This project aims to create a prototype that helps farmers carry
energy via water. The study seeks answers to:
1. What are the design criteria of the prototype to work properly?

2. What is the average power generated?
3. What is the maximum voltage output that can be generated with the prototype?
Objectives of the Study

This research aims to supply electricity using a bladeless hydro-generator. The
prototype of this study aimed to utilize the converted energy to supply electricity access
and determine the efficiency, as well as the sustainability of the device in supplying
power. Hydro energy will be collected in an irrigation canal from the main irrigation
dam.
1. To identify and analyze the essential design criteria required for the prototype to
function optimally/efficiently.
2. To determine the average power generated.
3. To measure and record the output voltage generated by the prototype under
various operating conditions.
Significance of the Study

This research study entitled “Utilizing Irrigation System as Electricity Sources
in Rice Field Houses in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del Norte” is a huge help to the
agricultural sector in the country. This study is noteworthy. It also follows the global
trend towards green and cleaner energy. Below are the benefits of the study:
Community: In rural areas such as Braulio E. Dujali, an area where agriculture

is the main primary industry, this study can lessen expenses in electricity, which
can improve their economic well-being and environmental sustainability.
3
Local Government of Braulio E. Dujali: This study could be a good project for
the Local Government of Braulio E. Dujali as a more productive agricultural
sector can generate additional revenue for the local government.
The National Irrigation Administration: The integrated rice field irrigation

system can serve as a successful model for future projects, demonstrating the
benefits of integrating hydroelectric energy and efficient water management
practices. The administration can also utilize the project’s experience and lessons
learned to develop training programs and resources for farmers and irrigation
personnel on implementing and managing integrated rice field irrigation systems.
Department of Energy: The study can provide valuable insights into

technological advancements which can highlight the potential of hydroelectric
energy in powering irrigation systems, encouraging the development and
adoption of renewable energy solutions in the agricultural sector.
Future Researchers and Innovators: Given the lack of study pertaining to

bladeless hydroelectric generators, the data and insights gained from the study
can serve as a basis for future researchers and innovators. The project’s success
encourages further research and development in related areas, such as irrigation
systems, precision agriculture technologies, and renewable energy solutions for
rural communities.
Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study mainly focuses on the effectiveness of the prototype in harnessing
hydro energy from the agricultural irrigation system in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del
Norte. In line with the objectives that the researcher would like to accomplish by the
end of the study, the research topic would involve conducting a comprehensive literature
review, developing a theoretical model, utilizing and evaluating the performance of the
prototype. This study is limited only to harness energy using bladeless hydro generator
and supply electricity to rice field houses in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del Norte.
4
Facility Description
The municipality has a land area of 99.76 square kilometers or 38.52 square
miles which constitutes 2.91% of Davao del Norte's total area. Its population as
determined by the 2020 Census was 35,729. This represented 3.18% of the total
population of Davao del Norte province, or 0.68% of the overall population of the Davao
Region. Based on Figure 1, the population density is computed at 358 inhabitants per
square kilometer or 928 inhabitants per square mile.
Map Location
Figure 1: Braulio E. Dujali Map

Source: https://www.google.com/maps/@7.4577687,125.6951219,10202m/
data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu
Figure 2 shows the site location of the irrigation system in Braulio E. Dujali.
This is the site location of the irrigation where the prototype was mounted and tested.
Figure 2: Site Location

Source: https://maps.app.goo.gl/w58MTKL2Vqam1bZD9
Figure 3 shows the exact location where the researchers mounted the
prototype.
5
Figure 3: Designed Location
Source: https://maps.app.goo.gl/w58MTKL2Vqam1bZD9
Figure 4 shows the site location of the rice field houses that the researchers
aimed to supply with electricity.
Figure 4: Site Location with houses location

Source: https://www.google.com/maps/@7.4263566,125.6901171,80m/data=
!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu
Figure 5 illustrates the site location of Libuganon River which is the source of
water of the irrigation system in Davao Del Norte.
6
Figure 5: Libuganon River, Aerial View
Source: https://maps.app.goo.gl/o1grAGDdLWctM3k58
Figure 6 shows the actual view of the Libuganon River
Figure 6: Libuganon River, Actual View

Source: https://x.com/bayanmo/status/834971578941255681
Definition of Terms
Bladeless Hydro-Generator is a hydro-generator that utilizes a turbine without blades

to harness the energy from flowing water.
7
CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) is a subfield of fluid mechanics that examines
and resolves fluid flow problems using data structures and numerical analysis
Efficiency is the act of maximizing the utilization of a given resource while

minimizing any wastage.
Electrification is the process of powering various systems and devices by utilizing

electricity.
Energy Storage is the act of capturing and storing energy in batteries for future usage.
Flow Rate is the measurement of the amount of mass or volume that passes through a
specific channel within a given period. Common units used are liters per second (l/s) for
volumetric flow rate and kilograms per second (kg/s) for mass flow rate.
Generator is a mechanical device that converts mechanical energy into electrical

energy.
Hydroelectric is the production of electricity by harnessing the energy from flowing

water.
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to land in order to assist in the growth of
crops.
Irrigation System is a collection of devices and equipment designed to deliver water

to soil in a controlled manner.
Maximum Voltage is the highest rated voltage at which a device can safely operate.
Potential Energy is the stored energy possessed by an object at rest or not in motion.
Rural Area is an expanse of land with minimal residential or commercial buildings and
a sparse population.
Turbine is a rotating machine that generates mechanical power through the flow of
water, steam, gas, or air. It is sometimes referred to as the "prime mover."
8
Vortex is a region in space where a fluid's flow rotates around an axis, creating a funnel-
like or visible depression in the water.
9
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Related Literature and Studie

National
Hydropower is a renewable energy source that stands out for its exceptional
ecological efficiency, thanks to its ability to convert a large amount of energy and
produce very low levels of emissions. There are three primary categories of hydropower
plants: reservoir hydropower plants, which function as electricity storage systems by
holding a significant amount of water behind a dam; pumped storage hydropower plants,
which use surplus electricity during low-demand periods to pump water from a
reservoir; and run-of-river hydropower plants, which rely on the timing and volume of
river flows for generation and have limited or no storage capacity behind the dam.
Several studies have examined the techno-economic analysis of producing hydrogen
from excess hydroelectric energy in various countries. Due to the ample water resources
in the country, any surplus water is channeled towards the spillway, which can
potentially result in erosion, landslides, and flooding, particularly during periods of
heavy rainfall (Agaton et al, 2022).
Irrigation is a well-known water management method. It increases agricultural
productivity by allowing for more intense cultivation on the same piece of land and
therefore boosting yield. Irrigation development in the Philippines is mostly influenced
by public sector investment. Irrigation service delivery is mandated under essential
agricultural laws, including the Magna Carta of Small Farmers (Republic Act [RA]
7607) and the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (RA 8435) (Briones et al,
2021).
The Philippines' National Irrigation Administration (NIA) said that it has
increased irrigation development in the nation by 311,265 hectares to 2.042 million
hectares by the end of 2022. The country's irrigation development status by the end of
2021 is presently 65.27 percent of the expected total irrigable land of 3.128 million
hectares. According to NIA statistics, private irrigation systems service a total of
180,501.21 hectares as of end-2021, which will hopefully be turned into acceptable
10
irrigation systems for farmers. The country now has 10,401 irrigation systems in place.
Pursuing the development of these areas would meet the requirements of Filipino
households while also providing jobs for farmers. "NIA pursued to optimize dams not
only for irrigation purposes but also for agro-tourism, aquaculture, and hydroelectric
generation," said NIA administrator Ricardo R. Visaya. NIA has 333 solar-powered
irrigation projects nationwide with a total cost of Php. 1.517 billion under the Solar-
Powered Irrigation Project. These projects have the potential to generate 4,214.33
horsepower and irrigate 6,428.62 hectares of agricultural land, benefiting 8,467 farmers
and their families." The NIA plans to create 24,462 hectares of new irrigation areas by
2022, while restoring irrigation to another 12,356 hectares. The NIA has budgeted Php.
32.468 billion, of which Php. 22.646 billion is for irrigation system construction and
repair activities (DA Press Office, 2022).
International
One of the most significant achievements that has resulted in the development
and advancement of people's lives is electrification. Electricity is used in a variety of
everyday activities, including communications, business, transportation, education, and
household life. Electrification is considered as alleviating poverty, increasing access to
basic amenities, and advancing social systems in distant locations where most people
are impoverished (Cecelski, 2019). The United Nations' Sustainable Development
Goals emphasize the necessity of electrification, with universal access to electricity and
greater renewable energy use envisioned by 2030 (Martin, 2023).
As of 2023, there are still 1.65 % of the total population in the Philippines that
has no access to electricity. The bulk of people who lack access to electricity reside in
remote, rural locations with limited economic opportunities and subpar living
circumstances (World Bank, 2019). Because of these limits, most of these people'
electrification relies on off-grid or decentralized systems, usually with renewable energy
deployments (World Bank, 2018).
Global efforts have been made at energy access in underserved areas, and
international agencies have reported a minor rise in rural power availability in recent
years (Kougias et al, 2019; REN21, 2018; Saim & Khan, 2021). However, the practical
11
impact of these electricity systems on sustainable development remains a challenge.
(Cozzi et al, 2018; Eras-Almeida et al, 2019). Some systems have limited capacity and
are unable to fulfill household demand (Eras-Almeida et al, 2020; World Bank, 2018).
In this study, sustainable development (SD) is defined as the notion by which
electrification systems promote end-user socioeconomic progress and growth by
providing appropriate power consumption, cheap energy prices, safe electricity use, and
greener electricity sources (Saim & Khan, 2021; Martin, 2023).
Rural areas have been key battlegrounds for the implementation of energy
transitions in recent years. They are crucial not only for the location of Renewable
Energy (RE) facilities, but also for the formation of major synergies for sustainable
Rural Development (RD). As a result, at the policy level, the development of Renewable
Energy has been explicitly recognized as a potential way of furthering Research
Development and supporting rural economies (Clausen & Rudolph, 2020). While policy
plan documents claim and envisage good consequences of RE-based rural development,
it is unclear how they are justified and implemented, and how they connect to the current
political-economic conditions of the energy transition. According to the findings of
international studies, most nations have not devised policies for connecting RD and RE
(Clausen & Rudolph, 2020).
Even though several international investigations have found flaws, a
comprehensive assessment and theoretical reflection on this larger realization has thus
far been missed. Furthermore, these analyses have overlooked one of the most important
socio-material factors that contribute to RE-RD synergies: the financing of the
renewable energy industry. In this case, renewable energy may provide long-term
electrical availability to a wide range of consumers and purposes, including houses, food
preservation, agricultural cooling systems, academic institutions, companies, and
irrigation systems.
In the last 60 years, remarkable progress has been made in the utilization of
water resources for agriculture to meet population increase and growing food demand.
While the world's population has increased from 2.5 billion in 1950 to 7 billion now,
the irrigated area has quadrupled, and water extraction has tripled. Irrigation is the
world's greatest water consumer, accounting for around 70% of total water use. Irrigated
12
land accounts for approximately 20% of total agricultural surface area yet generates
40% of overall food output. However, the water efficiency of most irrigation systems
remains poor. With increased competition from other sectors for water usage, such as
industry and urban purposes, irrigation is under pressure to lower its proportion of water
consumption (FAO, 2024).
Hydropower plants generate electricity by harnessing the energy of flowing
water, which is a renewable source of energy. In the case of most hydropower facilities,
greenhouse gas emissions per kWh of generated energy are substantially lower than
emissions caused by fossil fuel-based electricity production, owing mostly to methane
releases from reservoirs behind hydroelectric dams (FAO, 2024.). Hydroelectric
Production (HP) rose steadily from 1,296 TWh in 1973 to 4,170 TWh in 2016. In 2016,
HP accounted for 16.3% of global gross power generation and 67.1% of all renewable
energy production, with growth predicted to average 2.5% per year until 2030 (Wan,
2021).
Emerging developments in the field of hydropower technology involve the
modernization of hydraulic turbines. To accommodate the fluctuating electrical energy
output of renewable sources, hydraulic turbines must function under a broad spectrum
of conditions. Hence, contemporary hydraulic turbines face novel obstacles linked to
the fluctuating demand in the energy market and the constrained energy storage
capacity, necessitating significant adaptability in operation over a wide variety of
conditions that deviate from the turbines' optimal efficiency point (Kougias et al, 2019).
Design of Conical Basin

Past research ‘’CFD evaluation of performance of Gravitational Water Vortex
Turbine at different runner position’’ based on basin selection had concluded that
conical basin was more efficient over cylindrical basin (Kayastha et al, 2019). Water
channel was designed for a flow rate of 6.2 l/s and the inlet velocity of 0.27 m/s. By
continuity equation the area was calculated as 0.022 cubic meters. The width of the
channel was taken 12 cm, and we get the channel height of 30 cm. So, a rectangular
channel was fabricated with 25 cm height for compensating the overflow problem if
13
encountered and width of 10 cm. Following Figure 7,8 and 9 are the design with
parameters
Circular Basin
Channel Height
Channel Width
Figure 7: Conical Basin

Source: https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/1258/
Figure 8: Conical Basin Front View

Parameters:
• Cone Angle =9.89
• Cone Height =860 mm
• Height of Cylindrical Basin = 440 mm
• Total height =1300 mm
14
• Inlet Diameter = 400 mm
• Outlet Diameter
Figure 9: Right Side View Design

Parameters:
• Channel length = 1000 mm
• Channel width = 100 mm
• Channel height = 250 mm
Theoretical Framework
In this experiment, the turbine to be used is the bladeless turbine. The greatest
advantage of this turbine is the capability of operating on low head and high range
discharge with high and stable efficiency. Throughout its wide applications and
operations, the main function of the turbine is to convert hydraulic power into rotary
motion. It can be used to generate electricity or directly induce motion in other hydraulic
machines.
The rolling fluid turbine converts hydraulic power into rotary motion. It can
produce electricity or directly cause motion in other hydraulic machines, such as
cleaning brushes. Sedlacek’s Turbine, or “SETUR”, consists of a conical channel and a
rotor with a shaft connected to the stator, for example, by a ball joint. Water flows
15
through the channel during operation, and fluid forces cause the rotor to roll along the
inner stator wall. The rotor thus performs both rotary and precession movement (much
like an inclined spinning top) — the latter motion is employed as a source of mechanical
power and can be converted to electricity by a suitable generator. Interestingly, the rotor
has a perfectly smooth rotationally symmetric shape (cones and hemispheres are usually
utilized) and no blades or buckets. The incoming flow may have no prior angular
momentum, in which case the direction of motion can be considered random, or, more
exactly, as relying solely on minor symmetry faults or early disturbances.
Conceptual Framework
This study would determine the maximum amount of voltage generated by the
hydro-bladeless generator device utilizing the irrigation system.
Figure 10: Conceptual Framework of the Study
The independent variables consist of the elevation of the irrigation channel and
the flow rate of water within it. The elevation of the irrigation channel, which refers to
the vertical height and slope of the channel from its origin to its downstream, plays a
crucial role in the production of electricity. This is because a higher elevation results in
a greater amount of potential energy in the water, leading to increased pressure and flow
velocity. The height of the irrigation channel has a direct impact on the flow rate of
water. This is due to the volume of water passing through the bladeless turbine. More
water flowing past the turbine translates to more rotations, which in turn determines the
16
power production, proportional to the flow rate. The size of the hydro bladeless turbine
and the type of generator are controlled variables. Efficiency in the implementation of
turbine systems in rice field houses relies on the sizing of the turbines. The choice of
generator will depend on whether an AC or a DC generator is more suitable for
harnessing hydropower. The dependent variable is the quantity of electricity produced
by the hydro bladeless turbine. After thoroughly evaluating each independent variable,
the amount of electricity generated by the turbine will be crucial in determining the
solutions for the output and maximum voltage that the prototype can create for the rice
field houses.
17
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The researchers used applied research design to develop and test a system or
device that harnesses energy from irrigation systems on agricultural land which converts
energies into electrical energy making it a source of electricity to rice field houses. This
determines the most appropriate renewable energy sources for specific rural areas while
considering factors like Hydro potential. The development for the prototype consists of
several steps which will guide the researchers in achieving a valid and reliable result for
the project.
Step 1. Data Gathering, Planning, and Preparation

This step includes the gathering of data and framing the research problem and
the main goal of the study. After gathering, the researchers will then analyze the data
recovered from surveying, questionnaires, and interviews from the research
participants.
Step 2. Construction
This step includes the gathering of all the components and materials needed for
the device and the construction of it. All the equipment will be subject for fitting and
testing to avoid the use of defective equipment. The constructed prototype will be
subject to testing and troubleshooting according to the set standards of the researchers
and check the readiness of the device for the final assembly and evaluation. After that,
the assembly of the device will now proceed.
Figure 11: Prototype Mount Location 18

Step 3. Testing and Evaluation
Testing and troubleshooting will give the researcher insights for the
improvement of the device. In this stage, the device will be set for final assembly for
the researcher to evaluate the device and give pre-assessment if the device meets the
following research objectives.
Research Environment
The study took place in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao Del Norte. Braulio E. Dujali
has a vast agricultural land comprising meters of irrigated areas that is suitable for the
study. With around 80% of its total land area intended for agriculture, Braulio E. Dujali,
a town in Davao del Norte, takes the lead in producing organically grown black rice.
With a total of 9,100-hectare agricultural land area, around 2,000 hectares are devoted
to rice production.
Sources of Data
The study had two sources of data; primary and secondary sources, the primary
sources of the data were surveys, questionnaires, and interviews to the selected farmers
of the agricultural irrigation system in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del Norte. Secondary
sources of data were the books, journals, periodicals, thesis, and internet deemed
necessary to gather the needed information for the study and the data collected from the
proposed bladeless turbine design.
Data Gathering Instrument

In our research endeavor focused on developing a bladeless turbine system for
energy harvesting in rice fields irrigation, the incorporation of surveys, questionnaires,
and interviews serves as a strategic and comprehensive approach to data collection. The
survey instrument will be tailored to assess the effectiveness of the bladeless turbine
system in generating electricity during the irrigation process. Specific survey questions
will delve into the quantity and consistency of electricity harnessed, farmers'
experiences with the technology, and the perceived impact on reducing electricity costs.
This survey-based data gathering approach will provide a quantitative foundation,
19
allowing us to analyze and quantify the tangible benefits and challenges associated with
the bladeless turbine system in contributing to sustainable energy solutions for farmers.
Additionally, the use of questionnaires will offer a structured yet detailed
avenue for participants to provide both quantitative and qualitative responses, allowing
for a deeper exploration of specific aspects related to their experiences, preferences, and
concerns. Lastly, interviews will be employed to engage directly with a subset of
participants, facilitating a more in-depth understanding of individual perspectives and
nuanced insights. The qualitative richness obtained through interviews will complement
the quantitative data, providing valuable context and depth to our analysis. This multi-
method approach is designed to yield a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the
challenges and opportunities associated with the proposed bladeless turbine system,
ensuring that our research findings are both robust and nuanced. Throughout the
process, ethical considerations will be paramount to uphold the integrity and respect the
rights of the participating farmers.
The researchers will be using data gathering instruments related to their
objective of utilizing irrigation systems as sources of electricity. These instruments will
include the use of a multimeter and for measuring the flow rate, we will be doing it
manually.
A multimeter will help in measuring the necessary electrical properties, like
voltage, current, and resistance, involved in the study. But since there is no available
flowmeter, we manually measure the water flow rate of the site.
Measures
Identification of Design Parameters
Outlet Diameter is 30 percent of Inlet Diameter
Cone angle: 21.3886 degrees
Power Output
P=VI Equation 1
20
Battery Rating Calculations
The battery rating calculations will include the battery or storage specification,
charging voltage, maximum charging current, maximum charging power, battery capacity,
battery actual capacity, charging time, and battery discharge time.
Battery Capacity (watt − hr) = Rated Capacity x Nominal Voltage Equation 2

Battery Actual Capacity (watt − hr) = Battery Capacity x 0.8 Equation 3
Actual Battery Capacity
Charging Time(hr) = Equation 4
Rated Charging Power
Battery Capacity
Discharge Time(hr) = Equation 5
Total Load Current
Luminaire Wattage Rating
Load Current(A) = Equation 6
Inverter Output Voltage
Total Load Current(A) = n(Load Current) Equation 7
((K)(I)(Rcos θ + Xsinθ)L)
Voltage Drop = Equation 8
n(305)
Sampling Technique
Purposive sampling is the chosen approach for participant selection in this
research project due to its alignment with the specific objectives and nature of the study.
By deliberately selecting participants based on predefined criteria, such as field size,
irrigation practices, and electricity consumption patterns, the research aims to obtain a
sample that is directly relevant to the investigation of a bladeless turbine system for
energy harvesting in rice fields. This method allows for the inclusion of farmers with
diverse experiences and contextual characteristics, enhancing the study's capacity to
capture a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities associated
with electricity costs in rice farming.
Materials
The following is Table 1, which lists the materials used in the construction of
the prototype. The development of this prototype necessitates an investment of 4,820.00
21
pesos for fabrication. With this allocation, the farmers don’t have to spend much money
on paying their monthly electricity bill as this prototype can cover their expense.
Table 1. Budgetary Requirement

Unit Price Total Price
Quantity Unit Description (in pesos) (in pesos)
2 pcs Aluminum Pipe 100.00 200.00
2 pcs Angle Bar 425.00 850.00
1 pc Battery (12V 20AH) 200.00 200.00
20 pcs Bolts and Nuts 5.00 100.00
1 pc Charge Controller 250.00 250.00
1 pc DC Generator 700.00 700.00
DC to DC Boost
1 pc 74.00 74.00
Controller
2 pcs Flat Bar 230.00 460.00
1 pc Plain Sheet 780.00 780.00
Hollow Transparent
1 pc 121.00 121.00
Ball
3 pcs Light Bulb 70.00 210.00
3 pcs Male Plug 20.00 60.00
1 pair Marine Epoxy 165.00 165.00
3 pcs Receptacle 15.00 45.00
100 pcs Rivets 00.75 75
2 pack Washer 30.00 210.00
1 pack Welding Rod 180.00 180.00
Wire 2.0 mm2
8 meter 17.50 140.00
THHN
TOTAL 4,820.00
Operational Diagram
Figure 12: Operational Diagram
22
The operation of the prototype begins at the bladeless hydro turbine with all
appropriate parameters been carefully considered, to supply the load of a rice field house
close to an irrigation canal system. The operational flow diagram shows the necessary
materials in blocks detailing the step-by-step process of the study.
The complete design of the bladeless hydro turbine with the fabricated runner
position and conical basin will be placed in a canal with the ideal flow rate that have
been tested in five separate trials. Water will enter the channel and create a vortex that
will allow the bladeless turbine to be rotated with mechanical energy.
The DC generator coupled with the bladeless hydro turbine will utilize the
energy created by the latter to produce electrical energy. The DC-DC converter,
specifically a boost converter, will step the voltage up to have produced enough power
for the load. The charge controller and the battery will respectively act as an automatic
voltage regulator and a storage system.
The load of a household will solely focus on being able to trigger lightbulbs in
a rice field house. The charge controller will ensure there is consistent delivery of power
to the load by taking any stored energy from the battery as backup.
Procedure of the Study
Figure 13: Process Flow Diagram
The objective of this research project is to create a turbine system without blades
that can help farmers generate electricity from irrigation systems in rice fields. The
process flow diagram illustrated in Figure 13 outlines the steps that the researchers will
undertake to ensure the feasibility of the prototype.
23
The researchers will administer an extensive interview and survey to farmers in
several rice field regions in Braulio E. Dujali to ascertain the obstacles associated with
energy expenses in the context of irrigation. A survey will be created to gather
information about farmer’s experiences, interests, and concerns regarding alternative
energy solutions. The collected data will subsequently guide the choice of a suitable
research title, considering the recurring themes and issues highlighted in the survey.
The design and application necessitate careful planning and preparation for the
construction and operation of the prototype to be implemented in irrigation systems for
rice fields. The testing of hypothesis focuses on the stated assumptions made by the
researchers, whether the design criteria of the device are unsuitable, and whether it
failed to operate correctly based on its working principle, and whether the device can
generate sufficient power for residential houses owned by farmers. Monitoring and
adjustments will be implemented accordingly to modify the factors if the data obtained
from the bladeless turbine indicates unsatisfactory electricity generation.
Statistical Treatment
The researchers will employ the statistical treatment of arithmetic mean to
ascertain the average energy output of the bladeless hydro turbine, aiming to compare
it, if it is efficient for rice field house uses. The arithmetic mean is a valuable statistical
treatment for finding the average power generated, its simplicity, robustness, versatility,
comprehensiveness, and stability make it an ideal measure for this purpose.
24
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Presentation of the Gathered Data

The researchers made several alterations to the prototype's final design during
the construction phase. The stability of the prototype's entrance channel was improved
by incorporating sandbags into the canal's elevation. Additionally, they aid in
obstructing the top section of the canal, thereby directing most of the flow onto the entry
channel of the prototype. Although the sandbags are in place to secure the entrance
channel of the prototype, there are some minor leaks that have little impact on the
formation of vortices in the prototype. The turbine has components such as the end and
the shaft. The structure was built utilizing aluminum bars, commonly used as antennae,
as the shaft. A plastic ball was attached to the turbine's end, and epoxy paste adhesives
were used to assure its durability in the face of the high flow rate of the irrigation canal.
The marine epoxy's stickiness is well-suited for fixing cracks on the plastic ball and
creating a robust bond with the aluminum pipe. The plastic ball's spherical shape makes
it perfect for being set in motion by the vortices. The circuit utilized an XL6019 DC-
DC boost converter to amplify the voltage output of the motor from a low level to a
more advantageous one.
A Permanent Magnet DC Generator with a voltage rating of 12 volts, power
rating of 30 watts, and rotational speed of 3,500 rpm was used to generate the required
voltage from the flow of the irrigation canal. Multiple trials were undertaken using the
DC generator, which is connected to the boost converter, to see if the power supplied
by the prototype is adequate to supply electricity to a series of lightbulbs in the rice field
house.
Design Citeria
The researchers used the following materials and criteria for the prototype to
function effectively.
25
Figure 14: Design Criteria, 3D View
In Figure 14, gray color is the prototype basin which uses steel plate, flat bar
connected using rivets and epoxy. Red color is the prototype braces which uses angle
bars connected by welding. Cyan color is the electronic housing which uses plain sheet
steel connected with rivets, bolts, and nuts. Yellow color is the shaft with ball attached
in it which uses aluminum for shaft and hollow plastic for ball. Magenta color is the
Permanent Magnet DC Generator. Orange color is the power inverter, while blue color
is the boost converter and green color is the charge controller. Figure 15,16,17 shows
prototype’s different perspectives.
Figure 15: Design Criteria, Front View Figure 16: Design Criteria, side View
Figure 17: Design Criteria, Top View
26
Analysis of Measured Output
The study determined the amount of voltage generated by the prototype at a
certain rpm in the irrigation system. As a result, the researchers obtained the following
results.
Table 2. Measured Output

Measured Data Results
Energy
Output
Source Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Values
Turbine
speed 700-900 1400-1700 1700-1900
(rpm)
Voltage
DC 4.47 6.123 7.198
(volts)
Generator
Current
0.9161 1.59 1.77
(amperes)
Power
4.094967 9.73557 12.74046
(watts)
Voltage
27.875 31.2 33.478
(volts)
Boost Current
0.14690465 0.31193752 0.38056216
Converter (amperes)
Power
4.094967 9.73557 12.74046
(watts)
In Table 2, the results shown here are the power generated in each trial. For the
DC motor, on trial 1, 700-900 rpm was reached which resulted in 4.094967 watts with
a voltage of 4.47V and a current of 0.9161A. During the second trial, 1400-1700 rpm
was reached resulting in 9.73557 watts with a voltage of 6.123V and a current of 1.59A.
Lastly, on trial 3, 12.74046 watts was generated with a voltage of 7.198V and a current
of 1.77A with the speed of 1700-1900 rpm. For the Boost Converter, 4.094967 watts
was generated with a voltage of 27.875V and a current of 0.14690465A. On trial 2, the
power generated was 9.73557 watts with a voltage of 31.21V and a current of
27
0.31193752A. On the last trial, 12.74046 watts was generated with a voltage of 33.478V
with a current of 0.38056216A. The charge controller then utilizes the supplied power
and uses it to regularly charge the battery.
Average Power Output Calculation

𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝟏 + 𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝟐 + 𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥
𝐀𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 =
𝐧𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐬
4.094967 + 9.73557 + 12.74046
Average Power Output = = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟗𝟗𝐖
3
Battery Rating Calculation

The battery rating calculation is shown in the table below, including
storage specifications, charging voltage, rated charging current and power,
capacity, nominal voltage, and actual capacity. The Equation 2, 3, and 4 were
used for the calculations of the battery rating for Table 3.
Table 3. Battery Rating Calculation

Storage Specifications Sealed Lead-Acid Battery
Charging Voltage (Volts) 13.7
Rated Charging Current (Ampere) 0.65
Rated Charging Power (Watts) 8.91
Capacity (Ampere-hour) 2
Nominal Voltage (Volts) 12.3
Capacity (Watt-hour) 24.6
Actual Capacity (Watt-hour) 19.68
Battery Capacity (A-hr) = 2 A-hr
Battery Capacity (W-hr) = 24.6 W-hr
Battery Actual Capacity (W-hr) =24.6 W-hr (0.8) = 19.68 W-hr
19.68 W − hr
Charging Time (hr) = = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟖 𝐇𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬
8.91 W
28
The rated charging power of the charge controller is 8.91 watts, sufficiently
given by the energy source. The charging time for the battery is calculated by dividing
actual capacity over the rated charging power. Hence, 8.91 watts is used to calculate
charging time. The charging time would be 2.2088 hours.
Rice Field Houses Loads

The rice field houses loads is shown in the table below, this shows the loads of
each house as observed during the visit and the load current incorporated in each house.
Table 4: Rice Field House Loads
Rice Field House Load Load Current (A)
House 1 Lighting (5Wx3) 0.078534031
House 2 Radio (14.5W), lighting (5Wx3) 0.154450262
House 3 Lighting (5Wx2) 0.052356021
House 4 Radio (14.5W), Lighting (5Wx2) 0.128272251
House 5 Radio (14.5W), Lighting (5Wx2) 0.128272251
5W
Load Current (A) = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟕 𝐀
191V
Radio Load Current (A) = 14.5 W / 191 V = 0.07591623037 A
Total Lighting Load Current (A) = Total Luminaire × Load Current
Total Lighting Load Current (A)= 13 × 0.02617801047 = 0.3403141361 A
Total Radio Load Current (A) = Total Radio × Load Current
Total Radio Load Current (A) = 3 × 0.07591623037
29
Total Radio Load Current (A) = 0.2277485911 A
𝐀𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲

𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 (𝐡𝐫) =
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐔𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞
2 A − hr
Discharge Time (hr) = = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟗 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬
0.541884816
The efficiency extends to the discharging phase, as the prototype exhibits an

impressive discharging time of approximately 3.69 hours, simultaneously switching all
light bulbs and radios on. This calculation, achieved by dividing the actual capacity of
the battery by the current usage of the loads, further highlights the practical efficacy of
the system.
Voltage Drop Calculation
House 1
((K)(I)(Rcos θ + Xsinθ)L)
Voltage Drop =
n(305)
(2(0.00785340314)(0.20x0.8 + 0.057x0.6)(20))
Voltage Drop =
1(305)
Voltage Drop = 0.002 V
%VD = (VD / V) X 100%
%VD = (0.002 / 191) X 100%
%VD = 0.00104712 % < 2% passed
House 2
(2(0.154450262)(0.20x0.8 + 0.057x0.6)(25))
Voltage Drop =
1(305)
30
%VD = (VD / V) X 100%
%VD = (0.004917 / 191) X 100%
%VD = 0.00257435 % < 2% passed
House 3
(2(0.052356021)(0.20x0.8 + 0.057x0.6)(30))
Voltage Drop =
1(305)
%VD = (VD / V) X 100%
%VD = (0.002 / 191) X 100%
%VD = 0.00104712 % < 2% passed
House 4
(2(0.128272251)(0.20x0.8 + 0.057x0.6)(40))
Voltage Drop =
1(305)
%VD = (VD / V) X 100%
%VD = (0.006534 / 191) X 100%
%VD = 0.00342094 % < 2% passed
31
House 5
(2(0.128272251)(0.20x0.8 + 0.057x0.6)(60))
Voltage Drop =
1(305)
%VD = (VD / V) X 100%
%VD = (0.002 / 191) X 100%
%VD = 0.00104712 % < 2% passed
This denotes the computed voltage drop across the wire extending from the
prototype design to the rice field houses, with the calculated voltage drop, that is
deemed suitable for accommodating the intended load.
Return of Investment (ROI)
The table below shows the monthly electricity bill of five (5) rice field houses
in Braulio E. Dujali. Data are gathered during our visit and interview in the location.
Table 5: Monthly Electricity Bill

Rice Field Monthly Monthly Monthly
House Electricity cost Investment for 1 Savings (Php)
(Php) year (Php)
House 1 500 80.33 419.67
House 2 1100 80.33 1019.67
House 3 666 80.33 585.67
House 4 833 80.33 752.67
House 5 916 80.33 835.67
TOTAL 4015 401.67 3613.33
32
Return of Investment Calculation
Prototype Cost
Monthly Investment for 1 year = 12 months
no. of houses
4820
Monthly Investment for 1 year = 12
5
Monthly Investment for 1 year = 80.34
Monthly Electricity Cost

ROI monthly =
Monthly Investment
House 1
500
ROI monthly = = 𝟒𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟕
80.33
House 2
1100
ROI monthly = = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟕
80.33
House 3
666
ROI monthly = = 𝟓𝟖𝟓. 𝟔𝟕
80.33
House 4
833
ROI monthly = = 𝟕𝟓𝟐. 𝟔𝟕
80.33
House 5
916
ROI monthly = = 𝟖𝟑𝟓. 𝟔𝟕
80.33
33
The Table 5 shows the monthly electricity bill of five (5) rice field houses in
Braulio E Dujali. Data is gathered during our visit and interview in the location.
In the preceding chapter, it was demonstrated that the prototype's construction
cost is nearly Php. 4,820 and dividing it with five (5) houses makes them pay Php 80.33
per month for 1 year. As this prototype can provide for the five rice field houses, instead
of paying their monthly electricity bills, they can just pay Php 80.33 every month for a
year. By doing this, house 1 can save Php 419.67 while house 2 can save Php 1019.67,
house 3 by 585.67, house 4 by Php 752.67 and house 5 can save Php 835.67.
In a span of a year, the investment will be recouped, and the farmers don’t have
to pay for their monthly electricity bills and as well as for the investment for the
prototype. This can save them with the total of Php 4015 per month after a year of using
the prototype.
34
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter contains the conclusion and recommendation of the study in line
with the data and analysis gathered by the researchers.
Summary
The researchers have conducted the study "Utilizing Irrigation System as
Electricity Sources in Rice Field Houses in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del Norte" with
the aim of supporting the sustainable development of rural areas by offering farmers
clean and cost-efficient energy solutions, while also promoting environmental
stewardship. The prototype was tested in the active agricultural irrigation system
situated in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del Norte. This study aimed to determine the
practicality of using a turbine without blades in the development of a hydropower
generator for the purpose of producing electricity. During a span of 3 consecutive
weeks, the researchers conducted tests and measurements to evaluate the voltage output
produced by the bladeless hydro-generator at various flow rates in an irrigation canal.
The researchers found inspiration from past experiments, specifically the
SETUR (or Sedlacek's Vortex Turbine), which utilizes the similar principle of a turbine
without blades in the field of hydropower. The idea employed a Permanent Magnet DC
Generator coupled with an improvised turbine composed of an aluminum shaft and a
plastic ball to generate the necessary power. A DC-DC boost converter was utilized to
amplify the generated voltage, thereby producing an appropriate amount of power for
the test load comprising many lightbulbs. The charge controller operated as an
automated voltage regulator, while the battery functioned as a storage device.
The researchers faced several challenges that impact the efficiency of the design,
such as diverse weather conditions including sunny days, which lead to a decrease in
the water level in the irrigation canal, and rainy days, which produce an elevation in the
flow rate of the canal. Following the completion of 3 trials, the researchers acquired the
necessary data for analysis, which was determined using the arithmetic mean. The
results were later presented as a bar graph to visually illustrate the average power
35
generated by the prototype. The researchers presented their findings on the suitability
of the design requirements and the measured metrics such as voltages, currents, speed,
and power. For the prototype to maintain its performance, the overall design must
consider the body, housing, components, and shaft. The voltage losses in the wires
connecting the prototype to the rice field huts were also computed and determined to be
within acceptable limits. The analysis of the investment's return revealed that the
prototype's initial investment would be recouped within a period of 2 months.
Conclusions
The researchers obtained results on performance by solving the specified
challenge. The researchers conducted thorough experimentation and data collection to
determine the design requirements and characteristics of their bladeless hydro-generator
prototype. The impact of the boost converter, charge controller, aluminum rods, and the
permanent magnet DC generator with the specifications of 12 volts, 30 watts, and 3,500
rpm on the performance of the working model was assessed. The researchers have
concluded that having additional electronic component would improve the performance
and efficiency of the prototype.
Based on the data gathered, the researchers calculated the mean power output of
the designed prototype. When exclusively utilizing a DC Generator, the three studies
resulted in an average power output of 8.856999 Watts. Nevertheless, when the DC
Generator was linked to a boost converter, the power output remained constant at
8.856999 W.
As the third element in their issue statement, the researchers precisely
determined the maximum output voltage to be 191 volts. Based on this assessment, the
researchers concluded that the voltage drop in the five rice field homes was within
acceptable limits and capable of managing the expected electrical load. Overall, the
researchers concluded that the research project was effective and have made
recommendations for improving the prototype in the future.
After analyzing the data on the prototype's output voltages and generated power,
the researchers concluded that all five rice field cottages consistently received
electricity. The activation of all radios and lightbulbs in the rice field dwellings took
36
approximately 3.69 hours. The calculations were conducted by dividing the battery's
real capacity by the present consumption of the loads.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions of this study, the following
recommendations are offered:
1. The Department of Energy, through its officials and workers, may design a
system powered by bladeless-hydro energy utilizing the irrigation of rice
fields for all the consumers and for the benefit of the environment which
could save the use of non-renewable energy making and create a big impact
in energy saving in the future.
2. Redesign the turbine and precisely calculate the length of the shaft and the
size of the ball depending on the level of water that enters the inlet of the
prototype.
3. Research for possible improvements of the design that can withstand any
high-water level pressure in the agricultural irrigation system and use of
gears for higher efficiency of transferring rotational energy.
4. Recommending the use of bearings for a smooth rotation of the turbine.
5. In choosing the mounting location, researchers must consider the elevation
of the irrigation so that it will be easy to mount the prototype without
digging.
6. For installation, we recommend using the same lighting rating that was
stated in this study for a higher chance of success.
7. Recommending the addition of battery by connecting in parallel to increase
the capacity or using a higher battery capacity.
37
References
Agaton, C. B., Batac, K. I. T., & Reyes, E. M. (2022, May 1). Prospects and
challenges for green hydrogen production and utilization in the Philippines.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.04.101
Bao, B., & Wang, Q. (2021, January 1). Bladeless rotational piezoelectric energy
harvester for hydroelectric applications of ultra-low and wide-range flow rates.
EnergyConversionandManagement.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.1
13619
Briones, R. M., Clemente, R. S., Inocencio, A. B., Luyun, R. A., & Rola, A. C. (2021).
Revitalizing Philippine irrigation: A systems and governance assessment for
the 21st century. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. 2021.
https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsbk2021-
irrigation_book.pdf
Cecelski, E. (2019, January 2). Enabling Equitable Access to Rural Electrification:

Current Thinking on Energy, Poverty, and Gender.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/850681468328564938/pdf/345310
Equitable0electrification0access.pdf
Clausen, L. T., & Rudolph, D. P. (2020, March 1). Renewable energy for sustainable
rural development: Synergies and mismatches. Energy Policy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111289
Cozzi, L.; Chen, O.; Daly, H.; Koh, A. (2018). Commentary: Population without
Access toElectricity Falls Below 1 Billion.
https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2018/october/population-without-access-
to-electricity-falls-below-1-billion.html
DA Press Office. (2022, June 2). From Business Mirror: NIA: Projects expanded
PHL’s irrigated areas - Official Portal of the Department of Agriculture.
38
https://www.da.gov.ph/from-business-mirror-nia-projects-expanded-phls-irrigated-
areas/
Eras-Almeida, A. A., & Egido-Aguilera, M. A. (2020, September 2). What Is Still

Necessary for Supporting the SDG7 in the Most Vulnerable
Contexts? Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177184
Eras-Almeida, A. A., Fernández, M., Eisman, J., Martín, J. M. G., Caamaño, E., &
Egido-Aguilera, M. A. (2019, December 13). Lessons Learned from Rural
Electrification Experiences with Third Generation Solar Home Systems in
Latin America: Case Studies in Peru, Mexico, and Bolivia. Sustainability.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247139
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2024.).

https://www.fao.org/land-water/water/water-management/irrigation-
management/en/
Kayastha, M., Raut, P., Kumar, N., & Dhakal, R. (2019). CFD evaluation of
performance of Gravitational Water Vortex Turbine at different runner
positions. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335229725
Kougias, J. et. al. (2019, October). Analysis of emerging technologies in the

hydropower sector. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 113.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109257
Martin. (2023d, October 19). Energy - United Nations Sustainable Development.

United Nations Sustainable Development.
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/energy/
Moner‐Girona, M., Bódis, K., Morrissey, J., Kougias, I., Hankins, M., Huld, T., &
Szabó, S. (2019, October 1). Decentralized rural electrification in Kenya:
Speeding up universal energy access. Energy for Sustainable Development.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2019.07.009
39
REN21. (2018). Renewables 2018: Global Status Report https://www.ren21.net/wp-
content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2018_Full-Report_English.pdf
Saim, M. A., & Khan, I. (2021, April 1). Problematizing solar energy in Bangladesh:
Benefits, burdens, and electricity access through solar home systems in remote
islands. Energy Research & Social Science.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.101969
W. Wan, J. Zhao, E. Popat, C. Herbert, and P. Döll, (2021, April 4). Analyzing the
Impact of Streamflow Drought on Hydroelectricity Production: A Global‐Scale
Study. Water Resources Research, vol. 57, no. 4. doi: 10.1029/2020wr028087.
World Bank. (2018). Rural Population (% of Total Population).

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS.
World Bank. (2019, May 22). Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2019.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/energy/publication/tracking-sdg7-the-
energy-progress-report-2019
40
APPENDICES
41
Appendix A
Electrical, Electronic, and Mechanical Materials Used in the Prototype
DC Generator Charge Controller
12V 2Ah DC Battery DC to DC boost Converter
Light Bulb Power Inverter
42
Appendix B
Construction and Testing of the Prototype
Construction of Conical Basin
Construction of Conical Basin Braces
43
Construction of Bladeless Turbine
Mounting of Prototype
44
Testing and Data Gathering
45
Appendix C
Letter of Intent

College of Engineering
“UTILIZING IRRIGATION SYSTEM AS ELECTRICITY SOURCE IN RICE

FIELD HOUSES IN BRAULIO E. DUJALI, DAVAO DEL NORTE”
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for

EE 400-A (Capstone Design Project)
Submitted by:
Baltazar, Angel Ferro D.
Giangan, Cesar Louis S.
Martinez, James Angelo L.
Prado, Melvin S.
Reyes, Ersind Youie V.
Submitted to: Engr. Nikka Samantha A. Basan
December 2023
46
47
48
Appendix D
Interview Questionnaires



Submitted by:
Prado, Melvin S.
December 2023
49
Name of respondent: _____________________
Site: Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del Norte
Introduction: “Good day! We are Capstone Group 17 of Bachelor of Science in
Electrical Engineering in College of Engineering, University of Southeastern
Philippines-Obrero Campus, Davao City. Our research is titled ‘Utilizing Irrigation
System as Electricity Sources in Rice Field Houses in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del
Norte’.
We started this study with the thought of assisting farmers by proposing solutions that
would benefit them, such as lessening electric bill expenses from their field of work,
and providing another source of power by using a hydroelectric generator.
Your input would be of great assistance. Rest assured that any data shared within this
questionnaire will be confidential.
Thank you in advance for your participation.”
1.) What is your annual average cost for
electricity ?
(Pila ang inyong mabayaran na billing sa
kuryente kada tuig?)
2.) How much water do you consume per

harvest?
(Pila inyong magamit na tubig taga
harvest? pila ka galoon?)
3.) How much do you pay for water per

harvest?
(Pila inyong mabayad sa tubig na inyong
magamit taga harvest?)
4.) What is the total area of farmland?

(Unsa ka dak on ang imong basakan? Pila
ka Hectare? naa ba moy kopya sa
kalapdon?)
5.) What are the equipment being used on

site?
(unsa ang mga makina ang inyong gina
gamit sa inyong basakan? traktor,
harvester,treshers)
50
6.) Is the equipment powered by diesel,
gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG), or other sources?
(Unsay gina gamit ninyo para mapaandar
inyong mga makina? Diesel? Gasoline?)
7.) How much do you pay for Diesel per
Harvest?
8.) Are there any renewable energy sources

currently being used in the area?
(naga gamit ba mog mga renewable na
energy sources sa inyong farm?)
9.) If so, what are they?

(Ug naa unsa mana sila? Solar, Hydro?
Coal? Etc.)
51
Appendix E
Interview Responses



Submitted by:
Prado, Melvin S.
December 2023
52
Name of respondent: ________
Systems as Electricity Source in Rice Field Houses in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del
Norte'.
electricity ?
kuryente kada tuig?) 6000 pesos

harvest?
(Pila inyong magamit na tubig taga 50 gal.

harvest?
(Pila inyong mabayad sa tubig na inyong 300 pesos

ka Hectare? naa ba moy kopya sa 1.5 hectare
kalapdon?)

site?
gamit sa inyong basakan? traktor, Traktor, Hervester
harvester,treshers)
53
gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG), or other sources? Diesel
Harvest? 4500 pesos

energy sources sa inyong farm?) Wala

Coal? Etc.) Wala
54
Name of respondent: Ramonito
Systems as Electricity Sources in Rice Field Houses in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del
Norte'.
electricity ?
kuryente kada tuig?) 13,200 pesos

harvest?
(Pila inyong magamit na tubig taga 100 galoons

harvest?

ka Hectare? naa ba moy kopya sa 1 hectare
kalapdon?)

site?
harvester,treshers)
55
gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),
or other sources? Diesel
Harvest? 3800 pesos


Coal? Etc.) Wala
56
Name of respondent: Dagmil
Norte'.
electricity ?

harvest?

harvest?

kalapdon?)

site?
harvester,treshers)
57
Harvest? 4600 pesos


Coal? Etc.) Wala
58
Name of respondent: Ruda
Norte'.
electricity ?

harvest?

harvest?

kalapdon?)

site?
harvester,treshers)
59
Harvest? 4000 pesos


Coal? Etc.) Wala
60
Name of respondent: Astrologo
Norte'.
electricity ?

harvest?

harvest?

kalapdon?)

site?
harvester,treshers)
61
Harvest? 5000 pesos


Coal? Etc.) Wala
62
Appendix F
Interview and Survey Pictures
63
64
65
CURRICULUM VITAE
66
Angel Ferro D. Baltazar
Talomo River, Davao City, Davao del Sur
Email: [email protected]
Contact Number: 09369471703
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 24 y/o
Religion: Roman Catholic Gender: Male
Citizenship: Filipino
Date of Birth: September 12, 1999
Place of Birth: Davao City, Davao del Sur
Civil Status: Single
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Holy Spirit Academy of Calinan Inc.
Address: Campo 1, Talomo River, Davao City, Davao del Sur
Secondary: Calinan National High School
Address: Pequeno, Calinan, Davao City, Davao del Sur
Tertiary: University of Southeastern Philippines
Address: Bo. Obrero, Davao City
Undergraduate Degree: Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
MEMBERSHIP AND AFFILIATION

- Society of Electrical Engineering Students (SEES) – Member (2019-
present)
- Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers Council of Student’s
Chapter – Member (2023-present)
67
Cesar Louis S. Giangan
Brgy Nanyo, Panabo City, Davao del Norte
Age: 23 y/o
Religion: Roman Catholic
Gender: Male
Date of Birth: December 31, 2000
Place of Birth: Panabo City, Davao del Norte
Primary: Nanyo Central Elementary School
Address: Brgy. Nanyo, Panabo City, Davao del Norte
Secondary: Panabo National High School
Address: Brgy. Gredu, Panabo City, Davao del Norte

- Society of Electrical Engineering Students (SEES) – Member (2019-present)
- Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers - Council of Student’s Chapter -
Member (2023-present)
68
James Angelo L. Martinez
Gutierrez Village, Lizada, Toril Davao City
Age: 22 y/o
Gender: Male
Date of Birth: October 09, 2001
Place of Birth: Davao City, Davao Del Sur
Primary: Saint Peter’s College of Toril
Address: 110 Maharlika Highway, Toril, Davao City, Davao Del Sur
Secondary: Saint Peter’s College of Toril
Address: 110 Maharlika Highway, Toril, Davao City, Davao Del Sur

- Society of Electrical Engineering Students (SEES) – Member (2019-present)
- Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers Council of Student’s Chapter –
Member (2023-present
69
Melvin S. Prado
Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del Norte
Age: 23 y/o
Gender: Male
Date of Birth: October 24, 2000
Place of Birth: Tagum Regional Hospital
Primary: Talisay Elementary School (2013)
Address: Bugtong Talisay, Dujali, B.E. Dujali, DDN
Secondary: Dujali National High School (2019)
Address: Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del Norte

- Society of Electrical Engineering Students (SEES)- Member (2019-Present)
- Society of Electrical Engineering Students (SEES)- Bus. Man. (2023-Present)
- Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers- Council of Student’s Chapter-
Member (2019-Present)
- Obrero League of Class Mayor- Mayor (2023-2024)
70
Ersind Youie V. Reyes
Palm Village, Bo. Obrero, Davao City
Age: 24 y/o
Gender: Male
Date of Birth: January 17, 2000
Place of Birth: Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Primary: The Philippine School - Rashidiya (2013)
Address: Al Rashidiya, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Secondary: San Pedro College (2019)
Address: Ulas, Davao City
Undergraduate Degree: Bachelor of Science in Electrical
Engineering

- Society of Electrical Engineering Students (SEES) – Member (2019-
present)
- Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers - Council of Student’s
Chapter- Member (2023-present)

For Binding Final Pages Deleted

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

For Binding Final Pages Deleted

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

For Binding Final Pages Deleted

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UTILIZING IRRIGATION SYSTEM AS ELECTRICITY SOURCE

IN RICE FIELD HOUSES IN BRAULIO E. DUJALI,

BALTAZAR, ANGEL FERRO D.

We, ANGEL FERRO D. BALTAZAR, CESAR LOUIS S. GIANGAN,

BALTAZAR, ANGEL FERRO D.

GIANGAN, CESAR LOUIS S.

MARTINEZ, JAMES ANGELO L.

REYES, ERSIND YOUIE V.

ANGEL FERRO D. BALTAZAR, CESAR LOUIS S. GIANGAN, JAMES

Adviser: Nikka Samantha A. Basan, REE, RME

Keywords: Renewable energy, irrigation system, hydroelectric power, bladeless

The Faculty of College of Engineering

University of Southeastern Philippines

Obrero, Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

BALTAZAR, ANGEL FERRO D.

The capstone project entitled "Utilizing Irrigation System as Electricity Source in

NIKKA SAMANTHA A. BASAN

Approved by the Capstone Project Advisory Committee:

RICARDO FORBES L. ABEAR

CHARITO O. CLARO RANDY M. TONGSON

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Bachelor of

Title Page ..................................................................................................................... i

Background of the Study ............................................................................... 1

Statement of the Problem .............................................................................. 2

Objectives of the Study.................................................................................. 3

Significance of the Study ............................................................................... 3

Scope and Limitation of the Study ................................................................ 4

Definition of Terms ....................................................................................... 7

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL

Research Environment ................................................................................. 19

Sources of Data ............................................................................................ 19

Data Gathering Instruments ......................................................................... 20

Sampling Technique .................................................................................... 21

Procedure of the Study ................................................................................ 24

4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 25

Analysis of Measures Output ...................................................................... 28

5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............. 35

1 Budgetary Requirement ....................................................................................22

1 Braulio E. Dujali Map ................................................................................................ 5

Background of the Study

Statement of the Problem

1. What are the design criteria of the prototype to work properly?

Objectives of the Study

Significance of the Study

Community: In rural areas such as Braulio E. Dujali, an area where agriculture

The National Irrigation Administration: The integrated rice field irrigation

Department of Energy: The study can provide valuable insights into

Future Researchers and Innovators: Given the lack of study pertaining to

Scope and Limitation of the Study

Figure 1: Braulio E. Dujali Map

Figure 2: Site Location

Figure 4: Site Location with houses location

Figure 6 shows the actual view of the Libuganon River

Figure 6: Libuganon River, Actual View

Bladeless Hydro-Generator is a hydro-generator that utilizes a turbine without blades

Efficiency is the act of maximizing the utilization of a given resource while

Electrification is the process of powering various systems and devices by utilizing

Generator is a mechanical device that converts mechanical energy into electrical