ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS & APPLICATIONS

UNIT 6 - NON-LINEAR APPLICATIONS

OF OP-AMP

Aniket K. Kemalkar,
Assistant Professor,
School of E&TC Engineering,
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi (D), Pune
[email protected]
Unit 6 - Non-linear Applications of OP-AMP
❖ Comparators
❖ Applications of Comparator
❖ Schmitt Trigger(symmetrical/asymmetrical)
❖ Square wave & Triangular wave generator
❖ Need of precision rectifier, Half wave , Full wave precision rectifiers

Reference -: 1. Ramakant A. Gaikwad, “Op Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits”, Pearson Publication
2. Salivahanan and Kanchana Bhaskaran, “Linear Integrated Circuits”, Tata McGraw Hill Publication

ANIKET KEMALKAR , ASST. PROF., SEE,

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6.1 COMPARATOR
❖ The Op-amp in a open loop configuration can be used as a basic comparator.
❖ When two inputs are applied to the open loop Op-amp then it compares the
two inputs.
❖ Depending on the comparison, it produces the output voltage is either positive
saturation voltage (+Vsat) or negative saturation voltage (-Vsat)

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 Comparator

Non-Inverting Inverting
Comparator Comparator

Ideal Practical Ideal Practical

Comparator Comparator Comparator Comparator

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Ideal Non-Inverting Comparator ( )

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Ideal Non-Inverting Comparator ( )

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Practical Non-Inverting Comparator ( =+ve)

ANIKET KEMALKAR , ASST. PROF., SEE,

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Practical Non-Inverting Comparator ( =+ve)

ANIKET KEMALKAR , ASST. PROF., SEE,

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Practical Non-Inverting Comparator ( =-ve)

ANIKET KEMALKAR , ASST. PROF., SEE,

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Practical Non-Inverting Comparator ( =-ve)

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Ideal Inverting Comparator ( )

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Ideal Inverting Comparator ( )

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Practical Inverting Comparator ( =+ve)

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Practical Inverting Comparator ( =-ve)

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Application of Comparator
1. Zero crossing detector
2. Schmitt trigger
3. Window detector
4. Signal generator
5. Switching regulator
6. A to D converter

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Zero crossing detector (Non-inverting comparator)

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Zero crossing detector (Inverting comparator)

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Drawback of Comparator
❖ In comparator feedback is not used so open loop gain of Op-amp is large.
Hence very small noise voltage also can cause triggering of the comparator, to
change its state. This is called as false triggering. Such unwanted noise causes the
output to jump between high and low states.
❖Output of Op-amp is not compatible with logic families such as TTL.

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Schmitt trigger
❖ The main drawback of comparator is very high gain due to open loop
configuration. So very small noise voltage also can cause false triggering of the
comparator.

❖ To avoid such false triggering positive feedback (regenerative feedback) is

given to the comparator circuit. Such circuit is called as regenerative comparator
or Schmitt trigger.

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Inverting Schmitt trigger

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Inverting Schmitt trigger

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Inverting Schmitt trigger

2R2
H = X (+Vsat)
R1 + R2
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Non- Inverting Schmitt trigger
V2 = V1 = 0
Iin = IF

Vin - V1
Iin =
R2

V1 - V0
IF =
R1

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Non- Inverting Schmitt trigger

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Non- Inverting Schmitt trigger

2R2
H = X (+Vsat)
R1
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Square wave generator

Symmetrical Square wave generator

Asymmetrical Square wave generator

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Symmetrical Square wave generator
❖ It is also called as astable multi-vibrator or free running multi-vibrator.

R1
VUT = X (+Vsat)
R1 + R2

R1
VLT = X (-Vsat)
R1 + R2

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Symmetrical Square wave generator
❖ Duty cycle is 50%.
ton = toff

T = ton + toff

2𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑇 = 2𝑅𝑓 𝐶 𝑙𝑛
𝑅2
1
f=𝑇

𝑡𝑜𝑛
% Duty Cycle = ∗ 100
𝑇

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Asymmetrical Square wave generator
❖ Charging and discharging of capacitor is done through 2 different resistors.

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Asymmetrical Square wave generator
𝑅1
❖ Duty cycle is not 50%. β= 𝑅1 +𝑅2

1+β
𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝑅3 𝐶 𝑙𝑛
1−β

1+β
𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 𝑅4 𝐶 𝑙𝑛
1−β

T = ton + toff

1
f=𝑇

𝑡𝑜𝑛
% Duty Cycle = 𝑇
∗ 100

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 Triangular wave generator
❖ Triangular wave generator consist of square wave generator followed by integrator.

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Triangular wave generator

4𝑅4 𝑅1 𝐶2
T=
𝑅2

T = ton + toff

1
f=𝑇

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 Precision Rectifier
➢ Rectifier is a circuit that converts AC signal into pulsating DC signal. Although the series diode
is the classic rectifier, it can't rectify signals smaller that it’s own forward voltage that is 0.7V if
we consider a silicon diode.

➢ The precision rectifiers are the rectifiers which are able to rectify the ac signals with less than
0.7V amplitude

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Non Inverting Half Wave Precision Rectifier

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Inverting Half Wave Precision Rectifier

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Full Wave Precision Rectifier

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