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Computer Networks Assignment Solutions

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11 views

Computer Networks Assignment Solutions

Uploaded by

razamehdisyed810
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks Assignment

Solutions
This document provides answers to the questions related to the following Course Learning
Outcomes (CLOs):

CLO 1: Describe the key terminologies and technologies of computer networks

CLO 2: Explain the services and functions provided by each layer in the Internet protocol
stack.

1. Headers and Trailers in Data Transmission (CLO 1)


Headers contain control information essential for data processing as it moves through the
network. This information includes source and destination addresses, protocol identifiers,
sequencing information, and error-checking data.

Trailers are typically added to detect errors in the transmission. They often contain error-
detection data that helps verify the accuracy of the transmitted information.

Process of Adding and Removing: When data is sent, each layer adds its own header (and
sometimes trailer) to the data. This process is called encapsulation. At the destination, the
headers and trailers are removed layer-by-layer in a reverse process called decapsulation.
This way, the data reaches its destination with all the required information intact for
processing.

2. Responsibilities of the Physical Layer (CLO 1)


The Physical Layer is responsible for the transmission of raw bits over a physical medium.
This includes handling the physical connection between devices (cables, switches, etc.),
signal transmission, data rates, and synchronization of bits.

It also addresses bit encoding and modulation (translating bits into electrical, optical, or
radio signals) and hardware specifications for network interfaces.

3. Data Link Layer and Reliable Data Transfer (CLO 1)


The Data Link Layer ensures reliable communication over the physical link. Its primary
functions include:
- Framing: Dividing data into frames for easier management and error handling.
- Error Detection and Correction: Detects errors in frames and corrects them using
checksums or cyclic redundancy checks (CRC).
- Flow Control: Manages the data rate between sender and receiver to avoid overwhelming
the receiver.
- Medium Access Control (MAC): Ensures that multiple devices can communicate over the
same medium without interference.

4. Network Layer Functions (CLO 1)


The Network Layer is responsible for routing and forwarding packets across different
networks to reach the destination. It determines the best path for data packets to travel and
assigns logical addresses (IP addresses).

This layer manages path determination based on routing tables and protocols, ensuring
optimal data flow across interconnected networks.

5. Transport Layer Role in Data Communication (CLO 1)


The Transport Layer ensures the complete, accurate delivery of data between applications
on different devices.

Key responsibilities include:


- Segmentation and Reassembly: Divides large messages into smaller segments and
reassembles them at the destination.
- Error Recovery and Data Integrity: Provides acknowledgment and retransmission
mechanisms for reliable delivery.
- Flow Control: Manages data transmission rates to avoid congestion.
- Connection Management: Establishes, maintains, and terminates connections between
applications.

6. Differences Between Port, Logical, and Physical Addresses (CLO 1)


- Physical Address (MAC): Unique to the network interface card (NIC) within a local
network; used to identify devices at the Data Link Layer.
- Logical Address (IP): Assigned by the network layer, used to identify devices across
different networks.
- Port Address: Used at the Transport Layer to identify specific applications or processes on
a device (e.g., HTTP uses port 80).

Significance: Each address type allows network layers to route, deliver, and direct data
accurately, ensuring efficient communication.

7. Functions of OSI Model Layers in Communication (CLO 2)


The OSI Model breaks down communication tasks across seven layers, each with a unique
function:
- Physical Layer: Transmits raw bits over a physical connection.
- Data Link Layer: Manages error-free frame transmission over a single link.
- Network Layer: Handles routing and logical addressing (IP).
- Transport Layer: Ensures complete and accurate data transfer.
- Session Layer: Manages sessions and connections between applications.
- Presentation Layer: Translates data formats (e.g., encryption, compression).
- Application Layer: Provides end-user network services (e.g., email, file transfer).

Each layer’s services ensure that data moves effectively from sender to receiver, with
proper translation, error handling, and reliable communication across networks.

8. Matching Functions to OSI Layers and Contribution (CLO 2)


- Route Determination: Network Layer - manages routing protocols to determine the most
efficient path for data packets.
- Reliable Message Delivery: Transport Layer - ensures error-free data transfer with
mechanisms for acknowledgment, flow control, and retransmission.
- User Services like Email and File Transfer: Application Layer - offers network services
directly to users, such as HTTP for web browsing, SMTP for email, and FTP for file transfer.
- Transmission Across a Physical Medium: Physical Layer - manages the physical aspects of
data transmission, including cables, signals, and data rates.

Each layer in the OSI model contributes to the network's functionality, ensuring that
complex tasks like error-checking, routing, and data formatting are handled effectively
across the communication system.

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