L6-L7 Operators

Objectives
• To learn and appreciate
− Arithmetic Operators
− Relational and Logical Operators
− Type conversions
− Increment and Decrement Operators
− Bitwise Operators
− Assignment Operators and Conditional Expressions
− Precedence and Order of Evaluation

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 2

Session outcome
• At the end of session student will be able to learn and
understand
− Arithmetic Operators
− Relational and Logical Operators
− Type conversions
− Increment and Decrement Operators
− Bitwise Operators
− Assignment Operators and Conditional Expressions
− Precedence and Order of Evaluation

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 3

 Operators
•The different operators are:
•Arithmetic
•Relational
•Logical
•Increment and Decrement
•Bitwise
•Assignment
•Conditional

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 4

 Arithmetic Operators
• The binary arithmetic operators are +, -, *, / and the
modulus operator %.
• The / operator when used with integers truncates any
fractional part i.e. E.g. 5/2 = 2 and not 2.5
• Therefore % operator produces the remainder when 5
is divided by 2 i.e. 1
• The % operator cannot be applied to float or double
• E.g. x % y wherein % is the operator and x, y are
operands

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 5

 The unary minus operator

#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a = 25;
int b = -2;
printf(“%d\n”,-a);
printf(“%d\n”,-b);
return 0;
}

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 6

 Working with arithmetic expressions
• Basic arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %
• Precedence: One operator can have a higher priority, or precedence, over another
operator. The operators within C are grouped hierarchically according to their
precedence (i.e., order of evaluation)
Operations with a higher precedence are carried out before operations having
a lower precedence.
High priority operators * / % …
Low priority operators + - …
• Example: * has a higher precedence than +
a + b * c  a+(b*c)
If necessary, you can always use parentheses in an expression to force the
terms to be evaluated in any desired order.
• Associativity: Expressions containing operators of the same precedence are
evaluated either from left to right or from right to left, depending on the operator.
This is known as the associative property of an operator
• Example: + has a left to right associativity
For4/16/2021
both the precedence group described
CSE 1051
above, associativity is “left to right”. 7
Department of CSE
 Working with arithmetic expressions
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a = 100;
int b = 2;
int c = 25;
int d = 4;
int result;
result = a * b + c * d; //Precedence
printf(“%d\n”,result);
result = a * (b + c * d);//Associativity
printf(“%d\n”,result);
return 0;
}
4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 8
 Relational operators
Operator Meaning
== Is equal to

!= Is not equal to

< Is less than

<= Is less or equal

> Is greater than

>= Is greater or equal

The relational operators have lower precedence than all

arithmetic operators:
a < b + c is evaluated as a < (b + c)

ATTENTION !
the “is equal to” operator == and the “assignment” operator =

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 9

 Relational operators
 An expression such as a < b containing a relational operator is called a
relational expression.

 The value of a relational expression is one, if the specified relation is true and
zero if the relation is false.
E.g.:
10 < 20 is TRUE
20 < 10 is FALSE
 A simple relational expression contains only one relational operator and takes
the following form.

ae1 relational operator ae2

ae1 & ae2 are arithmetic expressions, which may be simple constants,
variables or combinations of them.
4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 10
 Relational operators
The arithmetic expressions will be evaluated first & then the results
will be compared. That is, arithmetic operators have a higher priority
over relational operators. > >= < <= all have the same precedence
and below them are the next precedence equality operators i.e. == and
!=
Suppose that i, j and k are integer variables whose
values are 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
Expression Interpretation Value
i<j true 1
(i+j)>=k true 1
(j+k)>(i+5) false 0
k!=3 false 0
true 1
j==2

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 11

 Logical operators
Truth Table
op-1 op-2 value of expression
op-1&&op-2 op-1||op-2
Non-zero Non-zero 1 1
Non-zero 0 0 1
0 Non-zero 0 1
0 0 0 0

Operator Symbol Example

AND && expression1 && expression2
OR || expression1 || expression2
NOT ! !expression1

The result of logical operators is always either 0 (FALSE) or 1 (TRUE)

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 12

 Logical operators
Expressions Evaluates As

(5 == 5)&&(6 != 2) True (1) because both operands are true

(5 > 1) || (6 < 1) True (1) because one operand is true

(2 == 1)&&(5 ==5) False (0) because one operand is false

! (5 == 4) True (1) because the operand is false

!(FALSE) = TRUE
!(TRUE) = FALSE

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 13

 Increment and Decrement operators (++ and -- )
The operator ++ adds 1 to the operand.

The operator -- subtracts 1 from the operand.

Both are unary operators.

Ex: ++i or i++ is equivalent to i=i+1

They behave differently when they are used in

expressions on the R.H.S of an assignment statement.
4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 14
 Increment and Decrement operators
Ex:
m=5;
y=++m; Prefix Mode

In this case, the value of y and m would be 6.

m=5;
y=m++; Postfix Mode
Here y continues to be 5. Only m changes to 6.

Prefix operator ++ appears before the variable.

Postfix operator ++ appears after the variable.
4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 15
 Increment and Decrement operators

Don’ts:
Attempting to use the increment or decrement
operator on an expression other than a modifiable
variable name or reference.

Example:
++(5) is a syntax error

++(x + 1) is a syntax error

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 16
 Bitwise Operators

 Bitwise Logical Operators

 Bitwise Shift Operators
 Ones Complement operator

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 17

 Bitwise Logical operators

 &(AND),|(OR),^(EXOR)
op op
 These are binary operators and & | ^
1 2
require two integer operands.
1 1 1 1 0
 These work on their operands bit 1 0 0 1 1
by bit starting from LSB
(rightmost bit). 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 18

 Example
Suppose x = 10, y = 15
z = x & y sets z=10 like this
0000000000001010  x
0000000000001111  y
0000000000001010  z = x & y

Same way |,^ according to the table are computed.

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 19

 Bitwise Shift operators
 << ,>>

 These are used to move bit patterns either to the left or right.

 They are used in the following form

 op<<n or op>>n here op is the operand to be shifted

and n is number of positions to shift.

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 20

 Bitwise Shift operator: <<

 << causes all the bits in the operand op to be shifted to

the left by n positions.

The leftmost n bits in the original bit pattern will be lost

and the rightmost n bits that are vacated are filled with
0’s

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 21

 Bitwise Shift operator: >>

 >> causes all the bits in operand op to be shifted

to the right by n positions.

The rightmost n bits will be lost and the left most

vacated bits are filled with 0’s if number is unsigned
integer

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 22

 Examples
Suppose X is an unsigned integer whose bit pattern is
0000 0000 0000 1011

x<<1 0000 0000 0001 0110 Add ZEROS

x>>1 Add ZEROS 0000 0000 0000 0101

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 23

 Examples
Suppose X is an unsigned integer whose bit pattern is
0000 0000 0000 1011 whose equivalent value in
decimal number system is 11.
x<<3 0000 0000 0101 1000 Add ZEROS = 88
x>>2 Add Z EROS 0000 0000 0000 0010 =2

Note:
x=y<<1; same as x=y*2 (Multiplication)
x=y>>1; same as x=y/2 (Division)

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 24

 Bitwise Shift operators
Op and n can be constants or variables.

There are 2 restrictions on the value of n

n cannot be –ve

n should not be greater than number of bits used

to represent Op.(E.g.: suppose op is int and size is 2 bytes
then n cannot be greater than 16).

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 25

 Bitwise complement operator
The complement operator(~) is an unary
operator and inverts all the bits represented
by its operand.

Suppose x=1051100010001111
~x=0110511101110000 (complement)

Also called as 1’s complement operator.

4/16/2021 CSE 1051 Department of CSE 26

Poll Question