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ipynb - Colab

# Using matplotlib to make graphs with Python.

# Matplotlib is a Python package, which means that it’s a collection of modules with related functionality.
# Matplotlib doesn’t come built in with Python’s standard library, so you’ll have to install it
# If you are plotting in IDE, first installl Matplotlib type pip install matplotlib (Command Prompt on Windows or Terminal on

Start coding or generate with AI.

# pylab is a module that combines matplotlib.pyplot with numpy into a single namespace for convenience.
# it is generally discouraged because it imports many functions and variables globally, which may cause confusion or naming c
# While pylab is convenient for simple tasks, it's better to use matplotlib.pyplot directly for more complex projects

from pylab import plot, show

# Example data for the plot

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]

# Creating the line plot

plot(x, y,marker='o') # makers = 'o','+','*','x'
# Markers highlight data points in a line plot.

# Display the plot

show()

plot(x, y,'o') #
# omitting marker=, we can plot only points
# there should be no line connecting the points.
show()

avg_percentage = [50,55,49,60,59,68,70,79,81,75,85,90,95]
print(len(avg_percentage))
plot(avg_percentage)
show()
years=range(2010,2023)
plot(avg_percentage,years)

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13

# three plot on a single graph

from pylab import plot, show, title, xlabel, ylabel, legend
nyc_temp_2000 = [31.3, 37.3, 47.2, 51.0, 63.5, 71.3, 72.3, 72.7, 66.0 , 57.0, 45.3, 31.1]
nyc_temp_2006 = [40.9, 35.7, 43.1, 55.7, 63.1, 71.0, 77.9, 75.8, 66.6 , 56.2, 51.9, 43.6]
nyc_temp_2012 = [37.3, 40.9, 50.9, 54.8, 65.1, 71.0, 78.8, 76.7, 68.8 , 58.0, 43.9, 41.5]
months = range(1,13)
plot(months, nyc_temp_2000, months, nyc_temp_2006, months, nyc_temp_2012)
title('Average monthly temperature in NYC')
xlabel('Month')
ylabel('Temperature')
# After plot command import legend from pylab
# You can specify a particular position, such as 'lower center', 'center left', and'upper left'.
# You can set the position to 'best', and the legend will be positioned so as not to interfere with the graph.
from [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D
pylab import legend at 0x7ed1582ee980>]
legend([2000, 2006, 2012])
show()

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# Customizing the Axes

# you can use xmin, xmax, and ymax to set the minimum and maximum values for the x-axis and the maximum value for the y-axis
# axis([0, 10, 0, 20]). This would set the range of the x-axis to (0, 10) and that of the y-axis to (0, 20).
from pylab import plot, show, axis
nyc_temp_2012 = [37.3, 40.9, 50.9, 54.8, 65.1, 71.0, 78.8, 76.7, 68.8 , 58.0, 43.9, 41.5]
plot(nyc_temp_2012, marker='o')
# axis()

axis(ymin=0)
show()

# how to save plot in pylab

from pylab import plot, show, title, xlabel, ylabel, legend, savefig
nyc_temp_2000 = [31.3, 37.3, 47.2, 51.0, 63.5, 71.3, 72.3, 72.7, 66.0 , 57.0, 45.3, 31.1]
nyc_temp_2006 = [40.9, 35.7, 43.1, 55.7, 63.1, 71.0, 77.9, 75.8, 66.6 , 56.2, 51.9, 43.6]
nyc_temp_2012 = [37.3, 40.9, 50.9, 54.8, 65.1, 71.0, 78.8, 76.7, 68.8 , 58.0, 43.9, 41.5]
months = range(1,13)
plot(months, nyc_temp_2000, months, nyc_temp_2006, months, nyc_temp_2012)
title('Average monthly temperature in NYC')
xlabel('Month')
ylabel('Temperature')
# After plot command import legend from pylab
# You can specify a particular position, such as 'lower center', 'center left', and'upper left'.
# You can set the position to 'best', and the legend will be positioned so as not to interfere with the graph.
from pylab import legend
legend([2000, 2006, 2012])
savefig("pylab_plot.png")
# For PDF: savefig("plot.pdf")
show()
# If you're using Google Colab and want to download the saved plot to your computer
from google.colab import files

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# Download the saved plot
files.download("pylab_plot.png")

# plot using Matplotlib

# If you are plotting in IDE, first installl Matplotlib type pip install matplotlib (Command Prompt on Windows or Terminal o

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
# Creating a line plot
plt.plot(x, y)

# Adding titles and labels

plt.title("Simple Line Plot")
plt.xlabel("X Axis")
plt.ylabel("Y Axis")

# Displaying the plot

plt.show()

# Customizing the line plot with markers and colors

plt.plot(x, y, color='green', marker='*', linewidth=4, linestyle='dashed')

# Displaying the plot

plt.show()

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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from google.colab import files
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
# Creating a line plot
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.savefig("line_plot1.png")
files.download("line_plot1.png")

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# NumPy

# NumPy is the core Python package for numerical computing

# main features of NumPy are: n-dimensional array object ndarray
# To get started with NumPy, let's adopt the standard convention and import it using the name np:

import numpy as np
a=np.array([2,3,5,7,11])
print(a)
type(a)
a
list1=[2,3,5,7,11]
print(list1)
# NumPy array it looks a lot like a Python list except that the entries are
# separated by spaces whereas entries in a Python list are separated by commas.

[ 2 3 5 7 11]
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11]

# Matplotlib and NumPy are essential libraries in Python for data visualization and numerical computing.
# NumPy: Used for creating and handling large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices of data. It provides mathematical funct
# Matplotlib: Used for plotting graphs and visualizing data. Matplotlib works well with NumPy arrays for data organization a
# how to import
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Organizing data using NumPy arrays

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100) # 100 points between 0 and 10
y = np.sin(x) # Sine wave

# Plotting using Matplotlib

plt.plot(x, y)
plt.title("Sine Wave")
plt.xlabel("X Axis")
plt.ylabel("Y Axis")
plt.show()

plt.plot(x, y, label='Sine Wave', color='r') # Red sine wave

plt.legend()
plt.show()

plt.plot(x, y, marker='o', linestyle='-', color='b') # Blue line with circle markers

plt.show()

y1=np.sin(x)
y2=np.cos(x)
plt.plot(x, y1, label='Sine Wave', color='r')
plt.plot(x, y2, label='Cos Wave', color='b')
plt.legend()
plt.show

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x=

# Bar Chart
categories = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
values = [3, 7, 5, 9]

plt.bar(categories, values)
plt.title("Bar Chart Example")
plt.xlabel('categories')
plt.ylabel('values')
plt.show()

# horizontal bar chart

plt.barh(categories, values)
plt.title("Horizontal Bar Chart")
matplotlib.pyplot.show
plt.xlabel('values')
def show(*args, **kwargs)
plt.ylabel('categories')
plt.show()
Display all open figures.

Parameters
colors=['red','green','blue','purple']
----------
plt.bar(categories, values,color=colors)
block : bool, optional
plt.show()
Whether to wait for all figures to be closed before returning.

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# Contour plots show three-dimensional data in two dimensions by plotting constant values (contours).
# Use contour() for 2D contour plots.
X, Y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-5, 5, 100), np.linspace(-5, 5, 100))
Z = np.sin(np.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2))

plt.contour(X, Y, Z) # Contour plot with color map

plt.colorbar()
plt.title("Contour Plot")
plt.show()

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#Fields
# Field plots, such as vector fields, use quiver() to visualize vector data.
X, Y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-5, 5, 10), np.linspace(-5, 5, 10))
U = -Y
V = X

plt.quiver(X, Y, U, V) # Vector field plot

plt.title("Vector Field")
plt.show()

# Managing Subplots and Axes

# Subplots allow multiple plots in one figure. You can create subplots using plt.subplot() or plt.subplots().
# Creating a 2x1 grid of subplots
# plt.subplot(nrows, ncols, index)
# nrows: The number of rows in the subplot grid.
# ncols: The number of columns in the subplot grid.
# index: The position of the current subplot in the grid (starting from 1).

plt.subplot(2, 2, 1)
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x),label='sin(x)',color='r') # First subplot (Sine wave)

plt.subplot(2, 2, 2)
plt.plot(x, np.cos(x),label='cos(x)',color='b') # Second subplot (Cosine wave)

plt.subplot(2, 2, 3)
plt.plot(x, np.sin(2*x),label='sin(2x)',color= 'r') # First subplot (Sine wave)

plt.subplot(2, 2, 4)
plt.plot(x, np.cos(2*x),label='cos(2x)',color='b') # Second subplot (Cosine wave)

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Text(0.5, 1.0, '-cos wave')

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np
x=np.linspace(-2,2,100)
y1=np.sin(x)
y2=np.cos(x)
y3=-np.sin(x)
y4=-np.cos(x)
# First Subplot
plt.subplot(2,2,1)
plt.plot(x,y1)
plt.title('sin wave')
# Second Subplot
plt.subplot(2,2,2)
plt.plot(x,y2)
plt.title('cos wave')
# Third Subplot
plt.subplot(2,2,3)
plt.plot(x,y3)
plt.title('-sin wave')
# Fourth Subplot
plt.subplot(2,2,4)
plt.plot(x,y4)
plt.title('-cos wave')
plt.tight_layout()

# subplots()
# This function returns a figure object and an array of axes objects for more advanced subplot management.
# fig, axs = plt.subplots(nrows, ncols, figsize, sharex, sharey)
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# nrows: Number of rows of subplots.
# ncols: Number of columns of subplots.
# fig: The figure object, which contains all subplots.
# fig: Represents the entire figure, which contains all subplots.
# axs: An array of axes objects, one for each subplot.
# axs: This is an array of axes objects (a 2D array in this case). Each element of axs corresponds to one subplot.#

fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 2) # 2x2 grid of subplots

axs[0, 0].plot(x, np.sin(x)) # First subplot

axs[0, 1].plot(x, np.cos(x)) # Second subplot
axs[1, 0].plot(x, -np.sin(x)) # Third subplot
axs[1, 1].plot(x, -np.cos(x)) # Fourth subplot

plt.show()

# Histogram
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Basic dataset: Exam scores of students

exam_scores = [45, 56, 67, 78, 89, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, 56, 67, 78, 89, 45, 56, 67, 78, 89, 90, 100]

# Plot the histogram

plt.hist(exam_scores, bins=10, color='blue', edgecolor='black', alpha=0.7)

# Add titles and labels

plt.title('Histogram of Exam Scores')
plt.xlabel('Score')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')

# Show the plot

plt.show()

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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Basic dataset: Exam scores of students

exam_scores = [45, 56, 67, 78, 89, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, 56, 67, 78, 89, 45, 56, 67, 78, 89, 90, 100]

# Define custom bin edges

bins = [40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]

# Plot the histogram

plt.hist(exam_scores, bins=bins, color='green', edgecolor='black', alpha=0.7)

# Add titles and labels

plt.title('Histogram of Exam Scores with Custom Bins')
plt.xlabel('Score Range')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')

# Show the plot

plt.show()

# Creating a Pie Chart

# Data for Pie Chart
labels_1 = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D','E']
sizes = [20, 30, 25, 25, 20]

# Pie Chart
plt.pie(sizes, labels=labels_1, autopct='%1.1f%%')
plt.title("Pie Chart Example")
plt.show()

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import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Define decay function

def decay(Q0, lam, t):
return Q0 * np.exp(-lam * t)

# Example usage
Q0 = 100 # Initial quantity
lam = 0.1 # Decay constant
t = np.linspace(0, 10, 100) # Time range

Q_t = decay(Q0, lam, t)

plt.plot(t, Q_t)
plt.title('Exponential Decay')
plt.xlabel('Time')
plt.ylabel('Quantity')
plt.show()

# Animation of decay
# N = N_0 exp(-lamda *t) where N_0 is initial quantity, lamda is a rate and t is time
# Import required libraries:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.animation import FuncAnimation
from IPython.display import HTML # For displaying the animation in Colab

# Decay function
def decay(t, N0, decay_rate):
result = N0 * np.exp(-decay_rate * t)
return result

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# fig, axs = plt.subplots(nrows, ncols, figsize, sharex, sharey)
# nrows: Number of rows of subplots.
# ncols: Number of columns of subplots.
# fig: The figure object, which contains all subplots.
# fig: Represents the entire figure, which contains all subplots.
# axs: An array of axes objects, one for each subplot.
# axs: This is an array of axes objects (a 2D array in this case). Each element of axs corresponds to one subplot.
# Set up figure and axis

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.set_xlim(0, 10) # Time range from 0 to 10
ax.set_ylim(0, 1.0) # Decay value from 0 to 1
line, = ax.plot([], [], lw=2)

# Initialization function
def init():
line.set_data([], [])
return line,

# Update function
def update(frame):
t = np.linspace(0, frame, 100) # Generate time values
N = decay(t, N0=1, decay_rate=0.5) # Calculate decay values
line.set_data(t, N)
return line,

# Create the animation

ani = FuncAnimation(fig, update, frames=np.linspace(0, 10, 200), init_func=init, blit=True)
# blit=True: Ensures that only parts of the plot that change are redrawn (improves performance).

# Render the animation in the notebook

HTML(ani.to_jshtml()) # Converts animation to HTML for display in Colab

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# Bayes Theorem
# To create a set in Python, we can use the FiniteSet class from the sympy package,
from sympy import FiniteSet
s = FiniteSet(2, 4, 6)
print(s)

{2, 4, 6}

from sympy import FiniteSet

from fractions import Fraction
s = FiniteSet(1, 1.5, Fraction(1, 5))
print(s)
print(len(s))
# Is this number in this set?”
print(4 in s)

# Empty Set
s1=FiniteSet()
print(s1)

{1/5, 1, 1.5}
3
False
        
EmptySet
Once Loop Reflect

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