Mitosis Notes

NATIONAL EVANGELICAL INSTITUTE FOR GIRLS AND BOYS
‫مدرسة الفنون اإلنجيلية الوطنية للبنات والبنين‬
Grade 10 AS Mitosis
Types of cells in the human body:
1. Somatic cells (diploid cells): contain 2n=46 chromosomes which can be arranged in
homologous pairs. Skin, muscle, bone……..
2. Sex Cells or Gametes (haploid cells): contain 1n=23 chromosomes which are not
arranged in homologous pairs. Sperm and ovum
Structure of chromosome:
Chromosome Chromosome
with 1 with 2
chromatid. chromatids
(1 DNA) (2 DNA)
Cell cycle: Interphase + Mitosis
After fertilization, the zygote obtained has 2n chromosomes made up of 2 chromatids. It

undergoes mitosis.
1
 Cell cycle: Interphase(duplication) Mitosis(division) Interphase
Interphase:
- This is the longest period of the complete cell cycle

- The cell increases in size, duplicate its organelles
- The cell prepares itself for mitosis
- Chromosomes duplicate their chromatid material by a process called DNA
replication; chromosome which was made up of 1 chromatid becomes made up of 2
chromatids.
- The quantity of DNA is doubled.
Mitosis is a process by which somatic cells divide to give two identical daughter cells.
 Aim of mitosis:
 To increase the number of cells during growth
 To replace damaged or injured cells
 Phases of mitosis
Phase Drawing
Prophase - The long thin chromatin condenses
to become short and thick
chromosomes made up of 2
chromatids attached by a
centromere
- The nuclear membrane and
nucleolus disappear
- The centrosomes change into
asters. Each aster occupies a pole
of the cell and spindle fibers form
between the asters.
- Chromosomes arrange themselves
randomly on the spindle fibers by
their centromere
2
Metaphase - Chromosomes arrange themselves
at the equatorial plate (center of
the cell)
Anaphase - Centromere divides and sister

chromatids separate to opposite
poles of the cell. This is called
polar ascension.
Telophase - The short and thick chromosomes

lose condensation to become long
and thin chromatin
- The nuclear membrane and
nucleolus reappear
- The asters change back to
centrosomes and spindle fibers
disappear
- Cytokinesis: A constriction is
formed in the cytoplasm that
divides the mother cell into 2
daughter cells.
 Two daughter cells are obtained at the end of mitosis.

 Genetic information is conserved during mitosis. The number of chromosomes in
each daughter cell is 2n=46 which is equal to the number of chromosomes in the
mother cell (initial cell).
 Mitosis has 4 phases: Prophase, Metaphase , Anaphase and Telophase
 Sister chromatids separate during Anaphase of mitosis.
 Daughter cells obtained by the end of mitosis undergo conformed reproduction
(Interphase) where they duplicate their chromosomes by DNA replication before they
enter a new mitotic division.
3
Plant mitosis: Same as animal mitosis with two differences:
1. Plant cells don’t have centrosomes, then there is no formation of asters (spindle
fibers are formed)
2. There is no formation of constriction in the cytoplasm during telophase. A cell
plate (cell wall) is formed in the middle to divide the mother cell into two daughter
cells.
How is the cell cycle regulated?
Cyclins are regulatory proteins that:
- Control cell cycle

- Allow cell cycle to proceed only when certain events have occurred in the cell itself
- Tell cells when it is time to divide and enter another phase of the cell cycle.
Cancer:
It is a disorder in which body cells lose their ability to control growth. Cancer cells do
not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells. As a result, the cell
divides uncontrollably. Cancer cells form a mass of cells called tumor. A tumor could
be benign (non-cancerous) which doesn’t spread to healthy tissue or other body parts or
malignant (cancerous) which invades the body and destroy surrounding healthy tissue.
Apoptosis: (process of programed cell death)
A cell may actually be programmed to die. Ex: cells between toes in foot of a mouse die
by apoptosis during tissue development so apoptosis play a key role in development by
shaping the structure of tissues and organs in plants and animals.

Mitosis Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mitosis Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mitosis Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NATIONAL EVANGELICAL INSTITUTE FOR GIRLS AND BOYS

‫مدرسة الفنون اإلنجيلية الوطنية للبنات والبنين‬

Types of cells in the human body:

Cell cycle: Interphase + Mitosis

After fertilization, the zygote obtained has 2n chromosomes made up of 2 chromatids. It

- This is the longest period of the complete cell cycle

Anaphase - Centromere divides and sister

Telophase - The short and thick chromosomes

 Two daughter cells are obtained at the end of mitosis.

How is the cell cycle regulated?

Cyclins are regulatory proteins that:

- Control cell cycle

Apoptosis: (process of programed cell death)

You might also like