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5 Subspace

About Subspace and check whether it is a subspace or not

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Maitra Ambalia
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44 views4 pages

5 Subspace

About Subspace and check whether it is a subspace or not

Uploaded by

Maitra Ambalia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Subspace

Definition: A subset W of a vector space V is called a subspace of V if W itself a


vector space under the vector addition and scalar multiplication defined on V.
Theorem: If W is a set of one or more vectors from a vector space V, then W is
a subspace of V if and only if the following conditions hold
(i) If u & v W  u  v W

(ii) If k is scalar & u W  k u W

[Proof:
Let (i) and (ii) are satisfied. It implies axioms no 2,3, 7, 8, 9 and 10 will be
satisfied.
Now,
Now,
for u  W  V & k  0  0 u  W (assumed in theorem)
(0  0) u  (0 u )  (0 u )( distributive)
0 u  (0 u )  (0 u)
(0 u )  {(0 u )}  ((0 u )  (0 u ))  {(0 u )}
O  (0 u )  ((0 u ))  (0 u ))
O  (0 u)  O
O  (0 u)
 O  (0 u) W
Now
let k   I & u  W  V  ( I ) u W
(I u )  (( I ) u )  ( I  ( I )) u0 u O
 (( I ) u )  u  W is additive indentity of ( I u)  u

]
Remark: Every nonzero vector space V has at least two subspaces:
(i) V itself and (ii) {O}
Examples:
1) Determine which of the following are subspace of R3
(i) All vectors of the form (a,0,0)
W  {(a, 0, 0) / a  R}  R 3
Let (a, 0, 0) & (b, 0, 0) W
(a, 0, 0)  (b, 0, 0)  ( a  b, 0, 0)  W ( a & b  R  a  b  R)
  is closed .
k  R,
k (a, 0, 0)  (ka, 0, 0)  W ( a & k  R  ka  R)
 is closed .
i.eW is subspace of R 3 .

(ii) All vectors of the form (a, b, c) where, b=a+c+1


W  {(a, b, c) / a, b, c  R & b  a  c  1}  R 3
Let (a1, b1, c1) & (a 2, b2, c 2) W
(a1, b1, c1)  (a 2, b2, c 2)  (a1  a 2, b1  b2, c1  c 2) W
( b1  b2  a1  c1  1  a 2  c 2  1  a1  a 2  c1  c 2  2)
  is not closed .
i.eW is not a subspace of R 3

2) Determine which of the following are subspace of P3


(i) All polynomials a0  a1x  a2 x2  a3 x3 for which a0  a1  a2  a3  0

W  a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  a3 x 3  P3 , for which a0  a1  a2  a3  0 P3


Let a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  a3 x 3 & b0  b1 x  b2 x 2  b3 x 3 W and k  R
 (a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  a3 x 3 )  (b0  b1 x  b2 x 2  b3 x 3 )
 (a0  b0 )  (a1  b1 ) x  (a2  b2 ) x 2  (a3  b3 ) x 3  W
( a0  a1  a2  a3  0 & b0  b1  b2  b3  0
 (a0  b0 )  (a1  b1 )  (a2  b2 )  (a3  b3 )  0)
 vector addition is closed ....(1)
&
 k (a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  a3 x 3 )  (ka0  ka1 x  ka2 x 2  ka3 x 3 )  W
( a0  a1  a2  a3  0  ka0  ka1  ka2  ka3  0)
 Scalar multiplication is closed ...(2)
from(1)and (2)  W is subspace of P3
(ii) All polynomials a0  a1x  a2 x2  a3 x3 for which a0 , a1 , a2anda3 are int .
W  a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  a3 x 3  P3 , for which ai ' s are Integer
let x3  Wand k  (1/ 2)  R
 (k )( x3 )  ((1/ 2) x 3 )  W
( (1/ 2) coefficient of x3 is not Integer )
 Scalar multiplication is not closed ...(2)
 W is not subspace of P3

3) Determine which of the following are subspace of the space F(-∞,∞)


(i) All f such that f(x)<=0,for all x
W   f : R  R, f ( x)  0
Let f W & k  1 R
 (kf )( x)  (1) f ( x) W ( (1) f ( x)  0, for all x)
 W is not a subspace.

(ii) All f such that f(0)=2


W   f : R  R, f (0)  2
Let f , g W & k  R
 ( f  g )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x) W ( ( f  g )(0)  f (0)  g (0)  2  2  4)
 W is not a subspace.

4) Determine which of the following are subspace of M22


(i) All square matrices whose trace is 0
  a a12  
W    11   M 22 , for which a11  a22  0 
  a21 a22  
a a12   b11 b12 
Let  11 &   W and k  R
 a21 a22  b21 b22 
a a12   b11 b12   a11  b11 a12  b12 
  11    W
 a21 a22  b21 b22   a21  b21 a22  b22 
( a11  a22  0 & a11  a22  0  a11  b11  a22  b22  0
 vector addition is closed ....(1)
&
a a12   ka11 ka12 
 k  11   W
 a21 a22   ka21 ka22 
( a11  a22  0  ka11  ka22  0)
 Scalar multiplication is closed ...(2)
from(1)and (2)  W is subspace of M 22

(ii) All square matrices such that system AX=0 has trivial solution

  a a12  
W    11   M 22 , for which AX  0 has only trivial solution 
  a21 a22  
( AX  0 has only trivial solution  det( A)  0)
1 0   1 0 
Let   W and k  R
1   0 1
&
0
1 0   1 0  0 0 
    O W
0 1   0 1 0 0 
0 0 
( det(   )  0  OX  0 has nontrivial solutions.
0 0 
 vector addition is not closed
 W is not subspace of M 22

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