Global Journal of Research in Agriculture & Life Sciences

Volume 02| Issue 04 | July-Aug. | 2022

Journal homepage: https://gjrpublication.com/gjrals/
Original Research Article
Benefits and challenges of information systems for agricultural management
*Muhammad Ahmad Baballe1, Kassim Sulaiman Abubakar2, Ibrahim Isah Fagge3, Muntaka Dahiru4, Fatima Usman Abubakar5, Nasir
Usman Abubakar6, Auwal Sani Iliyasu1
1
Department of Computer Engineering Technology, Kano State Polytechnic, School of Technology, Kano, Nigeria
2
Department of Electrical Engineering Technology, Kano State Polytechnic, School of Technology, Kano, Nigeria
3
Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Kano, Nigeria
4
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Kano State Polytechnic, School of Technology, Kano, Nigeria
5
Department of Interscience, Federal College of Education Technical Bichi, Kano, Nigeria
6
Department of Agric Education, Federal College of Education Technical Bichi, Kano, Nigeria
Submission Date: 19th July 2022 | Published Date: 28th Aug. 2022
*Corresponding author: Muhammad Ahmad Baballe
Department of Computer Engineering Technology, Kano State Polytechnic, School of Technology, Kano, Nigeria
ORCID: 0000-0001-9441-7023

Abstract
This paper's objective is to evaluate the use of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based system in the field of precision
agriculture. Because of bug infestations and a lack of tools to operate the farm efficiently, farmers experience
significant losses every year. The chosen article provides a summary of the IoT in smart farming equipment and
methodology that is advised. The goal of this analysis is to highlight and explain key hardware, cloud platforms,
communication standards, and data processing techniques. By updating every aspect, including crop field data and
application use, this evaluation emphasizes an updated technology for agricultural smart management. Agriculture
stakeholders may improve environmental protection and enhance food production in a way that will meet future
global demand by tailoring their technology spending decisions. The application of IoT in agriculture helps to
improve sensing and monitoring of production, including farm resource utilization, animal behavior, crop
development, and food processing, which is the final contribution of this research. Additionally, it gives a greater
grasp of the specific agricultural situations, including environmental and climatic factors, weed, pest, and disease
growth.

Keywords: Internet of Things; Precision agriculture; Data management; Crop monitoring

INTRODUCTION
A significant portion of the gross domestic product (GDP) of developing nations comes from the agriculture sector
[1]. Due to the ever-increasing population, this business may not be able to keep up with the needs of growing
technologies and the population growth. The planet's population will surpass 8 billion people by 2030, and will reach
over 10 billion people by 2050. With more than 1 billion people apiece, China and India are the two most populous
nations in the world by population, making up 19% and 18% of the entire world's population, respectively. China is
anticipated to surpass India in population by 2022. In order to provide a consistent supply of jobs for their expanding
populations, agriculture is essential to the economies of both nations. The Internet of Things (IoT) [101] is a
contemporary mechanism for development that has assumed control over networked cloud applications, including
mechanical, electrical, and digital devices as well as people with unique IDs. The ability to send data without a human
transmission interface is by far the most crucial aspect of the IoT. The use of Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSN) is the
greatest solution to the issue since the field is extended across a sizable area of farmland for agricultural or animal
viewing. Although they are not as numerous as the sensor nodes, the actuator modules are connected to the Personal Area
Network (PAN) since they use a significant amount of electricity. Using current Local Area Network (LAN) and Internet
infrastructure, this comprehensive framework may be incorporated into an IoT-based system. Most emerging nations are
progressing with agricultural digitization. Crop breeding, insect management, agricultural management, and the creation
of meteorological data are all prevalent practices in Japan. Large data cloud systems, government databases for

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agriculture, research institutions, and libraries are all accessible to farmers in the United States (US). The database can be
used by farmers to learn about the most recent market prices, crop enhancement techniques, and advancements in
agricultural technology. In order to create farms with the highest yields and benefits, farmers can utilize computers to
help them choose the best crops to sow, the best seasons to grow them in, and the best farming method to employ.
Numerous agricultural management specialties are covered by plug-in or analogous solutions from well-known financial
management information system (FMIS) suppliers as Wisu and Agrineuvos. For agricultural production education, it is
crucial to acknowledge relevant and available information. Agricultural information serves as the cornerstone of an
agriculture management information system (AMIS). The accuracy with which agricultural data is gathered and
processed has a significant impact on how it is managed. Data collecting frequently involves considerable costs and
technology since the farming ecosystem is a rather complex ecological framework with many variables spanning from
the environment to the human, from ecology to economics, and from geography to culture. The use of IoT in the
agricultural sector may improve sensing and monitoring of production, including farm resource use, animal behavior,
crop development, and food processing [93, 95]. This study has made a significant contribution in this regard.
Additionally, it aids farmers in understanding certain agricultural circumstances, such as how the atmosphere and climate
influence the development of weeds, pests, and diseases, among other things [96, 102].

Management of Data in Agriculture

The most current paradigm based on agricultural data to develop is smart agriculture, which is often referred to as
automated farming. It was made possible by developments in data processing and telecommunications, which were
integrated with the precision agriculture idea that already existed to increase operational accuracy. This is how smart
agriculture works. Farmers use technology to collect data from agricultural fields, which is then evaluated to come to
appropriate management and operational conclusions. Farmers used to have to travel to the ground farm in person to
check on the condition of the plots and to examine decisions that were made without their knowledge. This approach is
ineffective for a number of reasons, including the fact that many industries are too vast to be properly addressed within
the confines of legal norms. Innovative management techniques are making practical contributions to smart agriculture.
Additionally, even if some farmers have accumulated extensive knowledge via a range of experiences, technology can
offer an automatic technique to find unforeseen problems that are challenging to notice with routine eyesight
assessments. Younger farmers are more likely than older farmers to utilize new agricultural technologies because they
will use smart tools or devices to supplement their limited knowledge. However, in recent decades, the average age of
farmers has increased significantly: it is now 63 in Japan, 60 in Africa, and 58 in the US and Europe [2]. Thankfully, a
number of policies are being updated and expanded throughout Europe to support generational transformation by
expanding access to start-up financing, loans, market advice, and coaching. Regeneration of generations involves more
than just lowering the retirement age for farmers in rural areas. It also entails motivating the most intelligent and engaged
young farmers to use technology to further successful agribusiness methods. Young farmers must adapt their current
practices in order to achieve sustainable food security and competitiveness in the food chain.

A. Data Gathering using an Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT and agriculture have always been associated with the use of sensors and other instruments to transform any aspect of
farming operations into data. It is projected that more than 10% of US farmers will utilize IoT devices on their
plantations, which total more than 2400 million acres. The core of "agricultural 4.0" is the Internet of Things. Because it
makes it possible to generate such a large amount of useful knowledge, IoT technology has in fact become a catalyst in
the agriculture industry. Improvements in these technical breakthroughs are anticipated to have a substantial impact on
the farming industry. It is anticipated that the IoT would be able to increase agricultural output by over 70% with current
methods by 2050. This is a good development since, according to Myklevy et al., the world's food supply must increase
by 60% by 2050 to support the world's expanding population of about 900 million people. Better harvests and reduced
prices are the key advantages of IoT systems. A typical farming operation that employs IoT can reduce energy use by up
to 8% while increasing yield by up to 2%.

B. Massive Data Analysis

Due to the vast quantities of data streams available for farm management, a new type of automation technique is needed
to produce organizational big data. However, it is unlikely that the quantities of data retrieved from the vast majority of
industrial or agricultural topic areas will match the requirements for classification as big data. Regarding big data, it may
be divided into three categories: quantity, speed, and variety of organisms. Authenticity and valuation lead to the
following:
a) Volume: Databases that are too big to be recorded, preserved, handled, and analyzed using traditional techniques are
linked to volume. Based on generally accessible computer resources and typical dataset sizes, which frequently start in
the terabyte region, it provides an estimate of the size of a database needed to be termed enormous, which varies by
respected field.

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b) Velocity: The ability to learn, absorb, and experience events as they happen is referred to as "velocity." These systems
function in real-time when it comes to agriculture, among other things by extracting local information to implement
various chemical dosages in machinery with variable-rate delivery mechanisms.
c) Variety: The word "variety" alludes to the several informational mediums (text, audio, and video), as well as the varied
levels of complexity. Images and data from soil or temperature sensors are just two examples of the types of information
used in agriculture to deal with dynamic conditions.
d) Veracity: The word "veracity" refers to the information's consistency, dependability, and validity.
e) Valorization: When one wishes to impart awareness, respect, and inventiveness to others, it is known as valorization.
Big data is only useful for managing agriculture under specific conditions, depending on the plantation and the rate of
technological adoption. 34 surveys [3] discussed the use of information systems in farming, while Wolfert et al. [4] did
study on the application of big data in contemporary agriculture. The Agriculture Big Data Platform, which was
introduced by the Organization of Global Agricultural Research Centers (OGARC) in order to stay up, claims to answer
concerns about agricultural expansion more quickly, more economically, and more successfully than the current methods.

C. Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Agriculture: Helping Humanity

Large technical issues are frequently solved by transformational technology, and Agriculture 5.0 is unquestionably one
for the first half of the twenty-first century. Farmlands that use Precision Agriculture standards and technology, such as
autonomous operational processes and automated decision support systems, are referred to as having Agriculture 5.0.
Agriculture 5.0 actually incorporates many robotic and AI technologies. To work the fields and increase profitability,
farms have traditionally resorted to a significant amount of seasonal labor. However, the culture has evolved from one
where many people lived in fields as part of an agrarian society to one where more people live in towns, which has
resulted in a scarcity of employees on farms. A Forbes article claims that agricultural robots assist humans by more
quickly and effectively harvesting crops. While agriculture is currently developing technology solutions to help farmers
with monotonous activities, moving agricultural systems into the modern paradigm of Agriculture 5.0, robots are still
incredibly slow compared to people in so many aspects. According to Reddy et al. [5], agricultural robots has improved
productivity and lowered farm running costs in several countries. However, as with previous innovations, significant
obstacles must be overcome in the first phases. For the majority of farmers, especially those with small farms, these
technologies continue to be exorbitantly expensive due to scale economics, which makes small individual farms less
lucrative. Agricultural robotics will undoubtedly be used in the future as a way to boost production as technology
becomes more accessible. In 2015, farming and agriculture production decreased globally. These issues and the growing
demand for higher returns led to the creation of agricultural robots. A Verified Market Intelligence report found that
agricultural robots may carry out field tasks more effectively than farmers, which would boost the global agriculture and
crop production market. Within the previous five years, agriculture technology firms have raised more than $800 million.
Startups that employ automation and machine learning to address issues in agriculture have grown in 2014. This was at
the same time as interest in artificial intelligence significantly increased (AI). Venture financing for AI has significantly
increased during the past five years [6, 7]. By 2050, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
predicts that there will be more than 9 billion people living on Earth. This innovative approach to agriculture offers the
possibility of getting more done for less money. High-tech sensing technology will aid in the problem-solving process in
agriculture. These technologies will provide accurate information on the environment, crops, and soil, allowing for the
practical implementation of phytosanitary products that will significantly minimize the use of herbicides.

IOT-BASED AGRICULTURE ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT MARKET

Some of the most frequently utilized IoT solutions in modern agriculture are pesticide or fertilizer management, plant
health, disease prevention, irrigated agricultural monitoring, soil conservation, distribution network traceability,
automobile, and machine and equipment control. The IoT system for smart farming with the highest adoption rate is
agricultural crop monitoring. These solutions have also been developed for use in a variety of agricultural settings,
including greenhouses, orchards, and arable fields, among others. Farmers depend on crop surveillance, which is why
this kind of equipment is so common in agriculture. In order to collect environmental data from plantations, such as
temperature, humidity, brightness, and other factors, IoT systems for crop monitoring were developed. This information
can be used by farmers to get a more complete picture of their plantations. The strength of pricing [8, 9], alfalfa [10], and
maize [11] crops, as well as greenhouse environmental conditions [12, 13, 14], have all been evaluated using comparable
data. A number of agricultural applications have led to the development of automated irrigation systems. Many IoT
systems are designed to employ sensors to detect soil moisture and monitor irrigation sources in order to improve
agricultural water use. As an alternative, you can determine how much water is available when watering the crops by
combining meteorological and humidity data [36]. To identify and prevent infections on plantations, IoT disease control
strategies are used. For this reason, these IoT systems collected various environmental and plantation data, such as plant
images [33], sounds, temperature, humidity, and more. There are several approaches used to analyze this data. AI and
image processing are two examples. For instance, [51] is experiencing innovation due to the Internet of Things. It
examines photographs of a sugarcane plant and finds pesticide contamination on the plant's green leaves. In contrast, [52]
developed a gadget that can record sounds made by larvae inside of trees that is Internet of Things enabled. IoT chemical

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control systems let crops apply fertilizer and pesticides more efficiently. Consequently, these technological solutions
collect data from crops (such as nitrogen, salinity, or PH). These Internet of Things (IoT) devices can identify crop zones
that may require the administration of fertilizer or pesticides. For instance, aerial images of crops can be used to assess
the nitrogen level in a sizable plantation [53]. The exact field that requires fertilizer may be found using these images. A
self-sufficient robot that improves pesticide distribution in greenhouse growing regions was also developed by [30]. The
platforms for industrial IoT soil science aim to characterize various soil properties that could be used for planting.
Examples of applications for these systems include identifying soil nutrients [56], calculating soil water content [54],
analyzing water consumption patterns [55], and using them as a weather station with air quality measurement [57]. The
primary goal of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology for car and machinery management is to gather and analyze data
from agricultural plants and facilities, including trucks, harvesters, and tractors. IoT solutions must therefore handle
certain characteristics of agricultural equipment, like mobility. In order to maximize their maintenance interval, sensors
take inputs from the machinery itself, such as the condition of the implement, engine performance, or rpm. Additionally,
opportunistic computing has been employed to collect data from distant crop fields using tractors fitted with sensors as
agricultural equipment has grown more mobile [62, 63]. The environment's impact on sensor information interchange can
be brought on by sensor node distance [59], a breakdown in communication in farmlands [63], or even the impact of
vegetation on signal transmission. Each agricultural scenario also provides specific obstacles for productivity.
Additionally, both are impacted by meteorological factors as snow, fog, and sun irradiation. Electronic sensors were
utilized to cover these scenarios in almost 96% of the studies assessed. The fact that these sensor nodes are approved,
reasonably priced, and readily accessible, as well as meeting the crucial monitoring condition for IoT technology for
smart agriculture, validates this descriptive approach. These sensors are used to collect data in real-time on a range of
agricultural parameters, such as meteorological variables, substrate characteristics, brightness, CO2 concentration, and
images. Additionally, a small percentage of papers (4%) concentrated on the design of specialized sensors for monitoring
particular agricultural factors, including nitrate [56] and plant leaf evaporation to compute hydric pressure in tobacco
crops [65]. In order to gather information about farming from a variety of sources, including as the environment,
agricultural productivity, and substrates, a wide range of sensors were integrated in IoT systems for modern farming. In
IoT solutions, electronic detectors are used to gather parameters. For instance, temperature, luminosity, and humidity [14,
23, 58]. In addition, electronic sensor nodes were set up to collect data from the soil surface, such as moisture,
temperature, and nitrogen, for substrate management. Similar to this, pH sensors are frequently used in hydroponic
farming techniques to measure the water's alkalinity or acidity. Crops were photographed using multispectral sensor
systems and cameras in order to be tracked. Robots are being used to take incredibly precise pictures of plant leaves, or
the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) [103] may be used in a number of different ways to capture aerial pictures of vast
plantations [8, 9, 11]. The equipment selection plays a crucial role in the creation of an IoT application because it
influences both costs and available technology. 60 percent of the papers looked at the tools used to support IoT
applications. Additionally, SBCs were discussed in 40% of the studies analyzed. SBC use is justified by its affordability
and scalability [21], which allow for the creation of individualized IoT systems. Some SBCs, like Arduino, come with an
integrated development environment (IDE). It enables the development of specialized software that may be used to run as
software on the microcontroller. Additionally, the Raspberry Pi is compatible with a wide range of operating systems,
including Raspbian, Mozilla Web Things, and Ubuntu Core. Several of these operating systems' source codes can be
changed. These operating characteristics also make it possible to run programs created in Python and other programming
languages [74]. Moreover, by adding extra components like transceivers or sensing devices, the capabilities of SBCs can
be improved. SBCs can function as gateways or core networks in IoT strategies thanks to this functionality. In 82 percent
of the publications that discussed SBCs, the use of ESP boards (including ESP12, ESP32, and ESP8266), Arduino, and
Raspberry Pi was addressed. Arduino is a well-liked option for experts and hobbyists alike since it is an open-access
platform that can be used to build a range of gadgets. Intelligent sensor systems are becoming more important in IoT
applications for crop monitoring. Rain sensors, sun radiation detectors, and soil humidity sensors are coupled as sensor
nodes. The health of a vineyard is then assessed using the microcontroller board. Similar to [75], a Raspberry Pi is used
to gauge the temperature inside a greenhouse. Through IoT devices serving as gateways, long-distance communication
protocols can be used to quickly link WSNs to the internet. Through a gateway, a WSN employing three separate
protocols (Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and Bluetooth) was connected to a remote server using 3G. Data is obtained from the sensors
through LoRa and retransmitted via 4G to a cloud-hosted platform by the Lora WAN gateway developed in [49].
Through the use of cellular network technologies like 3G and 4G, users may connect over great distances and send large
amounts of data quickly. UAVs are valued for their capacity to quickly and affordably monitor large crops. UAV systems
with multispectral sensing equipment and cameras are used for this specific purpose to take flying pictures of vast fields
of crops. These images are used by the IoT solution to measure agricultural parameters like the leaf area index (LAI). A
statistic used to determine how much vegetation is present in a specific area is called the LAI. LAI can be used in
conjunction with other indicators to measure and ascertain the quantity of nitrogen in rice production [9], calculate the
vigor of rice and maize crops [8, 11], and ascertain the existence of pests in sugarcane crops [51]. Additionally, [67]
optimizes pesticide and fertilizer applications in agricultural output by using UAV systems. The transfer of acquired data
to an endpoint, such as an IoT-based database or webserver, frequently occurs outside of a wired or wireless network. In
60% of the articles we studied, the set of network rules used in the IoT strategy were discussed. The two most frequently

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used communication protocols for wired networks were Ethernet and CAN. The Lora WAN and wireless network
configurations are by far the most popular for long-distance wireless connectivity. For instance, 3G, GPRS, and so forth.
Similarly, the most popular short- to medium-range wireless channel technologies are Bluetooth, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi. In
some agricultural applications, a variety of network protocols are used to facilitate connectivity between smart equipment
like routers and motes (e.g., greenhouse, orchard, arable land). The creation of both short-range and long-range networks
is possible thanks to this group of data structures. The IoT implementations that were evaluated used a variety of
hardware for middle-range and short-range networking, including Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and Bluetooth. Despite the fact that
Wi-Fi is a ubiquitous infrastructure that is very easy to establish, this general need for it may be highlighted. Despite this,
because to Wi-Fi's energy requirement, energy-efficient technical advancements like Bluetooth and ZigBee continue to
be widely used. For instance, the ZigBee protocol was used to send data from a farm to an inaccessible server and to set
up a Bluetooth-enabled node to monitor data that was sent directly from a field to a smart device. Long-distance
networks like cellular networks, Sigfox, and Lora WAN were employed in the examined publications on IoT
deployments. Cellular network-based smart agricultural technologies are increasingly popular. This claim may be
supported by cellular networks, which allow IoT devices to connect across great distances and at higher speeds. A
watering system is run while data from humidity sensing devices is transmitted over a cellular network to an IoT
platform. On the other side, technologies like Sigfox and Lora WAN allow for the energy-efficient transfer of data over
incredibly vast distances. Based on these traits, Lora WAN and Sigfox have been used for long-distance connections,
providing another option to wireless networks or in locations where cell service coverage is patchy or nonexistent. A
Sigfox-based plantation irrigation management system is presented in [36] as a network protocol for the Internet of
Things. Additionally, in [34], data is sent to a cloud-based service via Lora WAN from several sensors positioned around
the greenhouse. As shown by [62], who examined the effects of 2.4 GHz and 433 MHz signal transmission in expansive
estates and an orchard, vegetation itself may act as an obstruction to sensor contact in addition to the distance between
sensor devices, gateways, and other network equipment. The abundance of detectors, which could cause wireless signal
interruption owing to their close proximity, is another disadvantage of greenhouses [59]. Two examples of wired
connections that can be used to solve this problem are Ethernet [78] and CAN [76]. Since this farming method lends
itself well to exhibiting entry locations, these systems are being used more frequently in plants. Another crucial factor to
take into account when putting an IoT strategy into practice is the topology of a network. [90] states that there are three
different types of sensor networks: star, mesh, and tree (also known as a cluster). The number of nodes in the WSN and
the distance between the sensor devices and the destination are both impacted by the network's topology [91]. Networks
of stars, for instance, consist of a center unit and numerous end nodes. Data is transmitted from peripheral nodes to the
central node in this arrangement [59]. The distance between the peripheral nodes and the main node is in this case
constrained by the physical layer communication standard. Mesh networks, in contrast, include routing functionality built
into each node, enabling multi-hop communication to increase network coverage. Depending on the task description and
IoT strategy specifications, 61% of the publications under examination employed the same topology. We employ the
LoRa protocol to link sensors to a central location using star topology [36]. Through this hub, which acts as a conduit for
cloud-based software, irrigation systems can be monitored via Sigfox. The star topology is also used to wirelessly
integrate a variety of sensors inside a conservatory [104]. [59] utilized this topology to keep track of a greenhouse.
Cluster networks, also known as tree networks, are constructed from numerous star networks that connect to one another.
Both [90] and [50] employed cluster networks to control crops. Data is collected and sent by sensor nodes in [90] from a
harvesting station to a router point. Retransmitting messages to the network's main router node, this router serves as a
network interface. To increase the energy consumption of sensor nodes, several router nodes are deployed all around the
crop. Mobius, Thing Speak, Google, Azure IoT, Thinger.io, and AWS IoT are the cloud computing services that appear
the most frequently in the papers that were checked for this study. Because of its open-source design and low
technological prerequisites, Thing Speak has emerged as the most often utilized cloud-based framework in all surveyed
papers [36]. Only a few of the cloud-based platform providers offer an identical set of features and functionalities, but
they all support modeling [68], processing, and farm-level action management in addition to general information
management [10, 13, 33, 79]. Furthermore, a number of the publications under review construct private cloud-based
systems for the IoT solution, despite the fact that other cloud-based frameworks already exist. Cloud-based solutions
provide connectivity for Internet of Things (IoT) initiatives by utilizing cloud computing for data processing as well as
storage. Some IoT solutions, such as Thinger.io [25], are entirely dependent on infrastructure providers like Amazon
AWS and Microsoft Azure. These services frequently include data processing components with visuals and panels that
collect data, or they construct customized pieces using the accumulation of various data sets over time. The huge
amounts of data generated by the detectors are processed in database systems to create big data, where an unstructured
stream of data is used to acquire crop specifics, thanks to the scalability given by these channels. Because there is so
much information, technology is required to reduce reaction time. Big data applications are provided by a parallel
computer system known as Hadoop; it has been demonstrated that this technology is more effective in analyzing the
benchmark rainfall data from several meteorological stations. IoT solutions employ a variety of technology and data
analysis methods [92]. The three most popular data processing technologies are artificial intelligence, deep learning, and
big data. These technologies have the capacity to process large amounts of data quickly. IoT technology is also the most
widely used technology for crop monitoring when data processing technology is used. Crop control is also the application

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mode that needs the most diverse set of data processing technologies. This makes sense given that the majority of IoT
solutions for crop monitoring collect a lot of data and use big data analytics and deep learning to interpret it. Big data has
been used in several IoT technologies, including soil management and fertilizer control systems. The Prediction of
Worldwide Energy Resources (POWER) of NASA, for instance, includes datasets like the market trading price of crops,
feedback from users to optimize the irrigation performance, and aids farmers at the stage of material acquisition such as
seed and fertilizer. For instance, the data on soil moisture was collected by using sensors and was connected to cloud
datasets [55, 87] such as POWER. On the basis of the intelligent foundation created and information gathered from
sensing equipment like temperature and moisture monitors in the soil, big data is also used in [27] to monitor irrigation
systems and give irrigation advise to farmers. For IoT-based automated management, a number of factors must also be
modified. To begin with, simple soil moisture monitoring can be used to control irrigation or cooling systems, as
described by [72]. The upkeep of a greenhouse, though, might be harder. According to [14], humidity and temperature in
greenhouses are closely related, and changing one would have a cascading effect on the others. IoT solutions use
computer vision to process images for purposes like disease and pest identification. According to the reviewed study,
computer vision may also be used to manage and clarify the items in a camera-acquired image, such as [31, 51, 80]
employing computer vision to detect pests and diseases and using it to identify the different types of fruit in an orchard.
Similar to [98], [31] employed the same technology to examine diseases that may lead to morphological deformation on
crops. Both studies used computer vision as a monitoring tool to find disease in olive groves. Additionally, crop
management systems use computer vision to identify and remove weeds from farms by adding a camera and other
physical sensors to a robot to enable it to take pictures of the surrounding vegetation and, using image processing,
identify and remove weeds from the scene. robot using computer vision to make sense of the crops and communicate
with the farm as needed.

Information technology has advantages for agriculture economic management

(1) Help to increase the exchange of agricultural information resources, which will raise agricultural productivity and
support the industry's healthy and steady growth.
(2) To increase the competitiveness of the agricultural sector, it is beneficial to improve connection between various
agricultural regions, encourage agricultural production to industrialize, and establish production standardization.
(3) It is beneficial to encourage the agricultural economy's growth in a variety of ways and to change the agricultural
economy's conventional style of management.
(4) Farmers can adjust their farming practices, produce goods with high market demand, reap greater financial rewards,
support rural economic development, and implement agricultural product marketing information management by quickly
and thoroughly understanding the dynamic information of the agricultural market.

CONSUMER MISUSE OF INFORMATION IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT

(1) Insufficient technical and professional staff there is a dearth of qualified information technology talent in agricultural
economic management since the use of information technology to agriculture came very late and took place pretty
quickly. Additionally, certain rural public utilities' information networks were not built perfectly, which prevented
farmers from getting the relevant information on time and hampered the growth of rural economic management.
(2) The absence of a suitable platform the majority of local government agencies lack substantial knowledge on
agricultural modernization. The growth of the agricultural industry must rely on substantial support from government
agencies given the context of the information age. Only when the government thoroughly assesses the state of the
agricultural market can it effectively direct the expanding agricultural sector. Steady progress
(3) Farmers have limited informational awareness. For local farmers to be effectively guided in construction, certain
relatively backward regions lack sufficient depth in agricultural management principles, agricultural economic growth,
and information management. Information management and the creation of the agricultural economy have both been
severely hampered by this issue [105].

CONCLUSION
In order to give farmers more control over their fields and teams, precision agriculture employs data sensors,
networked devices, remote control tools, and other contemporary technologies [97]. The use of precision agriculture is
growing [98]. An extensive overview of the most recent Internet of Things (IoT) applications in agriculture is given in
this article. This study showed that whereas simple data processing and decision-making dominated agriculture work a
few years ago, the move toward systematic management systems, such as big data and cloud technology, which are used
to analyze vast volumes of data, has recently gained attraction. Aiming to enhance farm management, artificial
intelligence and computer vision have also emerged as new concepts in agriculture. According to the many efforts
described in this article, the bulk of IoT smart farming technologies were utilized to track crop data. The performance of
many applications mentioned in this article's discussion is enhanced by the concurrent use of various network protocols.
This article also contrasted several communication networks types, using wired network systems for indoor farming (like
greenhouses) and wireless network systems for outdoor farming like plantations and arable fields the analysis in this

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report showed that IoT applications for smart farming are becoming increasingly unimportant. A farmer will receive a
thorough assessment of every facet of his or her business, including crop and animal management, weather patterns, soil
quality, and employee performance [93, 99, 100]. By preserving all of this information in one location and making it
easily available, the site's history and evolution will be demonstrated uniformly [94]. This article could be used as a
resource for upcoming work on IoT system equipment selection and project cost estimation. By accurately predicting the
yield levels that will be harvested in each field, it is feasible to create better distribution plans and outline potential
income streams [95, 96].

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