Optical properties of

materials
Timothy Chou
Department of Photonics
National Cheng Kung University
 BIO Educational qualification
Ph.D. degree: Institute of Lighting and Energy Photonics, National
Chiao-Tung University, Tainan, Taiwan (2010~2016).

B.S. degree: Department of Physics, National Cheng-Kung

University, Tainan, Taiwan (2006~2010).

Work Experiences
Postdoc at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2018~2019)
Research Topic: Manipulating quantum fluids in ultra-high-quality
microcavities via electrical control

Dr. Timothy Chou Postdoc at Department of Physics, University of Michigan (2017~2018)

Research Topic: Study on TMDC based Tamm plasmon-polariton
microcavity
YSG SCHOLAR
ZUCKERMAN POSTDOCTORAL SCHOLAR Postdoc at Department of Photonics, National Chiao-Tung University
(2016~2017)
Research Topic: Ultra-compact plasmonic lasers and laser arrays
Research Focus
Potential applications of nanolasers
WELCOME!
“Darkness cannot drive out darkness: only light can do that.
Hate cannot drive out hate: only love can do that.”
― Martin Luther King Jr.
In this course, you will…

Learn about the latest photonic Gain familiarity with the types of
problems and issues
RP questions on the “Real Problems”
through repeated practice

Analyze and explain photonic

Catch up with science and social
phenomena and effects
developments, and to learn
independently and continuously

Write with more intention by Read thought-provoking materials

choosing from a variety of strategies and discuss your ideas in class
to best suit your purpose regularly
Textbook
Optical Properties of Solids (Oxford Master Series in Physics, 3) 2nd
Mark Fox (Author)

A. 電話：06-2083439
Email：[email protected]
位置：成大成功校區員生消費合作社（成大會館對面，原分信室）
LINE@ ID ：@964zcurq
B.
Syllabus
Introduction
1
Quantum confinement
Essential electromagnetics
9 15 Non-linear optics
2

3 Fundamental quantum mechanics 10 Free electrons 16 Laser

4 Classical propagation 11 Molecular materials

Semiconductor laser
17
Interband absorption 12 Luminescence centers
5

6 Exciton 13 Phonons

7 Luminescence

Fundamentals Advanced Specific Applications

8 midterm I 14 midterm report 18 Final report

Grading policy

30% HomeWorks and quiz

25% Midterm
25% Midterm II
15% Report
5% Class interaction
Bonus Timothy Chou
Office: 48407
Roll call, Q & A. Up to 10%
E-mail: [email protected]

8
How to Take
This Course?
• Download the lecture the evening before class.

• Read it before class.

• Come to class (set your alarm for noon, so you won’t

oversleep).

• Impress your classmates by knowing the answers to

questions I might ask in class that are on the next slide.

• Do the homework. Work with your friends and talk

about the problems, so you really understand them.

• Get an A.
How to hand in your quiz/homework?
Example Send to TA’s email before the due

[email protected]
OPM homework X/OPM quiz Y/OPM report Z

Name:
Content:
Attachment:

You could type in your answer by equation editor

Or
Write by sketch board
Or
Take a picture of handwrite answer and paste

We only accept PDF files!!!

Introduction
Let's talk about light first!

12
 Let us begin our story with the ancient
subjects of light, which hold the key to
it all.

2023/9/12 13
The impact of light on our culture
The more we know about light, the
more scientific progress will be made
From small to large…
E=mc 2
Even in the darkest night
What is photonics?
• Generation of light
Quantum Optics

• Transmission of light Electromagnetism

Wave Optics
• Detection of light

Ray optics

• Control of light
In short…
 Since 1960, 30% of physics
prize recipients have been
photonics-related or strongly
benefited from photonics
technologies.
 Physics world

Matter
Information
Energy

Space-time
Applications of Photonics
• LED
• Laser
• Photovoltaic
• Display panel
• Bio photonics
• Integrated photonic circuit
• Optical communication and so on…
Your career with photonics !!!

• Required Qualifications (for example)

2023/9/12 *Gross national income of USA~60K/year 24

Are you interested?
 Before 1900, it was well known that the
universe contained only particles.

Waves, on the other

hand, were simply
collective motions of
particles—a much less
fundamental
phenomenon.

A human wave
Human Wave

Estimate the speed, wavelength of a Human wave

https://youtu.be/nWRETlo9i6Y
 “I procured me a triangular
glass prism to try therewith
the celebrated phenomena
of colors.” Isaac Newton,
(1642-1727)

Is light a particle or a wave? After remaining ambivalent for many years, Newton
concluded that light was made up of particles.
28
Light passing through a hole bends
around the edges.

Thomas Young
Light pattern after passing
(1773-1829)
through a small square hole

In 1803, Thomas Young showed that light diffracted precisely as

predicted by Fresnel’s wave theory.
While particles travel in straight lines,
waves bend around corners.
Ocean waves passing through wave-breaks in Tel Aviv, Israel:

This is diffraction, and it occurs for all types of waves—but not for particles.
What is a wave?
A wave is anything that moves
periodically. f(x) f(x-2)
To displace any function f(x) to the right, f(x-1) f(x-3)
just change its argument from x to x-a,
where a is a positive number.
If we let a = v t, where v is positive and t
is time, then the displacement will
increase with time.
So f(x - v t) represents a rightward, or
forward, propagating wave. 0 1 2 3 x
Similarly, f(x + v t) represents a leftward,
or backward, propagating wave.
v will be the velocity of the wave. Prof. Rick Trebino
Georgia Tech
www.frog.gatech.edu
The Wave Equation

The wave equation is an important second-

order linear partial differential equation that
describes waves, such as sound waves, light
waves, and water waves.
It arises in fields such as acoustics, electro-
magnetics, and fluid dynamics. Historically,
the problem of a vibrating string, such as that
of a musical instrument, was studied by Jean
le Rond d'Alembert, Leonhard Euler, Daniel
Bernoulli, and Joseph-Louis Lagrange.

Jean le Rond d'Alembert

(1717–1783)
The Wave Equation Plucked guitar strings
A guitar string wants to be straight;
the restoring force is proportional
to how much it’s stretched, that is, f
its curvature:
 f 2
 2
x
where f(x) is the displacement from straight at the point x. x
 2
f
But Newton’s 2nd Law (F = ma) says that this equals: m 2
t
Setting them equal and letting: v =  / m

2 f 1 2 f
− 2 2 = 0
x 2
v t
Waves are a solution to this equation. And v is the wave’s velocity,
also called its phase velocity.
f (x ± vt) solves the wave equation!
u u
Write f (x ± vt) as f (u), where u = x ± vt. So = 1 and =v
x t

f f  u f f u
Now, use the chain rule: = =
x u x t u t

f f 2 f 2 f f f 2 f  2
f
So =  = 2 and =v  = v 2
x u x 2
u t u t 2 u 2

Substituting into the wave equation:

2 f 1 2 f 2 f 1  2 2 f 
− 2 2 = − 2 v 2 
= 0
x 2
v t u 2
v  u 

f can be any twice-differentiable function.

What does a typical wave look like?
It’s rigid and moves.

x
Some waves (like water waves) change their shape in time, but, for
this to occur, additional terms must occur in the wave equation.
 Wavelength
Wavelength, etc. l
Spatial quantities:
x

Waves look the same, k-vector magnitude: k = 2p/l

whether we take wave number: k = 1/l
snapshots of them in
space or watch them go
by in time, that is, Period
whether we plot them vs. t
x or t.
Temporal quantities:
t
Temporal quantities:
angular frequency: w = 2p/t
cyclical frequency: n = 1/t
 Maxwell’s Equations and the
Electromagnetic Spectrum

Maxwell's main contribution to science was the

correction he made to Ampère's circuit law in his 1861
paper On Physical Lines of Force. He added
the displacement current term, enabling him to derive
the electromagnetic wave equation in his later 1865
paper A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic
Field and demonstrate the fact that light is
an electromagnetic wave. This fact was then later
confirmed experimentally by Heinrich Hertz in 1887.

James Clerk Maxwell

(1831–1879)
Derivative forms of Maxwell’s equations Integral forms of Maxwell’s equations
2 f 1 2 f
− 2 2 = 0
x 2
v t
The Wave Equation for Light
Waves
Where E is the light electric field
 2E 1  2E
− 2 = 0 (the light magnetic field satisfies
x 2
v t 2
the same equation)
We’ll use a cosine-wave solution:

E ( x, t ) = A cos[k ( x − vt ) −  ] For simplicity, we’ll

just use the forward-
propagating wave
or E ( x, t ) = A cos(kx − wt −  ) for now.

w The speed of light in

where: =v vacuum, usually called
k “c”, is 3 x 1010 cm/s.

Once we know the wavelength (and hence k = 2p/l), we also know

the frequency, w, etc.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The transition wavelengths are a bit arbitrary.

Visible light ranges from ~380 to ~780 nm.

http://links.baruch.sc.edu/scael/personals/pjpb/lecture/spectrum.gif
 The Wave Equation for Light
Waves
E
B

Changing E Changing B

Linearly polarized waves

Temporal
quantities:
Phase velocity

(Let’s set at the amplitude crest)

Group velocity

Sum-to-Product Identities
 Coherence Incoherence

2023/9/12 46
Electric boundary conditions
Boundary condition

D1n-D2n
Using Snell’s law
• See more discussion on:

• https://www.brown.edu/research/labs/mittleman/sites/brow
n.edu.research.labs.mittleman/files/uploads/lecture13_0.pdf

2023/9/12 52
References
• Laser physics (S.Hooker and Colin Webb)
• Laser fundamentals (W. T. Silfvast)
• Laser and Electro optics (C. C. Davis)
• Wikipedia
• Prof. Rick Trebino Georgia Tech (www.frog.gatech.edu)

September 12, 2023 53

References (Figures)

• https://slidemodel.com
• https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/light
• Optical Properties of Solids (Oxford Master Series in Physics, 3) 2nd
• Wikipedia
• https://www.123rf.com/photo_1831834_bible-the-book-of-genesis.html
• https://itw01.com/2LII5E7.html
• https://steemit.com/science/@anarchyhasnogods/general-relativity-how-
can-light-always-travel-at-the-same-speed-if-we-are-moving
• https://medium.com/science-and-quantum-
mechanics/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%A1%E5%92%8C%E7%83%8F%E9%BE%9
C-8ff971654dd4