LESSON 11:

LOGARITHMIC
EXPRESSION
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

a. define logarithm,

b. express logarithmic expressions, and

c. changing exponential expression to logarithmic

expression and vice versa.

• The logarithm is the inverse function to
exponentiation.

• Logarithm is the exponent or power to which a

base must be raised to yield a given number

• It is denoted by “log”

• For example, 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟖; therefore, 3 is the logarithm

of 8 to base 2, or 𝟑 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟖
 𝒂 𝒃 =𝒄
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 𝐜 = 𝐛
EXPONENTIAL to LOGARITHMIC LOGARITHMIC to EXPONENTIAL

𝟐 𝟓
𝟕 = 𝟒𝟗 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟒𝟗 = 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟓 𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐
𝟐 𝟑
𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟒 = 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟗 𝟕𝟐𝟗 = 𝟑 𝟗 = 𝟕𝟐𝟗
𝟐
𝟏𝟔 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟓𝟔 = 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟓 = 𝟏 𝟓𝟏 = 𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟒
𝟖𝟏𝟐 =𝟗 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟖𝟏 𝟗 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏Τ𝟐 𝟏𝟔 = −𝟒 𝟐
= 𝟏𝟔
𝟐
𝟏
𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝟏
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝟏𝟕𝟖 = 𝒚 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 =− 𝟓 = 𝟐
𝟓 𝟐 𝟓
 Two Special Types of Logarithm

• COMMON LOGARITHM → It is a logarithm whose base is 10. Ex: 𝟏𝟎𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

• NATURAL LOGARITHM → It is a logarithm whose base is 𝒆. Ex: 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒚

EXPONENTIAL to LOGARITHMIC LOGARITHMIC to EXPONENTIAL

𝟑
𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟐
𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 (𝒙 + 𝟐) = 𝟑 𝒆𝟑 = 𝒙 + 𝟐
𝒆𝒙 = 𝒚 𝒍𝒏𝒆 𝒚 = 𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈

𝒆𝒂 = 𝒃 𝒍𝒏 𝒃 = 𝒂
 CHECKING OF UNDERSTANDING
1.) 𝟑𝒏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 4.) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐
a) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒏 𝟏𝟐𝟓 = 𝟑 c) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒏 = 𝟑 a) 𝟐𝟎𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 c) 𝟐𝟐𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎
b) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝟓 = 𝒏 d) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 b) 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎 d) 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐

2.) 𝒚𝒙 = 𝟕𝟐 5.) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟔𝟗 = 𝟐

a) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝟕𝟐 = 𝒚 c) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚 𝟕𝟐 = 𝒙 a) 𝟐𝟏𝟑 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗 c) 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑
b) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚 𝒙 = 𝟕𝟐 d) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒚 b) 𝟏𝟑𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗 d) 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟗 = 𝟏𝟑

−𝟐 𝟏
3.) 𝟏𝟎 = 6.) 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟓
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
a) 𝒍𝒐𝒈 = −𝟐 c) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐 = a) 𝟏𝟎𝟓 = 𝒙 c) 𝟏𝟎𝒙 = 𝟓
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

b) 𝒍𝒐𝒈−𝟐
𝟏
= 𝟏𝟎 d) 𝒍𝒐𝒈 − 𝟐 =
𝟏 b) 𝒆𝒙 = 𝟓 d) 𝒆𝟓 = 𝒙
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Rules in Logarithm
✓ Product Rule
✓ Quotient Rule
✓ Power Rule
✓ Identity Rule
✓ Zero Rule
✓ Log of Exponent Rule
✓ Exponent of Log Rule
 ▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐱𝐲 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐱 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐲 Regular Logarithm

▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱𝐲 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐲 Common Logarithm

▪ 𝐥𝐧 𝐱𝐲 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 + 𝐥𝐧 𝐲 Natural Logarithm

EXAMPLES:

1) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟑𝐱 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝐱 Regular Logarithm

2) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 (𝐱)(𝐱 + 𝟏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝐱 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 (𝐱 + 𝟏) Regular Logarithm

(𝟑)(𝟐𝐱)
3) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝐱 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔𝐱 Common Logarithm

3) 𝐥𝐧 𝟓 + 𝐥𝐧 𝟏𝟎 = 𝐥𝐧 𝟓𝟎
(𝟓)(𝟏𝟎) Natural Logarithm
 𝒙
▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐱 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐲 Regular Logarithm
𝒚
𝒙
▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐲 Common Logarithm
𝒚
𝒙
▪ 𝐥𝐧 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 − 𝐥𝐧 𝐲 Natural Logarithm
𝒚

EXAMPLES:
𝐱+𝟏
1) 𝐥𝐧 = 𝐥𝐧 (𝐱 + 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐧 (𝐱 − 𝟐) Natural Logarithm
𝐱−𝟐
𝟑
2) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟑 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟐 Regular Logarithm
𝟐
𝟐𝐱
3) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝐱 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐲 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 Common Logarithm
𝐲
 ▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝒙𝒚 = 𝐲 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐱 Regular Logarithm

▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙𝒚 = 𝐲 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 Common Logarithm

▪ 𝐥𝐧 𝒙𝒚 = 𝐲 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 Natural Logarithm

EXAMPLES:

1) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝒙 Regular Logarithm

2) 𝐥𝐧 (𝐱 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 (𝐱 + 𝟏) Natural Logarithm

3) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐲 Common Logarithm

POWER
RULE

PRODUCT
RULE
 ▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐛 = 𝟏 Regular Logarithm

▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏 Common Logarithm

▪ 𝐥𝐧 𝐞 = 𝟏 Natural Logarithm

EXAMPLES:

1) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟓 = 𝟏 Regular Logarithm

2) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟑 = 𝟏 Regular Logarithm

3) 𝐥𝐧 𝐞 = 𝟏 Natural Logarithm

4) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏 Common Logarithm

 ▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝟏 = 𝟎 Regular Logarithm

▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 = 𝟎 Common Logarithm

▪ 𝐥𝐧 𝟏 = 𝟎 Natural Logarithm

EXAMPLES:

1) 𝐥𝐧 𝟏 = 𝟎 Natural Logarithm

2) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟏 = 𝟎 Regular Logarithm

3) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 = 𝟎 Common Logarithm

 ▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐛𝐱 = 𝐱 Regular Logarithm

▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎𝐱 = 𝐱 Common Logarithm

▪ 𝐥𝐧 𝐞𝐱 = 𝐱 Natural Logarithm

EXAMPLES:

1) 𝐥𝐧 𝒆(𝟓𝒙−𝟐) = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐 Natural Logarithm

2) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝒚 = −𝟐𝐲 Common Logarithm

3) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔
𝟔𝟑𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔 𝟔𝟑𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔 𝟔 Regular Logarithm
𝟔

• Quotient Rule
= 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏
• Log of Exponent Rule
• Identity Rule
 ▪ 𝐛 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐛 𝐱 = 𝐱 Regular Logarithm

▪ 𝟏𝟎𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 = 𝐱 Common Logarithm

▪ 𝐞𝐥𝐧 𝐱 = 𝐱 Natural Logarithm

EXAMPLES:

1) 𝟓𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓(𝐱+𝟑) = 𝒙+𝟑 Regular Logarithm

2) 𝟏𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒚+𝟏) = 𝐲+𝟏 Common Logarithm

3) 𝐞 𝐥𝐧 𝟑𝐱 = 𝟑𝐱 Natural Logarithm
 POWER RULE
▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝒙𝒚 = 𝐲 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐱 LOG OF
Rules in Logarithm ▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙𝒚 = 𝐲 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 EXPONENT RULE
▪ 𝐥𝐧 𝒙𝒚 = 𝐲 𝐥𝐧 𝐱
▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐛𝐱 = 𝐱

PRODUCT RULE ▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎𝐱 = 𝐱

IDENTITY RULE ▪ 𝐥𝐧 𝐞𝐱 = 𝐱
▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐱𝐲 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐱 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐲
▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱𝐲 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐲 ▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐛 = 𝟏

▪ ▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏
𝐥𝐧 𝐱𝐲 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 + 𝐥𝐧 𝐲 EXPONENT OF
▪ 𝐥𝐧 𝐞 = 𝟏
LOG RULE
QUOTIENT RULE ▪ 𝐛 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐛 𝐱 = 𝐱
𝒙
ZERO RULE ▪ 𝟏𝟎𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 = 𝐱
▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐱 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐲
▪
𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐲 ▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝟏 = 𝟎 ▪ 𝐞𝐥𝐧 𝐱 = 𝐱
▪
𝒙
𝐥𝐧 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 − 𝐥𝐧 𝐲 ▪ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 = 𝟎
▪ 𝐥𝐧 𝟏 = 𝟎
 CHECKING OF UNDERSTANDING

1) Express the given as a single logarithm.

𝒙 𝟓
𝒍𝒐𝒈 = 𝟓 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 − 𝟓 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚 + 𝟓 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒛
𝒚𝒛

• Power Rule
• Quotient Rule
• Product Rule

2) Expand the Logarithmic Expression.

𝒙 𝟒
𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 = 𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒚
𝒚
• Power Rule
• Quotient Rule = 𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒚
 SOLVING
LOGARITHMIC
EQUATIONS
 Solve for 𝒙 in 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟖 = 𝒙

SOLUTION:
USING THE ONLINE/SCIENTIFIC
MANUAL SOLVING
CALCULATOR
Copy the given 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟖 = 𝒙

Change the given into 𝒙

exponential form 𝟐 = 𝟖

Rewrite both sides 𝒙 𝟑

with the same base 𝟐 = 𝟐

𝒙 = 𝟑
 Solve for 𝒚 in 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒 𝒚 = 𝟑

SOLUTION: MANUAL SOLVING + USING THE

ONLINE/SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR

Copy the given 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝒚 = 𝟑

Change the given into 𝟑

exponential form and 𝟒 = 𝐲
solve

𝟔𝟒 = 𝐲

𝒚 = 𝟔𝟒
 𝒚 𝟐
Solve for 𝒚 in 𝟒 =
𝟓

SOLUTION: MANUAL SOLVING + USING THE

ONLINE/SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR
𝟐
Copy the given 𝟒𝒚 =
𝟓
Change the given into 𝟐
logarithmic form and 𝐥𝐨𝐠 = 𝐲
solve using the
𝟒 𝟓
calculator

−𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟎𝟗 … = 𝐲

𝒚 ≈ −𝟎. 𝟔𝟔
 Evaluate 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟖𝟎 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟓

SOLUTION:

USING THE ONLINE/SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR

Type the given in the

calculator
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟖𝟎 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟓
= 6.3219280949 − 2.3219280949

= 𝟒
 𝟏
Evaluate 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟗 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟏
𝟔𝟒

SOLUTION:
USING THE ONLINE/SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR

Type the given in the

𝟏
calculator
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟗 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟏
𝟔𝟒
= 𝟐 + (−𝟑) + 𝟎

= −𝟏