Chap11 AC Power Analysis

金國生 教授
長庚大學電子系
 11.1 Introduction
➢ Power is the most important quantity in electronic, and
communication systems, because such systems involve
transmission of power from one point to another.
➢ The choice of ac over dc allowed high-voltage power
transmission from the power generating plant to the
consumer. The most common form of electric power is
50~60 Hz ac power.
➢ We define and deriving instantaneous power, average
power, and other power concepts.

2
 11.2 Instantaneous and Average Power
The instantaneous power (in watts) is the power at any instant of
time.
p (t ) = v(t )i (t )

v(t ) = Vm cos(t +  v )
i (t ) = I m cos(t + i )
p (t ) = v(t )i (t ) = Vm I m cos(t +  v ) cos(t + i )
1 1
= Vm I m cos( v − i ) + Vm I m cos(2t +  v + i )
2 2

Vm and Im are the amplitudes of voltage and current, respectively.

v and i are the phase angles of voltage and current, respectively.
3
 Instantaneous Power
The instantaneous power p(t) is periodic, p(t) = p(t+ T0), and
has a period of T0 = T/2, since its frequency is twice that of
voltage and current.

p(t) > 0 absorbed by circuit

p(t) < 0 absorbed by source
4
 Average Power
The average power P, in watts, is the average of the
instantaneous power over one period.

1 𝑇
𝑃 = න 𝑝 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
1 𝑇1 1 𝑇1
= න 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 cos 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑣 + 𝜃𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 2 𝑇 0 2
1 1 𝑇 1 1 𝑇
= 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 cos 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 න 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 න cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑣 + 𝜃𝑖 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑇 0 2 𝑇 0
1 0
= 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 cos 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖
2

5
 Average Power in Phasor Form
For phasor form:

1 1 1
𝐕𝐈 ∗ = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 ∠(𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 ) = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 [cos(𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 ) + 𝑗sin(𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 )]
2 2 2
1 1
 v − 𝑣i )− 𝜃𝑖 )
The average power P is: P = Re[VI*] = Vm I m (cos(𝜃
2 2
1 1 2 1
If 𝜃𝑣 = 𝜃𝑖 , then 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅 = |𝐈|2 𝑅
2 2 2
If 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 = ±90𝒐 , then P = 0 (a purely reactive circuit).

The resistive load (R) absorbs power at all times, while a

reactive load (L or C) absorbs zero average power.

6
 Example 11.1
Given that ,
find the instantaneous power and the average power
absorbed by the passive linear network of Fig. 11.1
Solution:

p = iv = 1200 cos(377t + 45) cos(377t − 10)

gives p = 600[cos(754t+
75t + 35) + cos 55]
or p (t ) = 344.2 + 600 cos(754t + 35) W
1 1
P = Vm I m cos( v − i ) = 120(10) cos[45 − (−10)]
2 2
= 600 cos 55 = 344.2 W
7
 Example 11.2
Calculus the average power absorbed by an impedance Z =
30 – j70 Ω when a voltage V = 1200 is applied across it.

Solution:
V 1200
I= = = 1.57666.8 A
Z 76.16 − 66.8
1
P = Vm I m cos( v − i )
2
1
= (120)(1.576) cos(0 − 66.8) = 37.24 W
2

8
 Example 11.3
For the circuit shown in Fig. 11.3, find the average power
supplied by the source and the average power absorbed by
the resistor.
Solution:
530 530
II = = = 1.11856.57 A
4 − j 2 4.472 − 26.57
1
P = (5)(1.118) cos(30 − 56.57) = 2.5 W
2
I R = II = 1.11856.57 A
VR = 44I I RR = 4.47256.57 V
1
P = (4.472)(1.118) = 2.5 W
2
9
 Example 11.4
Determine the average power generated by each source and
the average power absorbed by each passive element in the
circuit of Fig. 11.5(a).

Solution:
For mesh 1, I1 = 4 A

For mesh 2, ( j10 − j 5) II222 − j10I1 + 6030 = 0, I1 = 4 A

or j 5I 2 = −6030 + j 40
 I 2 = −12 − 60 + 8 = 10.5879.1 A
10
 Example 11.4 (Cont.)

For the voltage source I 2 = 10.5879.1 A

and the voltage across it is 6030 V
1
P5 = (60)(10.58) cos(30 − 79.1) = 207.8 W
2
V1 = 20I1 + j10(I1 − I 2 ) = 80 + j10(4 − 2 − j10.39)
= 183.9 + j 20 = 184.9846.21 V
1
P1 = − (184.984)(4) cos(6.21 − 0) = −367.8 W
2
11
 Example 11.4 (Cont.)

For the 20- resistor, I1 = 479 0o.1 A

The voltage across
and the the across
voltage is 20I1 = 800 V
resisterit is
1
P2 = (80)(4) = 160 W
2

12
 Example 11.4 (Cont.)

For the capacitor, the current through it is

I 2 = 10.5879.1,
− j 5I 2 = (5 − 90)(10.5879.1) = 52.9(79.1 − 90)
The average power absorbed by the capacitor is
1
P4 = (52.9)(10.58) cos(−90) = 0
2
13
 Example 11.4 (Cont.)

For the inductor, the current through it is

I1 − I 2 = 2 − j10.39 = 10.58 − 79.1
The voltage across it is
j10(I1 − I 2 ) = 105.8
10.58(−79.1 + 90)
The average

14
11.3 Maximum Average Power Transfer
➢ In Section 4.8, the maximum power would be delivered to the
load if RL = RTH in dc circuits.
➢ Consider the ac circuit, where is connected to a load
impedance ZL = RL + jXL and is represented by its Thevenin
impedance ZTH = RTH + jXTH and VTH.

𝐕TH 𝐕TH
𝐈= =
𝒁TH +𝒁𝐿 (𝑅TH +𝑅𝐿 )+𝑗(𝑋TH +𝑋𝐿 )

1 |𝐕TH |2 𝑅𝐿 /2
P= |𝐈|2 𝑅𝐿 =
2 (𝑅TH +𝑅𝐿 )2 +(𝑋TH +𝑋𝐿 )2

15
 Maximum Average Power Transfer
1 |𝑽TH |2 𝑅𝐿 /2
P= |𝐈|2 𝑅𝐿 =
2 (𝑅TH +𝑅𝐿 )2 +(𝑋TH +𝑋𝐿 )2

𝜕𝑃 𝐕TH 2 𝑅𝐿 (𝑋TH +𝑋𝐿 )

= − =0 𝑋𝐿 = −𝑋TH
𝜕𝑋𝐿 [(𝑅TH +𝑅𝐿 )2 +(𝑋TH +𝑋𝐿 )2 ]2

𝜕𝑃 𝐕TH 2 [(𝑅TH +𝑅𝐿 )2 +(𝑋TH +𝑋𝐿 )2 −2𝑅𝐿 (𝑅TH +𝑅𝐿 )]

= =0
𝜕𝑅𝐿 2 [(𝑅𝑇𝐻 +𝑅𝐿 )2 +(𝑋𝑇𝐻 +𝑋𝐿 )2 ]2

𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅TH 2 + (𝑋TH + 𝑋𝐿 )2 𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅TH

Z L = RL + jX L The maximum average power

transfer, the load impedance ZL must
= RTH − jX TH
be equal to the complex conjugate of
= Z*TH the Thevenin impedance ZTH.
16
 Maximum Average Power Transfer
Therefore, the maximum average power is:
1 |𝐕TH |2 𝑅𝐿 /2
P= |𝐈|2 𝑅𝐿 =
2 (𝑅TH +𝑅𝐿 )2 +(𝑋TH +𝑋𝐿 )2

𝑋𝐿 = −𝑋TH and 𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅TH

2
VTH
Pmax =
8RTH

If the load is a purely resistive load, XL = 0, then

2 2
𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅TH + 𝑋TH = 𝒁TH

17
 Example 11.5
Determine the load impedance ZL that maximizes the average
power drawn from the circuit of Fig. 11.8. What is the maximum
average power?

Solution:

18
 Example 11.5 (Cont.)

Z L = Z**TH
TH = 2.933 − j 4.467 

22
|V
VTHTH | (7.454) 2
Pmax = = = 2.368 W
8 RTH 8(2.933)
19
 Example 11.6
In the circuit Fig. 11.1, find the value of RL that will absorb the
maximum average power. Calculate the power.
Solution:
Purely
resistive
load

|ZTH|

20
 Effective or RMS Value
The effect value of a period current is the dc current that delivers
the same average power to a resistor as the periodic current.

The effect value of a periodic signal

is its root-mean-square (rms) value.
21
 11.4 Effective or RMS Value
➢ For i(t) = Imcos t, the effective or rms value is:
1 𝑇 2
𝐼rms = න 𝐼𝑚 cos 2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
2 𝑇
𝐼𝑚 1 𝐼𝑚
= න (1 + cos 2𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑇 0 2 2
𝑉𝑚
➢ Similarly, for v(t) = Vmcos t, 𝑉rms =
2
➢ The average power can be written in terms of the rms values.
1 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
𝑃= 𝑉 𝐼 cos(𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 ) = cos(𝜃𝑣 −𝜃𝑖 ) = 𝑉rms 𝐼rms cos(𝜃𝑣 −𝜃𝑖 )
2 𝑚 𝑚 2 2
2
2 V
➢ The average power absorbed by R is P = I rms R = rms
R
22
 Example 11.7
Determine the rms value of the current waveform in Fig. 11.14.
If the current is passed through a 2-Ω resistor, find the average
power absorbed by the resistor.
Solution:
The period of the waveform is T = 4,

 5t , 0  t  2
i (t ) = 
− 10, 2  t  4

23
 Example 11.7 (Cont.)

 5t , 0  t  2
i (t ) = 
− 10, 2  t  4

1 T 2 1 2 2 4 
T 0 4  0 2
2
I rms = i dt = (5t ) dt + ( −10 ) dt 

1  t 32
4
 1  200  = 8.165 A
=  25 + 100t 2 =  + 200 
4 3 0  4 3 

2
P = I rms R = (8.165) 2 (2) = 133.3 W
24
 Example 11.8
The waveform shown in Fig. 11.16 is a half-wave rectified sine
wave. Find the rms value and the amount of average power
dissipated in a 10-Ω resistor.
Solution:
The period of the waveform is T = 2,

10sint , 0  t  
(t ) = 
iv(t)
 0,   t  2

2
Vrms
T
1 T 2
=  v (t )dt =
0
1 
2
0
2

2 2
(10 sin t ) dt +  0 dt 
1
But sin 2t = (1 − cos 2t ). Hence,
2
25
 Example 11.8 (Cont.)

1  100 2 
50  sin2t
rms =
VIrms
2
2 0 2
(1 − cos 2t ) dt = t −
2  2 0


50  1  = 25, V = 5V
=   − sin 2 − 0  rms 5V
2  2 

2
Vrms 52
P= = = 2.5 W
R 10

26
 11.5 Apparent Power and Power Factor
➢ The apparent power (in VA) is the product of the rms values of
voltage and current.
S = Vrms I rms
➢ The power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between
voltage and current. 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 called the power factor angle.
𝑃
pf = = cos(𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 )
𝑆
➢ It is also the cosine of the angle of the load impedance.
V Vrms Vrms
Z= = = ( v − i )
I I rms Irms rms
➢ “pf = 1” implies that the apparent power is equal to average power.
➢ For a purely reactive load, 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 = ±90𝑜, pf = 0.
27
 Example 11.9
A series-connected load draws a current i(t) = 4 cos(100t+10)
A when the applied voltage is v(t) = 120 cos(100t−20 ) V.
Find the apparent power and the power factor of the load.
Determine the element values that from the series-connected
load.
Solution: 120 4
S = Vrms I rms = = 240 VA
2 2
pf = cos( v − i ) = cos(−20 − 10) = 0.866
V 120 − 20
Z= = = 30 − 30 = 25.98 − j15 
I 410
pf = cos(−30) = 0.866
28
 Example 11.9 (Cont.)
The load impedance Z can be modeled by a 25.98-Ω
resistor in series with a capacitor with

1
X C = −15 = −
C
1 1
C= = = 212.2 F
F
15 15  100

29
 Example 11.10
Determine the power factor of the entire circuit of Fig. 11.18
as seen by the source. Calculate the average power delivered
by the source.

Solution:

− j2  4
Z = 6 + 4 ( − j 2) = 6 + = 6.8 − j1.6 = 7 − 13.24 
4 − j2
pf = cos(−13.24) = 0.9734
Vrms 300
I rms = = = 4.28613.24 A A
Z 7 − 13.24
30
 Example 11.10 (Cont.)

The average power supplied by the source is:

P = Vrms I rms pf = (30)(4.286)0.9734 = 125 W
2
or P = I rms R = (4.286) 2 (6.8) = 125 W
where R is the resistor part of Z.

31
 11.6 Complex Power
➢ Complex power is important in power analysis because it
contains all the information pertaining to the power absorbed by
a given load.
➢ The complex power S absorbed by the ac load is the product of
the voltage and the complex conjugate of the current:

𝐕 = 𝑉𝑚 ∠𝜃𝑣 1 ∗
𝐒 = 𝐕𝐈 = 𝐕rms 𝐈rms ∗
𝐈 = 𝐼𝑚 ∠𝜃𝑖 2

𝐕
𝐕rms = = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠𝜃𝑣
2
𝐈
𝐈rms = = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠𝜃𝑖
2
32
 Complex Power
𝐒 = 𝑉rms 𝐼rms ∠ 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖
= 𝑉rms 𝐼rms cos 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑉rms 𝐼rms sin(𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 )

The magnitude of complex power S is the apparent power S, hence,

measured by VA.
𝐕 𝐕rms 𝑉rms
The load impedance Z: 𝐙 = = = ∠(𝜃𝑣 −𝜃𝑖 )
𝐈 𝐈rms 𝐼rms
𝐕rms = Z𝐈rms
2 Complex power (in VA) is the product of the
S= I rms Z rms voltage phasor and the complex conjugate
2
Vrms of the rms current phasor. As a complex quality,
= its real part is real power P and its imaginary
Z*
part is reactive power Q.
= VrmsI*rms
33
 Complex Power
Since 2 𝒁 = 𝐼2
𝐒 = 𝐼rms rms 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄
2 R =𝑉
P = Re(𝐒) =𝐼rms rms 𝐼rms cos 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖
2 X=𝑉
Q = Im(𝐒) =𝐼rms rms 𝐼rms sin(𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 )

P is the average or real power, it depends on the load’s resistance R.

Q depends on the load’s reactance X, called the reactive power.
The real power P is the average power in watts delivered to a load,
it is the only useful power. It is the actual power dissipated by the
load. The reactive power Q is a measure of the energy exchange
between the source and the reactive part of load. The unit of Q is the
volt-ampere reactive (VAR) to distinguish it from the real power. It
represents a lossless interchange between the load and the source.
1. Q = 0 for resistive load (unit pf)
2. Q < 0 for capacitive load (leading pf)
3. Q > 0 for inductive load (lagging pf)
34
 Complex Power
∗
• Complex Power S = P+jQ = 𝐕rms 𝐈rms
= |𝐕rms ||𝐈rms ∠(𝜃𝑣 −𝜃𝑖
= 𝑉rms 𝐼rms ∠(𝜃𝑣 −𝜃𝑖 )
• Apparent Power = S = S = Vrms I rms = P 2 + Q 2
• Real Power = P = Re(S) = S cos(v − i )
• Reactive Power = Q = Im(S) = S sin( v − i )
P
• Power Factor = = cos( v − i )
S

35
 Power Triangle
S, P, and Q in the form of a triangle, known as the power
triangle, which is similar to the impedance triangle.

36
 Power Triangle
➢ When S lies in the first quadrant, we have an inductive load and a
lagging pf.
➢ When S lies in the fourth quadrant, we have a capacitive load and
a leading pf.

37
 Example 11.11
The voltage across a load is v(t) = 60cos(t – 10) V and the current
through the element in the direction of the voltage drop is i(t) = 1.5
cos(t + 50) A. Find: (a) the complex and apparent powers, (b) the
real and reactive powers, and (c) the power factor and the load
impedance.
Solution: (a) 60 1.5
Vrms =  − 10, I rms
rms =  + 50
15
2 2
The complex power is
S = VrmsI*rms
 60  1.5
=   − 10   + 15  = 45 − 60 VA
−50
 2  2 
The apparent power is
S = S = 45 VA
38
 Example 11.11 (Cont.)

b 𝐒 = 45∠ − 60° = 45[cos( − 60°) + 𝑗 sin( − 60°)]

= 22.5 − 𝑗38.97 VA

𝐒 = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄 ⇒ 𝑃 = 22.5 W
where the reactive power is
𝑄 = −38.97 VAR

(c) pf = cos(−60°) = 0.5

𝐕 60∠ − 10°
𝐙= = = 40∠ − 60° Ω
𝐈 1.5∠50°

39
 Example 11.12
A load Z draw 12 kVA at a power factor of 0.856 lagging from
a 120-V rms sinusoidal source. Calculate: (a) the average and
reactive powers delivered to the load, (b) the peak current, and
(c) the load impedance.

Solution:
−1
(a) pf = cos = 0.856,  = cos 0.856 = 31.13.
If the apparent power is S = 12,000 VA, then the average
or real power is
P = S cos = 12000  0.856 = 10.272 kW
where the reactive power is
Q = S sin  = 12000  0.517 = 6.204 kVAR
40
 Example 11.12 (Cont.)

(b) Since the pf is lagging, the complex power is

S = P + jQ = 10.272 + j 6.204 VA
kVA
S = VrmsΙ*rms , then
S 10272 + j 6.204
10272+j6204
Ι*rms = =
Vrms 1200
= 85 .6 + k 51.7 A = 10031.13 A
85.6+j51.7
Thus I rms = 100 − 31.13 and the peak current is
I m = 2I rms = 2 (100) = 141.4 A

41
 Example 11.12 (Cont.)

(c) The load impedance:

Vrms 1200
Z= = = 1.231.13 
I rms 100 − 31.13

which is an inductive impedance.

42
 11.7 Conservation of AC Power
The principle of conservation of power applies to ac circuits as
well as to dc circuits.
𝐈 = 𝐈1 +𝐈2
S = V𝐈 ∗ = 𝐕(𝐈1 ∗ +𝐈2 ∗ ) = 𝐒1 + 𝐒2 (parallel)
S = V𝐈 ∗ = 𝐕𝟏 + 𝐕2 𝐈 ∗ = 𝐒1 + 𝐒2 (𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬)

43
 Conservation of AC Power
Whether the loads are connected in series or in parallel, the
total power supplied by the source equals the total power
delivered to the load. For N loads,

𝐒 = 𝐒1 +𝐒2 + ⋯ + 𝐒N

The complex, real, and reactive powers of the sources equal

the respective sums of the complex, real, and reactive powers
of the individual loads.

44
 Example 11.13
Figure 11.24 shows a load being fed by a voltage source
through a transmission line. The impedance of the line is
represented by the (4 + j2) Ω impedance and a return path.
Find the real power and reactive power absorbed by: (a) the
source, (b) the line, and (c) the load.

Solution:

Z = (4 + j 2) + (15 − j10)
= 19 − j8 = 20.62 − 22.83 
Vs 2200
I= = A=rms
10.67∠22.83° A rms
Z 20.62 − 22.83

45
 Example 11.13 (Cont.)
(a) S s = Vs I* = (2200)(10.67 − 22.83)
= 2347.4 − 22.83 = (2163.5 − j 910.8) VA
(b) Vline = (4 + j 2)I = (4.47226.57)(10.6722.83)
= 47.72∠49.4° V rms
The complex power absorbed by the line is

46
 Example 11.13 (Cont.)

(c) VL = (15 − j10)I = (18.03 − 33.7)(10.6722.83)

= 192.38 − 10.87 Vrms
SL = V
VL I* = (192.38 − 10.87)(10.67 − 22.83)
= 2053 − 33.7 = (1708 − j1139) VA

47
 Example 11.14
In the circuit of Fig. 11.26, Z1 = 60 − 30 and Z 2 = 4045.
Calculus the total: (a) apparent power, (b) real power, (c)
reactive power, and (d) pf, supplied by the source and seen by
the source.
Solution:
V 12010
I1 = = = 240 A rms
Z1 60 − 30
II21 = V = 12010 = 3 − 35 A rms
Z12 4045
The complex powers absorbed by the impedances are
2
Vrms (120) 2
S1 = * = = 240 − 30 = 207.85 − j120 VA
Z1 6030
2
Vrms (120) 2
S2 = * = = 36045 = 254.6 + j 254.6 VA
Z 2 40 − 45 48
 Example 11.14 (Cont.)
(a) The total complex and apparent powers are
SStt = S1 + S 2 = 462.4 + j134.6 VA
𝐒𝑡 = 462.42 + 134.62 = 481.6 VA
(b) The total real power is
Pt = Re(St ) = 462.4 W or Pt = P1 + P2
(c) The total reactive power is
Qt = Im(St ) = 134.6 VAR or Qt = Q1 + Q2

49
 Example 11.14 (Cont.)

(d) The pf = Pt / St = 462.4 / 481.6 = 0.96

I t = I1 + I 2 = (1.532 + j1.286) + (2.457 − j1.721)

= (4 − j 0.435 = 4.024 − 6.21 A rms
Ss = VI*t = (12010)(4.0246.21)
= 482.88
488.8816.21
= 463 + j135 VA

50
 11.8 Power Factor Correction
➢ Most domestic loads (such as washing machines, air
conditions, and refrigerators) or industrial loads are
inductive and operate at a low lagging power factor.
Although the inductive nature of the load cannot be
changed, we can increase its power factor.
➢ The process of increasing the power factor without
altering the voltage or current to the original load is
known as power factor correction.

51
 Power Factor Correction
A load’s power factor is improved or corrected by
deliberately installing capacitor in parallel with the load.

52
 Power Factor Correction
➢ If (a) has a power factor of cos1 and (b) has a power factor of
cos2, it is evident that adding the capacitor has caused the phase
angle between the supplied voltage and current to reduce from 1
to 2, thereby increasing the power factor. The supplied voltage
for both are the same.
➢ IL of (a) > I of (b). Power companies charge more for larger
currents, because they result in increased power losses.

53
 Power Factor Correction for Inductive Load
➢ For power triangle, if the original inductive load has apparent
power S1
𝑃 = 𝑃1 = 𝑆1 cos𝜃1
𝑄1 = 𝑆1 sin𝜃1 = 𝑃tan𝜃1
➢ If we increase power factor to cos 𝜃2
𝑃 = 𝑃2 = 𝑆2 cos𝜃2
𝑄2 = 𝑃tan𝜃2
The reduction in the reactive power is caused by the shunt capacitor,
𝑉rms 2
𝑄𝑐 = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2 = 𝑃(tan𝜃1 − tan𝜃2 ) = = 𝜔𝐶𝑉rms 2
𝑋𝑐
1
QC P (tan 1 − tan  2 ) , 𝑋𝑐 =
C= = 𝜔𝐶
Vrms
2
Vrms
V22rms
54
Power Factor Correction for Capacitive Load
It is also possible that the load is capacitive, that is the load
is operating at a leading power factor. An inductor should
be connected across the load for power factor correction.
The required shunt inductance L can be calculated from

2
𝑉rms 2
𝑉rms
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2 = =
𝑋𝐿 𝜔𝐿
2
𝑉rms
L=
𝜔𝑄𝐿

55
 Example 11.15
When connected to a 120-V (rms), 60-Hz power line, a load
absorbs 4 kW at a lagging power factor of 0.8. Find the value
of capacitance necessary to raise the pf to 0.95.

Solution:
If the pf = 0.8, then
cos1 = 0.8  1 = 36.87
P 4000
S1 = = = 50010
5000 VA
cos1 0 .8
Q1 = S1 sin  = 5000 sin 36.87 o= 3000VAR

56
 Example 11.15 (Cont.)

When the pf is raised to 0.95,

cos 2 = 0.95   2 = 18.19

P 4000
S2 = = = 4210.5 VA
cos 2 0.95
Q2 = S 2 sin  2 = 1314.4 VAR
QC = Q1 − Q2 = 3000 − 1314.4 = 1685.6 VAR
QC 1685.6
C= = = 310.5 F
Vrms 2  60  120
2 2

57
58