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Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Automation of Academic Libraries in Nigeria: Issues and

Practices
Peter Olubunmi Olubiyo

Robert Akinade Awoyemi

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Automation of Academic Libraries in Nigeria: Issues and Practices

By

Peter O. Olubiyo,

College Library, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo

[email protected] 08166392038, +2348025245815

and

Robert Akinade Awoyemi,

College Library, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, Nigeria.

[email protected], +2348033562845,
Abstract

The paper is on the library as information organization helping the parental body to realize the
network of goals, objectives and targets. It added that for library functions to be done efficiently,
the services must be automated. The paper describes automation as application of technology to
produce and deliver goods and services with minimum human intervention. The work looks into
library automation, overview of automation in Nigerian academic libraries. It expands on issues
and practices of library automation in Nigeria academic libraries giving an insight into two
universities- University of Jos Library and Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library, Obafemi Awolowo
University. The paper gives the challenges to automation in academic libraries in Nigeria as
inadequate planning, budget-cut, shortage of technology, erratic power supply, shortage of
competent manpower and non-ICT LIS curriculum. The conclusion is that automation is
inevitable in the 21st century library services, as such Nigerian academic librarians should strive
to automate the services in their libraries.

Keywords: Automation, Academic Libraries, Nigeria

Introduction

Libraries operate in any organisation as the base of information resources for the success
of parental body in the network of targets, objectives and goals, meeting information needs of
users. Library is not just the building or the edifice but the resources that are properly display on
the shelves or on the web to satisfy the users’ needs. The resources are in various form- print
and non print. It is these resources that the professional librarians work on, to fulfill the goal of
library as information organisation.

Professional librarians in their different sections of the library perform different tasks for
the resources to be made available to the users. These tasks can be computerized using machines
to perform them. In other word, when the tasks are done with the aid of machine (computer),
they are said to be automated. Hence, how can we describe automation in detail?

Automation

Techopedia, (2020) describes automation as the creation and application of technologies

to produce and deliver goods and services with minimal human intervention. The
implementation of automation technologies, techniques and processes improve the efficiency,
reliability, and/or speed of many tasks that were previously performed by humans. Usually,
automation is employed to minimize labor or to substitute humans in the most repetitive tasks.
Automation is present in virtually all verticals and niches, although it’s more prevalent in
manufacturing, utilities, transportation, security organization and so on. In the technology
domain, the impact of automation is increasing rapidly, both in the software/hardware and
machine layer. The implementation of new artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning
(ML) technologies is currently skyrocketing the evolution of this field. In the information
technology domain, a software script can test a software product and produce a report. There are
also various software tools available in the market which can generate code for an application.
The users only need to configure the tool and define the process.

In other word, automation is the use of self-regulating machinery, electronic equipment,

etc. to make a manufacturing system or process operation at greater speed and with little or no
human intervention (Your dictionary, 2020). Wikipedia, (2020) explains automation as the
technology by which a process or procedure is performed with minimal human
assistance. Automation, or automatic control, is the use of various control systems for operating
equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers, and heat-treating ovens, switching
on telephone networks, steering, and stabilization of ships, aircraft, and other applications
and vehicles with minimal or reduced human intervention. Therefore, automation covers
applications ranging from a household thermostat controlling a boiler, to a large industrial
control system with tens of thousands of input measurements and output control signals.
Library Automation

Hamisu (2020) gives the awareness that libraries has existed for a long time in history but
today, it can categorically classified as either traditional or modern libraries comprising various
functions and services of information related. The nature of library routines and or services in a
traditionally oriented library differs from that of a modern library. The line of demarcation or
differentiation of the two libraries, ‘traditional’ and ‘modern library’, is automation. Obinyan &
Unuabor, 2013; Ganguly & Bhattacharya, (2013) as reported in Adeleke (2017) stated that the
concept ‘library automation’ is often used interchangeably with library computerization, library
mechanization, digitization and application of information communication technologies (ICTs)
in library operations and procedures.

Pandya (n.d) opined that library automation implies a high degree of mechanization of
various routine and repetitive tasks to be performed by human beings. Library automation is the
application of computers to perform traditional library house-keeping activities and operations
such as acquisition, circulation, cataloguing, reference services and serials control. Library
automation reduces the drudgery of repeated manual efforts in library routine. Quick services of
the library are possible after introducing automation in the library. Automation helps to access
library database with the help of OPAC, quickly, WEBOPAC provide facility of accessing
library collection from any place at anytime. (Pandya and Darbar, 2017)

Library automation is principally the use of computers, associated peripheral media

(disks, optical media, magnetic tapes, storage devices, etc.) computer based products and
services in library work. According to Hamisu (2020) some of the ICTs essential for library
automation process include computers, databases (such as Encarta, Hinari, Science Direct,
Ebscohost, Datab, etc), software (such as Alice for windows, Evergreen, Koha, Tinlib, Cdsis,
Libsys, Soul, Virtua, Glas, Caliban, Autolib, etc), and Web 2.0/3.0 internet-based facilities (such
as syndication, tagging, blogging, pod casting, wikis, etc of it functions and services). Another
suggestion provided was the need for libraries to integrate the following ICT tools for library
automation: Radio-frequency identification, Smart Bookshelf, Book Drop and Sorting Unit,
Library website, Wide Format Scanner Digital Cameras, Smart Self-Collection Box, Book
Dispenser, Mobile Stock Take Trolley, Recommender System, Wikis, Blogs, Pod and
Video casting, Cloud Computing, Social Networking, Real Simple Syndication feeds, and
Intelligent Monitoring System, etc.

Perhaps, the selection of a software package may mar or make the effectiveness and
success of any library automation project. There is no perfect software package and libraries
must keep in touch with the development of the software in use because software is consistently
being revised. In order to assist libraries in developing countries including Nigeria to overcome
the huge cost and maintenance problems of acquiring software, UNESCO has championed the
development of the CDS/ISIS software dated to 1985. Jean-Claude Dauphin has been working as
a program specialist and project manager in software development of UNESCO for many years,
and UNESCO has over the years produced multilingual software that is distributed free-of-
charge around the world. It started with the development of CDS/ISIS which was a generalized
information storage and retrieval system for bibliographic information in the 1980s. It has,
however, been expanded to include support for the development of free and open software
culminating in the launch of UNESCO’s free open source software portal in 2001. In 1985,
UNESCO came up with Micro CDS/ISIS which was advanced non-numerical information
storage and retrieval software. A window interface between CDS/ISIS and IDAMS
(internationally-developed data analysis and management software) has also been developed
which, of course, is the UNESCO software for statistical analysis. It must be stressed that
CDS/ISIS software has undergone major development since 1980. There are different versions,
such as December 1985, Version 1.0; March 1989, Version 2.0; June 1993, Version 3.0;
November 1997, Version 1.0 of CDS/ISIS for Windows; January 1999, Version 1.311; June
2000, Java ISIS 3.0 and January 2001, Official Version 1.4 of CDS/ISIS for Windows
(Gbadamosi, 2011).

Overview of Automation of Academic Libraries in Nigeria

 As cited by Abbas, (2014) in Project.ng (2020) the first attempt to
automate library services in Nigeria was made in 1970s, when the Ahmadu Bello University
recorded success, first in the automation of serials in 1972 and secondly, circulation services in
1976. Until the early 1990s, “automating the library” involved generally the same features as
those in place since the advent of machine readable cataloguing record in the late 1960s.
Libraries created integrated text based systems using micro/mini computers in which traditional
library housekeeping operations were computerized using the library’s database as the
foundation. Ajidahun (2005) in Emasealu (2019) asserted that the early noticeable automation
debut in Nigeria was recorded at Nnamdi Azikiwe Library, University of Nigeria Nsukka in
1977. This led to the argument and counter-argument for and against the automation of
University of Lagos Library in 1980. Consequently, the automation project was started in 1982
in the University of Lagos, leading to the subsequent commencement of automation projects in
other university libraries in Nigeria. The automation project plan in most Nigerian Universities
was designed as a gradual and continuing process, and ever since, the application of IT has
gradually taken firm root in some Nigerian university libraries. However, most Nigerian
University libraries started automation in cataloguing unit, and still, currently, more automation
attention is centred on the cataloguing section of most academic libraries. Consequently, this
section has been enjoying greater attention as compared to other sections such as circulation,
serials, reference, and acquisition.

Most of the library automation software comes with different modules that can cater for
all the library operations previously performed manually. Surprisingly, some libraries found it
difficult to use all the modules. Research has shown that libraries mostly used the cataloguing
modules and circulations modules while acquisitions and serials modules are rarely used (Otunla
2016). However, Alabi (1987) in Adegbore, (2010) expressed that individual effort at library
automation such as the one by the University of Lagos, University of Ibadan, and Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria, in the mid 1970s and 1980s, failed largely because of lack of technical
knowhow relating to software development and maintenance of hardware.

Sani and Taimiyu, (2005) cited in Onyebuchi, Daniel, Chima and Udoaku (2015)
conveyed that the growth of automated information services in Nigerian universities began to
accelerate as from 1990, when the World Bank intervened with a loan to improve the
institutional capacities of the Nigerian Universities, and with specific focus on automating the
universities

Adegbore, (2010) in Emasealu (2019) further explained that the present automation
project plans in various university libraries are defective and unrealistic. They appear to be too
long to be achievable, too flexible and devoid of serious policy statement, and implementation
plan, coupled with gross absent of documentation of automation activities, hence, their progress
remains epileptic – neither moving forward nor maintaining the already standing process.

(Baro, 2014; Okpe & Unegbu, 2013; Obajemu et al., 2013; Omeluzor et al., 2012) cited
in Emasealu (2019) analysed that among the management software being used in some
academic libraries are CDS/ISIS, Integrated Management System, KOHA, ADLIB, E-Print,
DSPACE, GLAS, SLAM, VIRTUA, TINLIB, and ALICE. Several authors assert that KOHA,
SLAM and VIRTUA library management software are more prominent than others in Nigeria

In brief, Edem (2016) in Lawal-Solarln, Allison and Justice (2018) certified that this did
not present a good picture of adoption of software packages in Nigerian universities, as the
implication is that 95% of libraries in Nigerian universities are either not automated or
partially automated. 5% full automation represents a very low level of automation of libraries in
Nigerian universities which could be private universities.

Issues and Practices of Library Automation in Nigeria Academic Libraries

Despite the rising awareness and the springing up of cyber cafés and internet services in the
urban centres in Nigeria, academic library automation and virtual library development are still
very slow (Gbadamosi, 2011). However, there is a ray of hope beaming as we look into 2 major
university libraries in Nigeria.

University of Jos Library

The past three years have been difficult at the University Library due to the conflict
occurring in and around Jos. In fact, the Mortenson Center team of David Dorman and Susan
Schnuer had to cancel two planned visits and training sessions. In spite of the turmoil, Jos has
made great progress. They have a strong and excellent project management team, a young and
enthusiastic system team, and have had excellent support from the University. They now have
their own reliable power source and good access to the Internet. Perhaps the most difficult
situation has been that the library management server is housed in the ICT department, which
does not have reliable power and is not open 24/7. So that access to the online catalog is
restricted to the times that the power is up and running in the ICT department. This situation has
been discussed both with the librarians and the ICT staff and hopefully will soon be resolved. In
2010 the cataloging module was up and running and the catalogers had a good plan for
retrospective conversion (Mortenson Center for International Library Programs, University of
Illinois, n.d).

Before the use of the Virtua module was implemented, the catalogers were using
Bibliofile for retrospective conversion. This strategy worked well for them and they were able to
easily upload the Bibliofile records into the Virtua module. The University Library has had a
19% bibliographic record growth in their online database since 2009. As of December 2011 there
are 42679 bibliographic records, there are 202,000 items in the collection. The retrospective
conversion is planned to be completed by the first quarter of 2014. The online public catalog was
launched in November 2010. Due to reasons mentioned above the circulation module is not yet
up and running, though the work has begun. The librarians plan to bring it up live in October
2012. Other modules are not up and running yet, however here is the timeline: Serials - in
progress - due to be completed by first quarter 2013. Acquistions – in progress – due to be
completed by December 2012 Reserves – will consider when OPAC is fully functional. In May
2009 the cataloging module was up and running and the catalogers had a good plan for
retrospective conversion. 60% of the retrospective conversion has been done (Mortenson Center
for International Library Programs, University of Illinois, n.d).

Obafemi Awolowo University- Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library

The online public catalog was launched in 2010 and has been in use since then. The
circulation module is not yet running. Discussions with the campus are ongoing in terms of
uploading student and staff records. Other modules are not yet active. OAU has also made great
progress on their digitization of newspapers and abstracts of theses. They are about to begin an
institutional repository project. They have a security system up and running (Mortenson Center
for International Library Programs, University of Illinois, n.d).
 It could be inferred that library automation and virtual library development in the four
academic libraries, Nigeria are yet to be fully developed. The need for internet facilities is
appreciated by all the libraries, but the institutions have not shown enough finance commitment
to the project. It can be concluded that library automation and virtual library development are yet
to be given adequate attention, which deserves by various institutions management and by
extension the proprietors of the institutions (i.e., the federal, the state governments and the
private ownership) (Gbadamosi, 2011).

Emasealu (2019) assessed that it was established that the functions of library
management software are abysmally under-utilized in academic libraries in Nigeria, thus,
progression of automation projects remain a swinging pendulum. Although most libraries in
developed economies have developed fully integrated computer systems, however, in the
developing countries, there are cases of partial, abandoned projects, or non-functional
automation projects. Horsfall and Fagbemi (2015) as cited by Emasealu (2019) opined that the
automation of libraries in Nigeria continues to progress daily but are marred by a lot of
challenges. It, therefore, means that libraries in Nigeria are yet to attain full automated status
because only a few aspects of the library services have remained in partial automation state as
they are unable to utilize fully important features of each of the stages of automation project.

In addition to the two universities discussed above as case study, Adebayo (2007) in
Otunla (2016) study compared library automation between Federal and State Colleges of
Education in Nigeria and surveyed 58 Colleges of Education. The findings revealed that 98% of
State Colleges of Education and 85% of Federal Colleges of Education indicated that no section
of their libraries was automated; as a result the author concluded that Colleges of Education in
Nigeria are not automated. Hence, Otunla (2016) analysed that Out of 13 institutions surveyed, 5
university and 2 polytechnics were automated while none of the Colleges of Education were
automated. This finding indicates that Colleges of Educations are lagging behind by not
considering automation process in their libraries.
Challenges to Library Automation in Nigerian Academic Libraries

Inadequate Planning

In a study carried out by Onoriode and Ivwighreghweta (2012), 40 (100%) of respondents

says that lack of commitment from management and lack of plan account for the library’s
inability to automate. This is a clear indication that management of the various academic
libraries in Nigeria is not doing the adequate planning for their libraries to get automated. There
is no network of proposal and strategies in making move toward automation. In other word, they
are not concerned about automating the library services. And this made the services to still
persist in a traditional way which is making the Nigerian academic libraries to lag behind
compare to the ones in the western world.

Budget-Cut

In every library, the budget plays a key role. If a library financially strong means they can
reduce the burden of Automation. Not all libraries will have the sound financial aid; some
libraries are lacking minimum required financial support (Shanthakumara, 2018). In any country
where education is neglected, of course there will be no tangible development. This is the case of
Nigerian academic libraries. The amount of money budgeted to education in Nigeria is seriously
affecting libraries in the academic world. The budget is not sufficient for the running of colleges,
polytechnics and universities, let alone libraries. Thus, automation issue in Nigerian academic
libraries is still a dream.

Shortage of Technology

Library automation is principally the use of computers, associated peripheral media (disks,
optical media, magnetic tapes, storage devices, etc.) computer based products and services in
library work. A lot of softwares are also needed. In other words, automation cannot take place
without these devices. Thus, most academic libraries in Nigeria cannot still acquire the required
number of these devices for automation.
Shortage of Competent Manpower

Atanda (2018) observed that trained personnel are essential for any implementation of
ICT to take place and be effectively sustained. There is a need to build on a framework of a well-
trained information technology workforce. It is not enough to have trainers visit and give
superficial training at great cost and then fly out without leaving some back-up capacity on the
ground. Personnel problems can result from the sudden departure of the university computing
expert as when an expert who had been handling a project on behalf of the university library left
and was not replaced, causing a lack of continuity in the project; and lack of library personnel to
understudy and follow the automation project to its conclusion.

The conventional wisdom is that to put the right person to do the right job, hence here in
library automation we required professionals who have gained much knowledge about ICT and
who have very potential about library automation software suites. We can’t simply recruit new
skilled professionals to do the job, but we can train the existing professionals in a library to take
over the automation project. Hence, we require more committed professionals and we need the
right person who can motivate them to learn and expedite the same (Shanthakumara, 2018).
However, most Nigerian academic librarians are still traditional in that they do not have the
digital knowledge required to function in an automated environment.

Erratic Power Supply

The power supply in Nigeria is so weak that it affects almost all sectors. Education is not
without its own challenge from the issue. Libraries in the academic world do not have consistent
power supply and this is affecting the services they render as most time the few computers
available may not be able to work because of power failure. In a situation where power failure is
consistent, automation of libraries cannot be realized.

Non-ICT LIS Curriculum

In the developed world, recent Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) courses are
being introduced into the field of library education. According to Chu (2010) in Virkus (2012),
they are: digital libraries, website design, web application, computer/information/internet
networks, digitization; digital preservation/design, information architecture, cyberspace law and
policy, knowledge management, competitive/business/strategic intelligence, human-computer
interaction (HCI), user-system interaction, metadata, computer/network security, internet
relevance/application, information seeking behaviour.

However, in Nigeria these courses are not are not available in our curriculum. Therefore,
the issue of automation cannot be carried out by the librarians produced in Nigerian Library
Schools.

Conclusion

Automation is inevitable in the 21st century library services, as such Nigerian academic librarians
should strive to automate the services in their libraries. All the sectional heads in the libraries
should be united in meeting the College, Polytechnic or University Librarian regularly on the
issue of automation. This will make C, P, or U Librarian to be gingered towards meeting the
management for proactive steps in automating library services in Nigerian academic libraries.

Recommendations

• The management of various academic libraries in Nigeria should prepare to automate

their library services by carrying out adequate planning. When there is proper planning,
execution becomes easier. They can itemize all what they need and map out strategies on
how to get them.

• Nigerian government should increase the budget for education by following UNESCO
standard. This will automatically have effect on the library services delivery as there will
be fund to incorporate ICT in to the library routines and services.

• Library management through the approval of the government can send some librarians to
the advanced countries to learn how to carry out automation activities. This will help the
academic libraries in Nigeria.
• Solar Panel should be built in the libraries as complement to the Power Distribution
Companies’ supply. Also, a high capacity generating plant could be purchase to supply
power when there is failure from Power Distribution Companies.

• The Nigerian Library and Information Science Education curriculum should be reviewed
to integrate with ICT and other digital information resources. This will make new
librarians graduating from library schools to be up to date in terms of 21 st century
knowledge and mastery. Thus, automation will not be a problem to anyone of them
because they can handle ICT resources efficiently.
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*Mr. Peter O. Olubiyo is a cataloguer in Bab Fafunwa Library, Adeyemi College of Education,
Ondo. He is a researcher with interest in Information Literacy, Cataloguing and Classification
and Library Automation. He holds Master degree in Library Science.

* Mr. Robert A. Awoyemi was the Acting College Librarian (2015-2019), Bab Fafunwa Library,
Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo. He is a researcher with flair for Information and
Communication Technology application to library services.

*Mr. Michael Jato is the Head, Reader Services in Bab Fafunwa Library, Adeyemi College of
Education, Ondo.