ano WORKBOOK GATE 2023 ~ 1) Electrical Engineering Power Systems PublicationsContents ELA Ta ag WORKBOOK 1 race] Engineering Important Formulae 1. Power Generation and Economics of Generato ° 2 Transmission Line Design and Performance. " 3. Power System Control - 18 4 Power System studies: 2 5 Power System Protection 34 5» Power Distribution 38Power Systems IMPORTANT FORMULAE 1, Supply System String Efficiency Voltage across the whole string ‘nx (Voltage across the unit adjacent to ine conductor) ‘Sting eflcieney = 2. Line Parameters Inductance Flux linkages within the conductor Yin py |[We-Tim Inductance of the conductor, contributed by flux between points 1 and 2: Inductance of a single phasé two wire line 7 mf L=4x10 (2) |r Flux linkages of one conductor in an array: 7 7 han ttn. eben coking] etn Inductance of Composite Conductor Lines [000mm Pne Do og, [2D ray Dan Dra Dep-Da] ‘GMD GM, 107 In| Inductance of 3-4 Line With Equivalent Spacing. x107 n(2) Him SOWA O aneUNDONS WABI & er penlar a Fe ¥08 HOUR Inductance of Double Circuit 3-6 Line cc a |]resssn Electrical Field and Potential Difference The potential difference between two conductor of an array ot parallel conductors: Capacitance: Capacitance of Two Wire Line: If the conductor have different radii 0.01206 D k a vie :] Charging current for 1-9 line ant CapVap EK le = jaCan Vas Effect of Ground on Line Capacitance (Method of Images) For 1- line4. — electrical Engineering _© Power Systems 7 0.01206 Fim image charges 3. Performanceof Transmissionline Regulation of Short Transmission Line: | Reose, £1, xsing, Regulati fegulatior ie Long Transmission Line TaeTane WTAOS & fag wan NoRDerY Sv JON OI MADE EASY Publizetions Power for Transmission Lines ‘Complex power per phase at the receiving end Nel Mel eg 5) AME Lg - jp 40-8 gp 4-4) Surge Impedance Z_ [R+iot © AY "VG + jac Zoe Zc. Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) Transmi 3 oi = Yas. OOF n Line Connection Transmission Line Connected in Paralle! ‘AB, + A,B; po BB B, +B, By +B, = (y+ Cy) + O1= Oa), | |p DsBa + 2B: B, +B" B,+By Reflection and Refraction of Waves a Line Terminated by an Impedance (Z) y=vz| [years] [p= otc 2 WZ 7 eae Equivalent-r Circuit and ABCD Parameters | 2 tee , ~ > (sinhyl) 5 Z-Z, 2 = Zelsinhy = 2-0 : ere 2 Transmitted current Zante) Ze (wi2y 3 2 3 ‘"Z4zZ, Equivalent T Circuit and ABCD Parameter | : Reflected current Z_ > [ coshyl=t) _ Z tanh(w2) 3 Z-Z | 2° sinh) 2 (yli2) WS Z.4Z ! Serr MADE RSH oman enaMADE EASY Equivalent Circuit of Travelling Waves Forked line: Retracted ot Transmitted voltage ( ZiZp e,=— ZL 22 (2420 eT 242, Refracted or Transmitted currents i, = St i, = 2t n=, | and | he = 77 Line terminated by inductance: Transmitted current 2E ls exp. (—2t Ze PLOT Transmitted voltage Reflected voltage e -£[2000( 7a) 1] Reflected current E Zt z [1 - 2exe(- r Line Terminated by Capacitance Transmitted current 2E t ai zerlocy,] Transmitted voltage Reflected voltage 3 TRankimprovement Workbook 5 4, Concept of Corona Disruptive Critical Voltage For 1-pline 5 Vy = x10 ramgin® Voks For 3-pline Visual Critical voltage: For 1-pline 6x 10° We ram,[ 1+ ve ( For3-pline Corona Loss: Peek’s Formula (under fair weather conditions): Ty grasa ase «243 529) cy wy? 10° kWh 5. Mechanical Design of Overchead Lines Sag Calculation Supports at same level: Spacing Between Conductors: without sparking) Spacins v WS +345 motos6 Electrical Engineering © Power Systems Effect of Ice and Wind: Sag under worst condition 2th PEAY 7 1 6. Balanced and Unbalanced Faults Unsymmetrical Faults Fault current Line to line fault (LL fault): Fauttcurrent Double line to ground fault (LLG fault) 7. PowerSystem Stability ‘Swing Equation Stored Kinetic Energy of a Rotating Body 3 MADE EASY It Machine Swing Together Meg = Mi + Mp + My + +My fn Machine Do Not Swing Together Mga tte tg g t ss My" Ma” My Ma Steady State Stability Limit (P....) Ev Pees. = Xea Inertia Constant H ‘Stored energy in mega-joules = "Machine rating in MVA. (G) Angular Momentum Ma GH] Mi-sec af_| Elec-rad GH] _Misec 180° | Elec-degree 8, Econor Load Dispatch Dispatch Optimum Load Dispatch by Neglecting Losses: Min Fy = 3 F & = SR, & ‘Auxiliary function Far a[r Za iG Condition for optimum operation OF, dF | oF, = Tea dP,” dP, aP,, ‘wiradeenpiaionsonMADE EASY Optimum Load Dispatch Inclu Transmission Losses. MinFr = SF Po+P Auxiliary anton [Fer +a FAL =ER)] Co-aeination equations dF, oP, ap, ** 9p, =* Loss Formulae Total Losses P= DD PaBanPr Incremental Transmission Losses OP_ a," 22 Bom Fn Inctemental Production Cost Fran Po + ty [1-5 -opteae, | $29. BaxPn P, he oie + 2Ban Penalty Factor Underground Cable Parameters of Single Core Cables Resistance: Insulation Resistance Rios -£n(8) ‘ohms/metre ane e T Rank improvement Workbook 7 Resistivity of insulating material at any temperature t Pr = Po Capacitance: Capacitance between core and sheath 2 eet C= SESE Efe n() Dielectric loss Electrostatic Stresses Gradient at a Distance x from the Centre of the Conductor Within the Dielectric Material. 7% 9° brex Potential x_,(R "ane ") 10. Protective Relays Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) Treauted tas: TMS ocuiroc) Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) Fault eurent CT. secondary) rated current PSM = Torque Equation Universal Relay Toraue Equation T=KyP +K,V? +K,Vicos(@ -t)+K Torque Equation for Different Type of Relays Over current relay Teoratay = Ki? ~K |B Electrical Engineering © Power Systems MADE EASY Publloutions Directional relay Specific Speed T=K,Vicos(0-«)-K Impedance relay New Power output of Tidal scheme T=K,? -K,V? P= QpgH | watts Reactance relay : 13, Loads andLoad Curves 5 Demand factor : 8] [Demand tir = Maku demand Miho relay 4 jonnected loa T=K,Vicos(@=1)=Kpv? i Demand factor <1 K : Loadiactor Z<"2cos(@-1) : can 2 Load factor ~ Average load eae SF “Peak load & Group diversity factor eeoup Gveraty factor = Suv individual maximum domand | ‘Group diversity factor = “Naum demand of te group Restriking voltage 3 Group diversity factor > 1 V=E| 1-cos A 2 Peak diversity factor H i $ anar domand ot &coneimer group Natural frequency of oscillation 3) peak siversy factor = [bones sips) 74 3 {ime of system peak demand 6 2n Ge Capacity factor Rate of rise of restrking voliage (RRRV) sirking vollage (RRRV) Capacity factor ~ Average annual oad RAAV=ojEsina,t Rated plant capacity Maximum Toad Resistance Switching Capacity factor = Penta gery *boed factor requency of damped oscillation 1 1 = 2 VLC ae 12. Generating Power Stations Capacity factor = Load factor x Uillisation factor Utilisation factor Maximum load Rated plant capacity Utilisation factor = Water Power 0.736 4, "5 nH | KW Scoomah MADE RSH ‘wwouradeenypuietonsag‘A generating station has daily load cycle as, Qt Time (Hrs) Loadiwin[ 20 | so | 60 | 50 | 70 | 40 0-6 [6-10] 10- 12|12- 16| 16-20] 20-24 eu oalans URAC ean vei Power Generation and Economics of Generation If the effect of transposition is negligible and diameter of each conductor is 5 em then the GMD is (a) ¥549.25 m (0) 9549.25 m (0c) 927462m~— (a) Y27AEZm the load factoris @5_ A hydroelectric station has to operate with a (@) 71.4% (0) 68.2% g mean head of 800 m and is supplied from a (©) 79.3% (d) 62.1% A reservoir which drains a catchment area of cena |B 500 sq. km with an annual rainfall of 150 cm. 2.2. Inasimpietwo uitsystm, the loss couiciens | 3 TOR aD Een be usizecl Assuring there B01 per MW, B., = -0.002 per Mw ana | is a loss of 2% in penstock, turbine efficiency Bin = OO er MN Bia = "0.002 per Mv an Te (of 92% and generator efficiency of 95%, What a = 0.014 por MW. The incremental production | 2 isthe power that can be developed by the cost of two units are i exon? A, _ O08 P, + 16 and 92 = o08'P, + * (a) 62.55 MW (b) 38.24 MW oP, Py g () 52MW (@) 43.14MW 15 RsIMWh z The power ganerations P, and PyfERl= 2018) |2 | @-6 Axgeneratoris supplying aload, An incremental (@) P, =9.04 MW, P, = 984 MW z change in load of 4 MW requires generation to (b) P, =8.62 MW. P, = 8.02 MW. 5 be increased by 6 MW. The cost at plant bus is (0) P, = 8.02 MW, P,=8.62MW 2 .30/MWhr. The incremental cost atthe receiving (0) P, = 9.84 MN, P, = 9.04 MW g ond is i (@) 30/MWhr ——(B)- 45/MWhr @.3_ Two power plants Aland Bare interconnected (c) @33.4)MWhr (a) %6.0/MWhr by a short line. Capacity of A is 200 MW and that of Bis 100)MW, Their speed regulations Inatwo-plant system, the entire load is located (from no load to full load) are 1.5% and 3% | # al plant2, which is connected to plant-1 by a respectively. The load on bus of each station is | $ transmission line. Plant-1 supplies 100 MW of 4100 MW. The transfer of power through line is | # power with a corresponding transmission loss MW. 3 of § MW. The penalty factors for the two plants : will be given by @.4_ Inthe conductors shown below, i @) .=0,l,=1 (0) L=-tth ry s0.m— Z () G=41,,=1 @ G=1=011 *®Ox*O,Or C:O% — ]§}e2 ona system with wo plants, the incremental i costs are given by 3 Serr MADE RSH vonnmadeeapubiatonrgA. = 0.01 P, +20 RSIMW-hr oP, Fe ~ 0.015 P, + 22.5 RsINW-hr a, The system is running under optimal schedule with P, = P, = 100 MW. ar 1 25. 0.2, the ponatty factors will be given ~ by (a) L,= 1.428; L, (©) = tie (0) 1, = 1.428; L (0) 1,=1.25:L, 1.428 a2 IC, = 1.0 P, + 85 RsIMWhr IC, = 1.2 P, + 72 RS/MWhr Where P, and P, are in MW. The loss coefficient 0.012 -0.001) 1, 0.001 0.04 150 Rs/MWWhr wil matric in MW | ‘optimum scheduling for be (@) P= 14.54 MW, P, = 10.18 MW (0) P, = 14.54 MW, P, = 6.24 MW (6) P, = 24.22 MW, P, = 6.24 MW () P, 4.32 MW, P, = 10.18 MW constant load of 300M is supplied by two 200 MW generators, for which incremental fue! costs are @.8 Tho incremental fuel costs (in some appropriate | 3 aC. unit) for a power plant consisting of three |= Gg OP + 20.0: generating units is given by = S IC, = 20+0.3P, g aCe 012P,, + 15 IC, = 30+0.4P, Pep 10, = [where Pisin MW and Cin Re/nr] where P,is the power in MW generated by unit It.the most economic division of load between for i= 1, 2 and 3. Assume that all the three 3 the generators is X and Y MW, then saving in units are operating all the time. Minimum and | 2 R/day obtained compared to equalload sharing maximum loads on each unit are 50 MW and | & is Rs, per day $00 MW respectively I the plant's operating |= | 1s 4 so bus system as shown in figure. If 100 on economic load dispatch to supply the total | 3 ; | 3 MW is transmitted from plant 1 to the load, a power demand of 700 MW, the powergenerated | § a transmission loss of 10 kW is incurred. The by each unit's 2 required generation from plant 1 when the (a) P, = 242.86 MW; P,=15744MWand =| § P 300 MW i system cost is Rs. 25/MWh is Mw. 2 2 The incremental {uel costs of the two plants are (0) P= 187.14 MW; P, = 242.86 MW and |S , P, = 300 MW. 3 Io, = 25 =0.02 Py + 16Rs/MWh (©) P, = 300.0.MW)P, = 800.0 MW and a Pe, P, = 100MW 2 Fy (d) P, ='283.8 MIN; P, = 233.3 MW and 2 10, = Gp, = 0.04 Fa, +20 s/n P= 233.4 MW i 10 The annualload duration curve of asmallhycro | J plant shows 438 x 10* KWh of energy during | = the year Itis a peak oad plant with 20 % annual | = load factor. I the plant capacity factor is 15%, | 8 then the reserve capacity of the plantis__MW. | 2 a=1/-1PD) Objective Questions 3 Ql The incremental cost characteristic of two plant | 2 system are ° Scone MADE EASEEos ean vei Transmission Line Design and Performance C = 0.0015 290° S, then the magnitude of sending end voltage per phase is 1 A dphaso. 4 sribut \ 3 (@) 94KV (b) 96 KV ; -phase, 4 wire distributor supplies a| = z KV 100KV balanced voltage of 400/230 V to a load | 3 © a consisting of 30 A at p.{, 0.866 lagging for R| =] @.5 A 10 km ong, single phase short transmission phase, 20 A at p. 0.866 leading for Y phase | @ line has an impedance of 0.5 2 60° Q/km. The and 30 A at unity p for B phase. The resistance | & line suppliés a 316i8KW load at 0.8 pf lagging ofeachline conductors 0.2. The area cross | § ifthe receiving end voltage is 3.3 kV, then the section of neutral is half of any line conductor, | # petsemiage volgagffeguiation is % The supply end voltage for R phase is ? (phase sequence is RYB) =| @6_ Which one of the following is not true regarding (@) 2104. 22.25°V (b) 245.1 22.1°V HVDC transmission? (©) 2266221°V (a) 2398Z25V | 2 {@) Corona loss is much more in HVDC @.2 A 3.phase, 220 KV, 50 Hz transmission line | * Pro ayo consists of 1.2 emradius conductors spaced? {PY The power transmission capabiliy ofbipolar 2 line is almost the same as that of single- mat the comers of an equilateral triangle, The’) = disruptive critical voltage between the lines if 2 chou AC ling 1 (c) HVDC link can operate between two AC. regularity factor = 0.96, temperature 20°C, | 2 F systems whose frequencies need not be Barometric pressure 72.2 cmof mercuity and | ¢ ceual tric strength of air = 21.1 KV(rms)/em is | 3 aos "W time) ore Kcnsdem is | (6) There is no distance limitation for HVDC transmission by underground cable. @.3 Aconductor consists of seven idéhtical strands @7_ One circuit of a single phase transmission line each having a radius of ras shown below. The is composed of three solid conductors. The factor by which rshould be multiplied to obtain | ¢ a return circuit is composed of two conductors as the self GMDiof strand one is : 2 shown below. z — m+ 3 7 oO © Z 6m @ @e 6m @.4_ A 182 KV, 50 Hz, 3-phase transmission line 4 @- delivers a load of 60 MW at 0.8 pf lagging at |2 the receiving end. Ifthe generalised constants, Saox Sey of the transmission line are The GMD between sides Xand Yis_m A= D = 0.95 21.4%; B = 96 278" @ and Soon: MADE ERSH12 Electrical Engineering © Power Systems MADE EASY Publloutions @.8 An 11 kV, 50 Hz, single phase cable has a Q.J13 Ifthe length of a wire of resistance Ris uniformly Giameter of 20 mm, an internal sheath radius of stretched to n times its original value, its new 15mm. Ifthe dielectric has a relative permittivity resistance willbe of 2.4 and a loss angle of 0.031 radian, the R dielectric loss for 2.5 km length of the cable is: (a) oR o) (a) 2910watt (©) 1938 watt R (c) 969 watt (d) 484.5 watt (c) PR (d) z @.9 Two identical throe phaso transmission line |2 | gag single-phase 2-wite system supplies a load are connected in parallel to supply a load of | ~ of 1000 KW. The voltage between the conductors }00 MW at 132 KV and 0.8 pf lagging at the | = is 11000 V, Return wireis earthed, Now, a third receiving end. The constantof each transmission | § vite Is aciod in gamle anal supe mace ine are as follows 5 A 098 21° 5 is 3-phase, For same power factor and same + . 2 loss in the line the transmitted power will be B = 100275° Q /ph £ What are the values of constant Aand Bior the | § (@) 2450 kW (©) 3100 kW combined network? £ {e) 3000 KW (9) 1500 KW (a) A=0.9821°, B= 200275" @ | @1S In 'amatrix form, the equation of a 4-terminal (bo) A= 0.9821", B= 50275" @ z networkrepresenting a transmission line is given (0) A= 0.9621", B= 50275" 2 2 by (d) A=9621°, B= 200275° Q z v; ‘A BY[Ve @10 A typical line has the following parameters (*] - (¢ D. a A=D=09621.0 and B= 1002809 > |? “The two networks considered are as shown below: The maximum power that can be transmittediit |S the sending and receiving end line voltages are | > 120 kV and 110 kV respectively is Mw. |= @I1_A2-wire dc. ring distributor is 300 m long and | 3 is ted at 240 V at pointA. At point\B, 150 m | 2 from A, a load of 120 Aistakemand atC, 100m in the opposite direction, a load of 80 A is taken. If the resistance pen 100 mof single conductor 's 0.03 ohm, the voltage at point B is 3 (a) 2202 (o) 232.2 3 ° (c) 190.5V (a) 233.2V & The possible transfer matrix for the networks (A) z and (B) could be @’2 Fora single-phase overhead line having soli | 3 1 yz Yo 60 cm between centers, the inductance in | © mHikm is wun [i Zz ] wy [7 7] (a) 0.05 + 0.2 In60 Yo VW YZ. Y 1 (b) 0.2 /n60 The correct combination for the two networks 60, (A) and (B) would be ® oos+02in( 2) (2) (and) (©) (i) andl (i) 0 (€) Gand) (a) ii) and () (a) ozn( $2) 5. Serr MADE RSH ovenadenp sereMADE EASY T rank improvement Workbook 13 Publlsations @.16 A transmission line has an electrical ine length of 6°. If the velocity of propagation is 3 10® misec then, fora50 Hz system the length of the line in km will be (a) 80km (b) 100 km (©) 180km (@) 250 km Q17 Consider the plot of an unknown parameter (X) of the transmission line vs temperature in °C as shown below. x 2 a Temperature ()—> If the unknown parameter is taken as Sag and tension of the transmission line respectively then, the resulting vatiation of “Sag vs temperature and “tension vs temperature” willbe respectively represented by the straight line (s) (@) Vand 2 (b) only (@) 2andt (d) 2only @18 A rectangular voltage wave is impressed ona loss-free overhead line, with the far endof the ine being open-circuited. On reaching the end of this line (a) both the current and the Voltage waves are reflected with positive sign both the currentand the voltage waves are reflected with negative sign the eurtent wave is reflected back with positive sign, but the voltage wave with negative sign: the current wave is reflected back with negative sign, but the voltage wave with positive sign &) cS) (9) @.19 A single-phase, two wire transmission line, 15 km long, is made up of round conductors, each 0.8 cmradius, separated from each other by 40.cm, The equivalent diameter of a fictitious hollow, thin-walled conductor having the same inductance as the original line is given by aang WB Uke @ ag aan NoRoeRY ASV TOWN 8 zor 2a EU 04 Fh fa) 1.587cm () 160m {b) 1.246 cm (d) 0.623. cm @.20 A transmission line has series impedance Zz = (20 + j40) Q, shunt admittance x10, The line is modelled as receiving end capacitor model. The value of shunt inductive reactance to be placed at the end of line to avoid ferranti effect is (a) 20002 {o), 1600.2 (e) 2400.2 (@) 2500.2 @.21 A 500 kV, 2 usec rectangular surge on a line having a surge impedance of 350 ohms approachas a station at which the connected earth capacitance is 3000 pF. The maximum value of the transmitted wave is ky. @.22 A 500 km long transmission line has series impedance of (0 + 0.5)2/km and the shunt ‘admittance of (0 + 5) umho/km. The magnitude of the characteristic impedance in ohm of the ‘equivalent n-circuit of the transmission line wil be (a) 141.729 (o) 158.119 (c) 283.449 (¢) 316.220 @.23 A 220 kV transmission line has the following line constants A= 0.8525", B= 200275" Ifthe voltage at each end is to be maintained at 220k\. The power angle (in degrees) at unity power factor is @.24 A 3-4 220 kV line operating at 50 Hz, and conductors arranged as shown below, the conductor radius is 0.40 cm. The charging A current per km is am14 Electrical Engineering © Power Systems @.25 A transmission line has the following parameters. A= D=0.96210°, B= 100280" Fa load of 50 MW at 0.8 pt. lag, 110 KV. Sending end voltage is 120 kV, The maximum power that can be transmitted is (@) 11740MW —— (b) 92.27 MW (©) 121.74MW (a) 98.43 MW @.26 In a power network, the supply voltage is VZ8 and receiving end voltage is V20. If the impedance of transmission ines (V8 + x} ‘Then for maximum power transfer the value of X should be (@) V8 () 38 1 © 3 @ = 3 @.27 For a power system, with following specifications: A= 0.9920" = B = 36,54290°Q, C= 005 x 10 °Z-90°U. The value of shunt inductor to prevent ferranti effect is (@) 10544 (b)11.63H () 12874 (@) 18.4511 @.28 A lossless transmission line with surge impedance loading (2) takesnegative VAR at sending end and zero VAR at tecelving end takes positive VAR at sending end and zero VAR at receiving end has flatvotage profile and unity power factor at all points on the line. has sending end voltage higher than receiving end voltage and unity power factor at sending end (b) (c) @ @.29 In the circuit shown below, the magnitude of neutral current is A Panay JoWW oven zo 2a F004 Fh MADE EASY Publizetions In 2875 kVA 0.866 ag 2078 eA, 0.856 lead @.30 A travelling wave due to.lightning with an incident voltage Vtravels through the over head line of surge impedance 400 @ and enters a cable of surge impedance of 35 2. The voltage enteting the cable’at the junction is (a) 0.12 (b) 0.16 () 20 () 27 1.31 The ABCD parameters of S-phase overhead transmission line are A = D = 0.920"; B = 160290" @ and C= 0.92 x 104 290° S. At no load condition a shunt inductive reactor is connected at the receiving end of the line to limit the receiving end voltage and to be equal tothe sending end voltage. The ohmic value of the reactor is (@) =a (e) 16009 (o) 2000.0 (a) 105269 @.32 What is the primary consideration in deciding the conductor size of EHV lines? {a) Voltage drop (o) Current density (c) Corona (4) Voltage drop and current density @.33 If the power transmission line is modelled so as to relate the sending end voltage V, and current I, to the receiving end voltage V, and current J, by the relationship V, = AV, + BI, 1, = CV, + Dl; then which one of the following expresses the output impedance of the transmission line?MADE EASY (@) (DV, - 81) (CV, + Al) (0) (CV, + Al) (OV, + AL) (¢) (OV,- CI) (DV, 81.) (d) (DY, + BI,) | (CV, + Al) @.34 Consider the following statements The calculations performed using short line approximate model instead of nominal n-model for amedium length transmission line delivering lagging load at a given receiving end voltage always resultin higher 1. sending-end current 2. sending-end power 8. regulation 4, efficiency Which of these statements are correct? (a) tand2 () Sand 4 (c) 1,2and3 (d) 1,2and4 @.35 Assertion (A) : Corona causes interference with neighbouring communication circuits. Reason (R) : Owing to distortion of wave form, predominantly third harmonies are introduced into the transmission line (@) Both A and R ate true, and Ris thé correet explanation of A. (b) Both Aand Rare true, but Ris nota correct explanation of A. (6) Ais true, but Ris false (6) Ais false, but R is true, @.36 A 220 kV, 60 Hz, ‘single phase line, consisting of two parallel wires each 6 mm in diameter and 2 m,apart. Then the charging current (in Ampere) per phase is (@) 17.047 (b) 2952 (©) 14.76 (6) 852 @.37 A transmission line consists of 19 strands of identical Aluminium conductors, each strand has 2.0 mm diameter. The length of line is 3 km, because of twist of strands, the actual length of each conductor is increased by 5%. Resistivity of Aluminium is 2.65 x 10° @-m, then the resistance of the line is 2 aang WB Nae @ 2 zo 2a F004 Fh T rank improvement Workbook 15 @.38 A three phase loads connected toa three phase balanced supply as shown in the figure. It Vyq = 1020° V, V,, = 102-120° V and Vz n= 102120°V The value of for J, = 0 Ais 2 @.39 The open circtitand short circuit impedances of a transmission line are 4002-40" @ and 9004-10" © respectively. Its characteristic impedance in ohms is (a) 8002-30" {6} 13002-50° (b) 2252-30" (6) 600Z-25° @.40A short transmission line with negligible resistances operating at constant voltages at both the sending and receiving ends. The locus of =P + jQ atreceiving endis complex pone 7 (a) \? TD / He i «HF « ee ‘Ob CEE) once cies] @.41 3 ideal transformer having turns ratio 20 : 30, 30 : 40, 20 : 10 are connected back to back. The transmission parameter matrix of the overall system isMADE EASY Publizetions 16. tlectical Engineering © Power Systems 20, line (4) are 5.6 2 and 13.5, respectively; those | | gy [rm © of the other line (B) are 6 @ and 11.9 0 0 7% respectively. The KVA supoled by ine Bis » 0 to fa) 6,730 KVA at pt 0.83 lagging of] of ( ereorea 083 agong @.42 The skin depth 5, propagation constant y and wave velocity v respectively at a frequency of 1.6 MHz in aluminum, where « = 38.2 Mim, h,=1 ande,=1are (a) 24.5 (um), 1.20 x 104245° (mr) and 520 (m/s) (b) 64.4 (um), 2.20 x 104245 (nt) and 647 (mis) (0) 32.6 (um), 1.20 x 104245* (mr) and 520 (mis) (d) 54.1 (um), 2.20 x 104245° (m-') and 647 (mis) @.43 A surge of 200 kV travelling in a line of characteristic impedance 300 arrives a junction with two lines having natural impedances 400 9 and 200 ®. The transmitted currentin the 200 line willbe (@) 450A (c) 889kA (b) 889A (6) 900.4) @.44 A symmetrical 3-phase, 440 V-system supplies a star-connected load. Z, = 10280" 2 Z,= 12245°O and Z,= 15240°2. Assuming the neutral of the supply is earthed, if sequence 's RYB, then the magnitude of voltage of star point to earths, v @.45 Determine the voltage across the bottom unit of a string of suspension insulators consisting of 8 similar units. The voltage between line and earth is 60 kV and the ratio of the capacitance of each unit and the capacitance between pin to earth is 10:1 Paneva dow oh ein zor 2a FUp0O4 Fh {e) 7,860 KVA at pf 0.77 lagging (6) 6.020 KVA at pf 0.83 lagging @.47 A 11 kV transmission line has impedance of (2 + /20) Q per phase is connected to 20.8 pt lagging load. The line is operating at [Vg] = [Val = 11 kV. The active power drawn by the load is (a) 5.12MW (b) 564MW (©) 6.51 MW () 72MW @.48 A conductor is composed of seven identical coppet strands, each having same radius of 2mm each arranged as shown below. The value of self GMD of the conductor will be (a) 0.66cem (6) 044m (e) 1.216m (¢) 020m, 2.49 A system with two buses are connected through alossless transmission with reactance value X. Bus 1 has a voltage magnitude V, = 1.2 puand bus 2 has voltage of 1 pu. When bus is sending reactive power to bus 2 of magnitude Q,.. The reactive power, Q,, magnitude is increased by 20% by varying bus 1 voltage, keeping bus 2voltage fixed. Assuming there is no real power flow through the transmission line, the new value @ 194K (eo) 21.8Kv of voltage magnitude in pu of bus 1 will be (e) 22.2kV (a) 23.1 kV 3 (@) 1.02 pu (©) 1.80pu @.46 The overhead lines are connected in parallel (©) 080pu (d) 1.23 pu supply a load of 10 MW at 0.8 pf (lagging) and 30kV, The resistance and reactance of one Soon: MADE ERSH ‘won madeeapaabonsonsMADE EASY T rank improvement Workbook 17 Publlsations @.50 Atno load condition, a 3-phase, 50 Hz, lossless power transmission line has sending end and receiving end voltages of 420 kV and 440 kV respectively. Assume the velocity of traveling wave to be 3 x 105 km/s, then the length of the ine is km. @51 Two conductors of a single phase line, each of om diameter, are arranged in a vertical plane with one conductor mounted 1 mabove the othe. ‘A second identical line is mounted at the same height as the first and spaced horizontally 0.25 m apart from it. The two upper and the two lower conductors are connected in parallel. The inductance perkm of the resulting double circuit ine is (a) 0.84mH () 0.92mH (c) 0.84yH (d) 0.92 mH Statement for Linked Answer Questions( 52 and 53): ‘Athree-phase transmission line has the following circuit constants: A, = 0.9720.6°, B, = 60270" @/phase. Ifa second line having the constants A, = 0.9720.4*, B, = 50276" Qiphase is connected in parallel with the first line @.52 The equivalent transmission ine constants Aand Bare (@) A=0.820.493° (b) A=0.969920.493° B= 1643.13, B= 273127327" aang WWBuNaeD @ ag aan NmRoIeRY ASV TOWN OI do 2a EU 004 Fh @.53 The sending end votage when delivering 50 MW at 132 kV and 0.8 lagging power factor at the receiving end is (@) 138.7kV (©) 71.43kV (0) 80.08kV (@) 168.7¢xV @.54 A transmission line has a span of 275 meters between level supports. The conductor has a diameter of 19.53 mm, weighs 0.844 kgtim and has an ultimate breaking strength of 7950 kgf. Each conductor has a radial covering of ice 9.53 mm thick and is subjected to a horizontal wind pressure of 40 kgfim? of the ice covered projected areialThe factor of safety is 2. One cubic meter of ice Weighs 913.5 kgf. The vertical component of Sag is_m. @.55 In a string of three insulator units, the capacitance of each unit is C, from each conductor to ground is C/3, and from each ‘connector to the line conductor is Cis. Calculate the voltage across each unit as a percentage of the total voltage. To what value the capacitance between the connector of the bottom unit and the line has to be increased by a guard ring to make the Voltage across it equal to that across the next higher unit? (©) A= 1.020" (d) A=0.520.913 220° B=41.4284.27° 3 Seni? MADE ERSH wnumaeesypubleatonsorgEos Power System Control 3. Schrage motor and Compensated induction motors are used for improving the power 3 factor of the system, 1 The KVAR taken by a 10 km long, S-phase. |=] hich ofthe above statements are tue? 3-core, cable, if the capacitance measured | 2 (@) 1and2 ‘) 2 only between any two cores is 0.3 wF/Km when itis | = (©) 2ands (6) ty? and3 connected to 10KV, 60 Hz bus-baris__KVAR, | 2 &| @.7 An alternator operating at 50 Hz is delivering G2 A single phase motor connected to 400 V,|§ 40 MW pwd E sypter. Dus to increase in 50 Hz supply takes 31.7 A ata power factor of | ¢ load) generation Was increased by 5 MW using 0.7 lagging. The capacitance required in paralle! | § i20p eoffolwith requency value cropping by with the motor to raise the power factor to |g 0.50% of rated value. As load further increases, 0.9 lagging is uF 2 the frequency of operation becomes 49.20 Hz @.3_ A500 MW generator has a speed regulation of |= and hence the power supplied by alternator at 4%, Ifthe frequency drops by 0.12 Hz with an | = this frequency will be unchanged reference, the increase in turbine | 3 (@) 47 Mw (©) 56 MW power willbe z (c) s2MW (a) SOMW (@) 45m (o) 20mW =| are interconnected by a cable of reactance @.4 The power factor of a 120 KW group load is | 3 J0.04 pu. The buses individually have two 08 lagging. This pF. is to be improved to 0.9 |2 generators connected to them as shown below by means of shunt capacitors, The KVAR of with [V4 =|V4[ = 1pu, Ifload demand at bus 1 capacitors required is ___KVAR: and 2 are respectively Sp (30+ /10)pu and @S_Aturbine generatorset has aregulation constant | = 5p,(25+ j10) pu. The value of total reactive 5% on the generater rating of 100 MVA, 50 Hz. | 8 ower of generating station G, when 8 = 20° wil The genérator frequency decreases by 0.02Hz. | 2 pu The increasein turbine output power for steady- |= 6® G state operation is, 3 (@) o8Mw (&) 8Mw Bas. v.28 Bas2— vce (c) 36MW (d) 02 MW g t @.6 Consider the following statements @) 2550 (o) 1350 * 1. In case of transmission system, for (e) 3050 (a) 1180 improving the power factor, a synchronous | 2 ‘condenser can be installed either at load |3 | @9 Ina turbine generator set, R= 0.04 p.u. based ‘end or source end con the generator rating of 100 MVA and 60 Hz. 2. Aphase advancer can be used to improve The generator frequency decreases by 0.02 Hz the power factor of an induction motor. and the system adjusts to steady-state Serr MADE RSH ‘eoinleeopp tgMADE EASY T rank improvement Workbook 19 Publistions operation. The turbine output power increases | | @.14 A power system network with a total load of by ° 2000 MW is operating at 50 Hz. The load is (@ 1Mw ©) 12MW 8 varying 3% to every 1.5% change in frequency. (c) 083 MW. (qd) 0.63MW 2 It suddenly 250 MW load is tripped, then the @10 Two generators ated 200 MWand 400MWare |Z | Steady state frequency deviation is ___Hz “ g (Assume speed regulation parameter as 0.002 operating in parallel. The drop characteristics | © Hane) of their governors are 4% and 5%, respectively from no-load to full load. Assuming that |2 | @1S An industrial consumer is operating a 1 kW of generators are operating at 50 Hz at no load. If | = induction motor at 0.8 pf. lag and a source alload of 600 MW is to be shared between the | = voltage of 200 V rms, In order to reduce two generators then the system frequency in | 3 expenditure on power consumption the pf. is steady state is 42 5 raise t0 0.95 lag by connecting a compensator nN A369, 400KV transmission inehas Z,= 4009. |2] ferent inpparallelwith he eae ithe lin is compensated with sories capacitor | § eve —” ® and shuntroactor of 35% and 25% respectivoly, | # ° an Sor ge the new values of surge impedance and surge | $ Ae eiiapcucier impedance loading are g (a) $8.93 pF capacitor {a) 364.21 Q and 439.26 MW (b) 429.66 2 and 372.38 MW | @.6 A factory was a maximum demand of 175 kW (¢) 372.38 @ and 429.67 MW Es at(0.75 lag pi. is charged at ¥ 72 per kVA per (a) 412.129 and 388.23 MW annum. Ifthe phase advancing equipment cost @12_ Consider the following statements, z Oia orbot hai sere aie 3 total 10% of the capital investment on the phase ‘The purpose of compensating a transmission advancing equipment. The most economic tne are |) power factor ofthe factoryis_—_ to improve the system stability : fa) 08lag (6) 0.986lead 2, toimprove the efficiency z © oe6ieg fe) osieea 8. loreduce the Ferrantietiect : Which of the statements givémpabove are [2 | @:17 A220kV transmission line has the following line comect? constants (a) 1,2and3 {p) Tand 3 only : A = 0.8525", B= 200275" Qiph (6) 1andBenly (d) 2 and 3 only 2 Ifthe voltage at each end is tobe maintained at : 220 KV. The power angle (in degrees) at unity @’3_ Consider the following statements 7 power factor is The VAR injection ina power systemis obtained | 3 by =| @18 For the system shown in below figure, all 1. Tap changing transformers quantities are per phase values and are in per 2. Synchronous condensers ? unit, If magnitude of voltage at bus-2 is 1 pu 3. Capacitor and inductor banks i then the reactive power supplied by 4, Inductor banks 3 capacitor, Qo, is pu Which of the above statements are correct? (@) 1,3and4 (©) 1,2and3 i (6) 2andgonly (a) 2, Sanda 3 Scoomah MADE RSH ern madeeaspubeatons arg20 Power Systems ice Foye ‘ys | 205 ne @.19 The total susceptance and total reactance of a lossless overhead EHV lino, operating at 50 Hz are given by 1.4 u. and 0.025 p.u. respectively. The approximate length of the line is (The velocity of wave propagation is 8x 10° km/s) (a) 146.4km (©) 162.6 km EW) a emer) @.20 Two generators rated 150 MW and 300 MW are operating in parallel. The droop characteristic of their governors are 3% and 4% respectively. The speed changes are set so that the generators operated at SOHz share the full oad (of 450 MW in the ratio of their rating, If the load. is redluced to 300 MW. The new frequeney and ‘generator output assuming free governor action Ss (@) 50.4Hzand Pe, (b) 50.6 Hz and Pg, = 90 MW, Pop (©) 40.9 Hz and Pg, = 80 MWpPo, (d) 51.6 Hz and Pg, = TOMW, Pz, = 230 MW (0) 178.64m (@) 152.1km @.21 Aturbine generator sethas regulation constant of 6% on the generator rating of 120 MVA, 50 Hz, The generator frequency decreases by 0.01 Hz. The inerease in turbine output for steady-state operation is (@) 08 MW () 04MW (©) 02MW (@) 40MW @.22 A three phase 50 Hz transmission line is 400 kim long. The voltage at the sending ‘end is 220 kV. The line parameters are r= 0.125 ik, x = 0.4 Qlkm and y= 28 x 10° Wikm. The sending end current when there is no load A on the line is Electrical Engineering © raneva JoWW Oven zo 20 FU CO4 Hh MADE EASY @.23 A lossless transmission line has a surge impedance of 400 2 operating at 400 kV, The line is compensated with 30% of shunt capacitor. Ifa generator is delivering 200 MW through the transmission line, then the load angle o the generator to be maintainedis electrical degrees. @.24 Two generators G, and G, rated as 200 MW and 400 MW respectively, are operating in parallel. The droop characteristics of their ‘governors ate 4% and 5% respectively fromno load to full oad. At no load the generators are operating ati@ system frequency of 50 Hz. If total load of 600 MW. is being shared by the generators, then power generation in G, and G,ate respectively (a) 266.67 Mw, 333.33 MW (b) 300’MW, 300 MW (e) 231 MW, 369 MW (¢)/480 Mw, 450 MW @.25 For the system shown in figure below, all ‘quantities are per phase values and are in pet unit. visto" Sin-tep) x=M05 If reactive power supplied by capacitor to bus- 1is zero, Then the voltage at bus-2 is (a per (b) 120° 1 ° age (©) 54-4 (9) V22-48 @.26 A single phase motor connected to 400 V, 50 Hz supply takes 31.7 A at a power factor of 0.7 lagging. The capacitance required in parallel with the motor to raise the power factor to 09 lagging isMADE EASY T rank improvement Workbook 21 Publlsations @.27 In the system shown below, 005 pa. “6Q-——tY—_-©) & conden Coe If the station loads are equalized by the flow of power in the cable and generator G, can generate a maximum of 20 p.u. real power, then the power factor at station 2 is lagging. (Desired voltage protileis flatie. 1V;1 =1¥,1 = tpu) @.28 A220 kV/line has tap changing transformers at both ends. The transformer at the sending end has a nominal ratio 11/220 kV and that at the receiving end 220/11 kV. The line impedance is 20 + /60 ohm and the load at the receiving end is 100 MVA, 0.8 power factor lagging. If the product of the two off-nominal tap settings is 1, find the tap settings to give 11 KV at load bus. (@) t, = 1.058, t, = 0.95 ©) Getget (©) = 4,4 =0.25 () (=2.4205 @.29 In a power network, the supply voltage is V8 and receiving end voitage is VZO. If the impedance of transmission lineis (3 + JX) @ aang WBA @ ag aan NoRDIeRY ASV TOWN OSI zor 2a FU 04 Fh @.30 For the system shown in figure, an inductor of reactance 0.6 pu per phase is connacted at the mid-point of transmission line, paps | ape i. Determine the steady-state power limit under the following conditions (a) with inductor switeh Sopen (b) with inductor switeh Sclosed, (c) with industor replaced by a capacitor of the same peruinit reactance, with a capacitor of the same per unit reactance connected in series with the line atthe same point instead of shunt capacitor, with the inductor replaced by a resistor of resistance 1.5 pu. infinite bas () e) ax ‘Agenerating station is connected with following loads 41. Alighting load of 200 kW 2. An induction motor of 200 hp, 0.7 p.f lagging and efficiency 80%. 3. Asynchronous motor of 100 hp, efficiency 90%. If the combined ptf. is unity then the p.t. of synchronous motor is leading Then for maximum power transfer the value of (1 hp = 735.5 W) Xshould be 2 (@) WB (©) 3v8 5 1 : 3 (dj) ~ © OF < 3 Seong ADE EASE cenradeanybeaionrsEos Power System Studies possible short circuit MVA on station A is 5 (@) 1970 (e) 2020 3 {) 1980 (@) 2070 @1_ Ina 220 KV, 50 Hz system the reactance and | & ‘suceptance upto location of circuit breaker is || @.5 The per unit values of positive, negative and +2.@and 15 x 10° Srespectively. A resistance | = zero sequence reactance of a network at fault of 500 @ is connected across the contacts of | are 0.08, 0.07 and 0.05 respectively. If the fault the circuit breaker. The natural frequenoy of | © is double line to ground then the fault currents oscillation is khiz i (@) /16.03 pu (0) 17.24 pu @2_ A generator feeds power to an infinite bus | ¥ “eae (©) M82em through a double circuit transmission line. A| = | @.6 Consider the power system network shown three phase fault occurs al the midale point of below ‘one of the lines. The infinite bus voltage is 1 pu, | 3. Line the transient internal voltage of the generator is | £ e@-—| =| Infinte bus 1.1 puand the equivalent transfer admittance xenon uring fault is 0.8 pu. The 100 MVA generator | = If a shunt reactor of 0.15 p.u. is connected at has an inertia constant of 5 MJIMVA and it was | & mid point of the transmission line, then the delivering 1.0 pu power prior of the fault with |3 transfer reactance between the generator and rotor power angle 030°. The systemirequeney | = infinite bus is j pw 's 50 Hz. The initial accelerating power (in pu) | 3 wil be £]@7 Fora granh of power system network shown in : the figure below, where bus numbers and 3. Withanumber of generators of MVA capacities impedances are marked, assuming equal R/X Sy. Soy.» S, andhinertia constants H,, H,, of impedances, the bus impedance m H, respectively connected to the same bus bar | = element Zp, ina station, the inertia constant of ne equivalent | 2 : 2 machine on a base of S, is given by 2 A a 7 08 15 f@ DHS. © Bg 3 A a 02 3 cc) yen @ Lea : (@ 38 2 z (©) 15 (a) 4 @.4 Theestimated short circuit MVA at the bus bars | of a generating station A is 1500 MVA and of |= Three alternators, each rated al S MVA, 11 kV another station B is 1200 MVA. The generated with 30% reactance are working in parallel. The voltage at each station is 38 KV. Ifthese stations | 2 short-cirout level at bus-bars is are inter connected through a line having a * (@) 6.25 MVA (0) 25MVA reactance of 1 Sand negligible resistance, the (c) 20MVA (a) SOMA Scoomah MADE RSHMADE EASY T rank improvement Workbook 23 Publoations @.9 The Z,,, of a system is (@) 86 pu (b) -32pu 4 01 01 of () 86 pu (@) 82pu z,,-|01 02 01 01), QI5 A load S, = (5.0 + 0.5) puis connected at a = lo.1 01 03 04 bus whose voltage is 1.02/-20° pu. The loads 04 0.1 01 04 to be converted into an equivalent admittance If 3-@ faut occur at Bus-3, the p.u. fault current and absorbed into ¥,,, matrix. The diagonal in each phase is ‘loment to be added at the bus is: @.10 A synchronous generator neutral is grounded | 2 ( [50405 &) [sees] through a reactance X, The generator has | (1.02) 1.02 balanced emfs and sequence reactances X,, | 5 X, and X,. The value of neutral grounding | = © 50-/05 | © feos reactance for which the LG fault currentis less | 2 (1.027 | 1.02 than the three phase fault current is g 1 £ | @.16 Forthe power system network shown below, the (@) Xp < FOG —Xe) (6) X,> (% +) t value of Sq,, Sain S55 and Sq, are respectively z given by (al units are in MVA) (2X > 204%) (0) X,>%) 42% 2 © QM _A50 Hz, 20-pole generator rated 200 MVA, | 3, TSo22 14/1 11KVhas an inertia constant of sMUMVA. | ery If the acceleration of the rotor is 746 elec Sate) b caup degree/sec tors cycles, then the change inrotor | = speed in rpmat the end of the 5-cycletansiont | & period is_ (rpm) e @12 The acceleration of the rotor of a 100 MVA. | ® two-pole, 60 Hz generator is 76%s®and remains | constant for twelve cycles then, the speed of (1+ 2.2) MVA, Soy = (2+ 72) MVA the rotor at the end of this twelvercycle is Spy = 1-4 MVA, Sy = (1 + 0.4) NVA (a) 3600rm (8) 3605.25 rom (©) Sg, = 11.4 MVA, Say = (1 + 2.2) MVA (¢) 3800.52 rpm (a). $602.53 rpm 3 Spy = (2 + J2) MA, Spy = (1 + 0.4) MVA 13 The sending end and receiving end voltages of | = (6) Sgy = (2+ 2) MVA, Sg = (1 + /2.2) MVA a transmission ineata 100 MW load are equal | & Se = (1-404) MYA, Sig = 1-4 MA to 118 kV. The per phase line impedance is | $ (2) Sgy = (2 + 2) MVA, Sgy = (1 + 0.4) MVA (4 +j7)@. The maximum steady state power | # Syy = (1 + 72.2) MVA, Sy = ~ 1.4 MVA, that can be transmitted overtheline willbe | 2 (a) 225.2MW (0) 425 MW =| @17 The zero sequence reactance (in pu) are (c) 8265 MW (a) 650Mw indicated in the network shown in figure below. The zero sequence driving-point reactance of 14 The por-unit impedance of a short transmision | 3 node-2 will be ine is /0.06. The per unit load on the line is | $ (1 + 0.6) pu at a receiving end voltage of 1120" pu. The average reactive power flow over the line is Scone MADE EASE24 Electrical Engineering © Power Systems ~ Ory gro ae® Oo (@) 0.05 pu (©) 0.10pu (©) 0.20pu (@) 0.20 pu 48 In an unbalanced 3-phase system, the currents are measured as: I, = zero, J, = 6260° A and I, = 62-120" A, The corresponding sequence components will be: Ty In Ty (a) zero (3-3) A (-3+N3)A (o) zero (-3+fVB)A (3-8) A (@) zero (-9+ jV3)A_— (9 jv) A (a) zero (8-j8V3)A_(-9+ j3V8) A @.19 A small station has a bus bar divided into three sections. Each section is connected to attie bat with a reactance rated 5 MVA, reactance 0.4 pu as shown in figure below. A generator of rating 5 MVA and reactance 0.2 pu is connected to each section of the bus bar. The’short circuit capacity of the breaker if a 3-pfault takes place on one of the section will be (a) 45 MVA (c) 10MVA (b) 90 MVA, () SMVA @.20 The one line diagram of a system is shown in figure below r AY, 4 The zero sequence network is raneva dow oi 3 MADE EASY Ret Bus (a) Ij oP 20 20 Zr Rel. Bus (b) be Zn Zo Zr Ref, Bus © Bz OTH — TI —9 20 Eno Ret Bus (9), g Asingle phase transformer is rated as 2.5 kVA, 11/0.4 kV. If its leakage reactance is 0.96 when referred to LV side, then it's leakage reactance in pu will be fa) 0.015 {e) 0.625 TOP TT 0 — Ro Zn Zo Zr20 21 (b) 0.125 (¢) 1.125 @.22 A 0 bus power system has [¥,,.] matrix which is 80% sparse. The number of transmission lines. in the system are (a) 2500 (c) 500 (b) 450 (¢) 225 @.23 A power system network consists of three ‘elements 0- 1, 1-2, 2-0 of per unitimpedances 03, 0.5 and 0.5 respectively. The value of Zi. ‘element in Z,.,, matrix (2x 2) will be pu (upto 3 decimal place) @.24 Objectives of load flow studies is/are (a) Calculation of ine losses for different power flow conditions.MADE EASY T rank improvement Workbook 25 Publlsations (b) Analyzing the effect of rearranging the circuits on the bus vottages and power flow. (©) Planning, expansion of system and introducing HVDC lines (d) Selecting the optimum settings of over- currentrelay. (Msa) @.25 A powor system consisting of two synchronous generators P and Q of rating 300 MVA and 450 MVA with inertia constant 1.8 pu and 1.0 pu respectively. On their own base MVA ratings. The value of equivalent per unit inertia constant for the parallel system on 200 MVA common base will be (@) 4.95 pu (©) 3.45pu (©) 1.50pu (6) 2.05 pu @.26 A sustained 3-4 fault ocours in the power system as shown below and corresponding current and voltage phasors during the fault (on a common reference) is also shown after natural transients, The location of fault the system is at location kp 5 Tee € A fa A (b) () D ) B @.27 Five synchronous generators are connected in parallel as shown in below figure. The rating of each generator is 22 kV, 20 MVA, 0.5 pu reactance. If fault occurs at location 'P,, then current carried by shown circuit breaker CB when aang WB UNaeD @ fag aan NomoeRY ASV FOV OBI zo 20 F004 Fh Dales +P Qoo°0 (a) “12 pu (c) 8 pu @.28 A lossless short transmission line is connecting two buses as shown below. At the midpoint of the transmission line a compensator is employed, so thatthe midpoint voltage is maintained at 0.90 pu. The electrical power (b) -/10 pu (@) ~2 pu delivered tothe réceiving end is_pu (upto 2 decimal place). I Xonjd v1.20 Vana @.29 A.60 Hz generator is rated at 500 MVA, 20 kV with) Xj=0.20p.u. It supplies a purely resistive load of 400 MW al 20 KV. The load is, connected directly across the terminals of generator. Ifall the three phases of the load are short circuited simultaneously, the initial symmetrical rms current in the generator in per unit on the base of 500 MVA, 20 kV will be pul @.30 Two 11 kV, 20 MVA, three-phase, star connected ‘generators operate in parallel as shown in figure The positive, negative and zero sequence reactance of each being respectively /0.18 {0.18, 0.10 p.u. The star point of one of the generator is isolated and that of the other is earthed through a 2 @ resistor. A single line to {ground fault occurs at the terminals of one of the generators, Value of the current flowing in the grounding resistor is. R,=20 fault occurs al point ‘P will be pu 3 3 (a) 14.72kA (b) 3.07 kA, (c) 14.52kA (6) 8.35 kA Sconah MADE ERSe wnumaeesypubleatonsorg