RBE-REVOLUTION BY EDUCATION

COMPUTER
ALL SSC EXAMS
(CGL, CHSL, DELHI POLICE CONSTABLE,
DELHI POLICE HCM, CPO, ETC.)

Also Useful For:

HARYANA CET, DSSSB
DDA, BSSC, RSSB
UPSSSC, SBI PO
SBI CLERK

SSC मतलब RBE

Important Free Playlists
Maths
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HflQy4_dp

Computer
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Some of the PDFs that are available on the telegram

channel. Latest Exams Mock format printable pdfs and
subject-wise pdfs are also available.

1) SSC CGL 2018 to 2021 Tier-1 & Tier-2 question papers.

2) SSC CHSL 2019 to 2021 Tier-1 question papers.
3) SSC MTS 2020 & 2021 Tier-1 question papers.
4) SSC Stenographer 2020 Question papers.
5) DSSSB junior clerk, assistant & Many other posts question papers.
6) SSC CPO 2018, 2019 , 2020 Tier-2 Question papers.
7) SSC CPO 2019 and 2020 Tier-1 Question papers.
8) SSC GD 2021 all 63 shifts compilation.
9)RRB NPTC 2019 (Exam held in 2021) all 133+ shifts CBT-1 and CBT-
2 overall and subject-wise question papers.
10) ICAR technician Question Papers.
11) Delhi Police Constable Executive Question Papers.
12) UP SI Question papers.
13) UP police ASI, Clerk, accountant Question papers.
14) SSC selection Post phase VI, VII, VIII and IX question papers.
15) ICAR Assistant 2021
16) RRC Group D all shifts subject-
wise pdfs

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CONTENTS
Computer.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Generations of Computer.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Types of Computer .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Memory Unit .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
INPUT DEVICES ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
OUTPUT DEVICES ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Software .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
System Software....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Application Software ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Operating System .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Some Abbreviations................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
MS – Office......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
MS-Word.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
Shortcut Keys in MS-Word .................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
MS-Excel .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Functions used in EXCEL....................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Shortcut Keys for MS-Excel ................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Ms Powerpoint ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Internet ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Web Browsers .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Search Engine .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Features of e-mail .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
E-Banking................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 43
Networking & Cyber Security .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Types Of Networks .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Network Topology ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Data Representation .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Types of Number System ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 57
Conversion between the Number Systems ............................................................................................................................................................. 57
Computer Codes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 60
Logic Gates............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 60

Practice Sessions
Delhi police Head Constable Ministerial 2022 All 24 Shifts
Delhi Police Head Constable 2022 AWO/TPO all Shifts

Delhi Police Constable Executive 2020 all Shifts

Page | 1

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Complete Computer by Radhika Mam (RBE)

Class – 1
Computer
Computer
1. Information processing and information accessing tool
which means it accepts some information to produce a
new information.
2. Blaise Pascal developed first mechanical calculator in
1642 AD called Pascalene.
3. Charles Babbage was the first person to conceive an
automatic calculator or computer in 1833. That’s why he Radhika Goel Mam
is called the father of modern computer. (SSC CGL Selected)
4. First computer programme was developed by Lady Ada Augusta, a student of Babbage.
5. Howard Ekin developed first mechanical computer Mark-I in 1937.
6. J.P. Ekart and John Moschley invented world’s first electronic computer ENIAC-I in 1946.
Electronic valve or vacuum tube was used as a switch in the computer.
7. December 2 is observed as Computer Literacy Day
8. India has announced New Computer Policy in 1984.
9. First computer made in India was Siddharth, which was manufactured by Electronics
Corporation of India.
10. First computer in India was installed in the Main Post office

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 F2 Edit/Rename
 Ctrl + Home Go to the beginning of the file
 Ctrl + End Go to the end of the file
 Alt + Shift+ Tab Switch to previous opened program
 Alt + F4 Close window/ Shut down
 Ctrl + U Underline
 Ctrl + P Print
 Ctrl + K Hyperlink

Glossary
ENIAC = Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
EDVAC = Electronic discrete Variable automatic computer
EDSAC = Electronic Delay storage Automatic computer
UNIVAC = Universal Automatic Computer

Class – 2
Software
Data: Raw information
Information: Meaningful data or processed data
Programs: collection of instructions or commands
Software: collection of programs to perform some specific tasks. There are two types of Software:
1. System software
2. Application software
System Software
• Provides a base platform to execute and development different types of other programs.
• Designed to control the operators and resources of computer and co-ordinate all hardware.
Eg: Operating System, BIOS etc.

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Utility software
• Enhance the performance of a system and devices.
Eg: antivirus, data backup etc.
Application Software
• Designed and developed for the users to perform some specific tasks like writing a letter,
listening to music or seeing any video.
Word processors
• MS-Word, Word pad, Word star, Corel Word Perfect, Google docs.
Database software
• MS access, file maker, dBase, Clipper, MySQL, FoxPro
Web browser
• Google chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet explorer, opera
Multimedia software
• Adobe photoshop, Picasa, VLC media player, windows media player
Mailing software
• MS outlook
Presentation software
• MS Power point
Spreadsheet software
• MS Excel, Lotus 123
Firmware
• Permanent software which is embedded in the system’s read only memory. Eg: BIOS
Freeware
• Software available free of cost.
• Don’t provide any liberty to modify the entire software.
Programming languages:
• Computer programs are written using special languages called programming languages.
• Each language has its own grammar called its syntax.
Types of Programming language
• Machine language and the assembly language are examples of low level language.
• Assembler converts all instructions into the binary format.
• All instructions must finally be converted into binary form. So all high level languages have
their own translation programs called compilers or interpreters.
• High level languages: C, C++, JAVA, FORTRAN
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Operating System
• A system software.
• Also known as resource controller.
• Works as an interface between user and hardware.
Functions of OS
• Process management.
• Messaging service
• Device management
• Error detection
• Memory management
• Security
• File management
• Command interpretation
WIN: Windows
Windows - Shortcut
Win Keys + Print Screen For capture screen shot.
Win Keys + Pause break For open system configuration.
Win Keys + E For open my computer.
Win Keys + L For switch user mode.
Win Keys + M Minimize all active windows.
Win Keys + D Show the Desktop.
Win Keys + No. 1,2,3,4,5 Show the active window One by One.
Win Keys + R (Run) Open Run Dialogue Box.
Alt + Space + X For Maximize window.
Alt + Space + R For restore down window.
Alt + Space + N For Minimize window.
Alt + Tab For show the screen.
Alt + F4 For Close the software / System shut down.

WINDOWS:
• Wide interactive network development for office work solution
• Inbuilt web browser: Internet explorer
• Microsoft explorer is browser for windows 10

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List of windows operating system:
• Windows 1.0
• Windows 2.0
• Windows 3.0
• Windows 3.1
• Windows NT 3.1-3.5
• Windows 95
• Windows NT 4.0
• Windows 98
• Windows 2000
• Windows ME
• Windows XP
• Windows Vista
• Windows 7
• Windows 8
• Windows 8.1
• Windows 10
MAC OS
• Macintosh operating system
• First version-Classical Mac OS
• Designed by Apple in 1984
• Inbuilt web browser= Safari
Android
• Associated with google and an open source operating system.
LINUX
• Open source operating system.
• Highly secured operating system.
UNIX
• Old name is UNICS (UNiplexed information and computing system)
Eg: Microsoft, Oracle Solaris etc.

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Types of operating system
Batch operating system
• Oldest system.
• Operator batches together jobs with similar needs and ran them through the computer as a
group.
• Another job will be executed only after first job is fully executed.
• No any prioritization of job is used.
Eg: Payroll system, Banking system
Multiprogramming operating system
• One or more jobs are loaded into the memory which are ready to be executed.
• CPU never sits idle.
Time sharing or Multitasking operating system
• Time is shared to execute a particular job.
• Minimizes the response time.
Eg: UNIX, Windows, LINUX etc.
Multiprocessing operating job
• Use or two or more central processing units (CPU) within a single Computer System.
• Used to increase the throughput of system.
Real time operating system
• Used for a real time application.
• Used for applications where data processing should be done in the fixed and small quantum
of time.
Types:
1. Soft real time system: digital camera, mobile phones etc.
2. Hard real time system: air bag control in cars, anti lock brake, engine control system etc.
Network operating system
• Includes special functions for connecting computers and devices into a local area network or
inter-network.
Some Abbreviations
• CDAC Centre for development of Advanced Parallel Computing
• C-DOT Centre for Development of Telematics
• HTTP Hyper text transfer protocol
• ROM Read only memory
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• RAM Random Access Memory
• BIOS Basic Input Output System
• MODEM Modulation-Demodulation
• CAD Computer aided design
• PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
• PSPDN Packet Switched Public Data Network
• RABMN Remote area Business Message Network
• LAN Local area network
• WAN Wide area network
• MAN Metropolitan area network
• CDMA Code division Multiple Access
• GAIS Gateway Internet Access Service
• E-mail Electronic Mail
• CD Compact Disc
• LDU Liquid Display Unit
• CPU Central Processing Unit
• CAM Computer aided manufacturing
• CAT-Scan Computerized Axial Oriented Language
• COBOL Common Business Oriented Language
• COMAL Common Algorithmic Language
• DOS Disk Operating System
• DTS Desk top System
• DTP Desk top publishing
• E-Commerce Electronic commerce
• ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
• FAX Facsimile Automated Xerox
• FLOPS Floating Operations per second
• FORTRAN Formula translation
• HLL High Level Language
• HTML Hyper text markup language
• IBM International Business Machine

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• IC Integrated circuit
• ISH International Super Highway
• LISP List processing
• LLL Low level language
• MICR Magnetic Ink Character Reader
• MIPS Million Instructions per second
• MOPS Million Operations per second
• MPU Micro processor unit
• NICNET National informatics center network
• OMR Optical mark reader/ recognition
• PC-DOS Personal computer disk operating system
• PROM Programmable read only memory
• SNOBOL String Oriented Symbolic Language
• UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
• VDU Visual Display Unit
• VLSI Very large scale integration
• WWW World Wide web
• CCTV Close circuit television
• Wi – Fi Wireless Fidelity
• ISP Internet Service Provider
• GPS Global Positioning System
• GPRS General Pocket Radio Service
• CC Carbon Copy
• BCC Blind Carbon Copy
• CVV Card Verification Value
• FAQ Frequently Asked Question
• TIFF Tagged Image File Format
• JPEG Joint Photographic Expert Group
• GIF Graphic Interchangeable Format
• PNG Portable Network Graphics
• BMP Bitmap Image

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• PDF Portable Documents Format
• PAN Permanent Account Number
• TIN Taxpayer Identification Number
• ERP Enterprises Resources Planning
• MIS Management Information System
• CSS Cascading Sheet Style
• SQL Structured Query Language
• CAD Computer Aided Design
• DOS Disc Operating System
• USB Universal Serial Bus
• DVD Digital Versatile Disc
• VGA Video Graphic Adaptor
• LED Light Embedded Diode
• LCD Liquid Crystal Display
• UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply
• SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply

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Class – 3
MS – Office
MS-Office
• Family of client software, server software and services designed by Microsoft.
• Current version of MS-Office: Microsoft Office 2019
MS-Word
• Word processor developed by Microsoft.
• Used for creating, editing, formatting, storing, retrieving and printing of a text document.
• Native file formats are denoted by either a .doc or .docx file extension.

Tabs of MS- Word

• FILE, HOME, INSERT, DESIGN, LAYOUT, REFERENCES, MAILING, REVIEW,
VIEW
• The file tab contains NEW, OPEN, SAVE, SAVE AS, PRINT, SHARE, EXPORT, CLOSE,
ACCOUNT, FEEDBACK and OPTIONS.

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HOME: clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Styles and Editing
INSERT: Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Add-ins, Media, Links, Comments, Header and Footer,
Text, Symbols
DESIGN: Document formatting, Page background
LAYOUT: Page setup, Paragraph, Arrange
Mailings: Create, Start Mail merge, Write and insert fields, Preview results, finish
View: View, Page Movement, Show, Zoom, Window, Macros
Page Orientation: Portrait and landscape

Allignments: Left aligned, Centre aligned, Right aligned and Justify

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Header & Footer: Display information such as title and page number of the document.
Title bar: Bar at the top of the window bearing the name of the window.
Menu bar/ Tab Row: Located below the title bar that provides categorized option
Editing: Means to change the value of data.
Formatting: Means to change the look and appearance of data.
Water mark: Faded background image that displays behind the text in a document.

Mail merge: Produces multiple letters, labels, envelopes, name tags, and more using information
stored in a list, database or spreadsheet.
Hyperlink: Word, phrase or image that we can click on to jump to a new document or a new
section within the current document.
Macros: A series of commands (shortcuts and recordings) that is recorded so that it can be played
back at a later time.
Thesaurus: For finding the synonym for a word in the document.
Shortcut Keys in MS-Word
• Ctrl + O Open an existing file
• Ctrl + N Creating a new document
• Ctrl + A Select all
• Ctrl + X Cut
• Ctrl + C Copy
• Ctrl + V Paste
• Ctrl + F Find box
• Ctrl + I Make the text Italic
• Ctrl + B Make the text bold
• Ctrl + U Make the text underlined
• Ctrl + S Save the document
• Ctrl + P Opens the print window
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• Ctrl + Z Undo last action
• Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed
• CTRL + D Displays the font dialogue box.
• CTRL + E Centre alignment.
• CTRL + G Displays the go to dialog box.
• CTRL + H Displays the replace dialogue box.
• CTRL + J Full justification.
• CTRL + K Create hyperlink.
• CTRL + L Left alignment.
• CTRL + M Increase indent.
• CTRL + Q Remove indent.
• CTRL + R Right alignment.
• CTRL + T Increase hanging indent.
• CTRL + W Close document.
• CTRL + \ (Back slash) Expand / collapse sub document.
• CTRL +] Increase the font size by 1 point.
• CTRL + [ Decrease the font size by 1 point.
• CTRL + 1 One line spacing.
• CTRL + 2 Two line spacing.
• CTRL + 5 1.5 Line spacing.
• CTRL + 0 Add & remove before paragraph space.
• CTRL + F1 Hide or show the ribbon.
• CTRL + F2 Show print preview.
• CTRL + F4 Closes the active document window.
• CTRL + F6 Opens the next document window.
• CTRL + END Take cursor to end of document.
• CTRL + Home Take cursor to home of document.
• CTRL + Cursor move one word to the left.
• CTRL + Cursor move one word to the right.
• Backspace Delete one character to the left.
• CTRL + Backspace Delete one word to the left.

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• Delete Delete one character to the right.
• CTRL + Delete Delete one word to the right.
• CTRL + ENTER Manual page Break.
• CTRL + SPACE Clear formatting.
• CTRL + = (equal) Subscript.
• CTRL + Mouse wheel Zoom in and out document.
• CTRL + SHIFT + + Superscript.
• CTRL + SHIFT + F5 Open bookmark dialog box.
• CTRL + SHIFT + < Decrease font size.
• CTRL + SHIFT + > Increase font size.
• CTRL + SHIFT + Select one word to the left.
• CTRL + SHIFT + Select one word to the right.
• CTRL + SHIFT + * Show/hide.
• CTRL + SHIFT + A Convert to Caps.
• CTRL + SHIFT + C Copy format.
• CTRL + SHIFT + E Track changes.
• CTRL + SHIFT + F Font family.
• CTRL + SHIFT + D Double underline.
• CTRL + SHIFT + G Display the word count dialog box.
• CTRL + SHIFT + K Convert to small caps.
• CTRL + SHIFT + L Applies bullets.
• CTRL + SHIFT + M Decrease indent.
• CTRL + SHIFT + N Demote to body text.
• CTRL + SHIFT + P Font size select.
• CTRL + SHIFT + T Reduce a hanging indent.
• CTRL + SHIFT + S Style.
• CTRL + SHIFT + W One word underline.
• CTRL + SHIFT + V Paste format.
• CTRL + ALT + C © Copyright symbols.
• CTRL + ALT + D Insert an endnote.
• CTRL + ALT + F Insert a footnote.

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• CTRL + ALT + M Insert a comment.
• CTRL + ALT + N Switch to draft view.
• CTRL + ALT + O Switch to Outline view.
• CTRL + ALT + P Switch to print layout view.
• CTRL + ALT + R ® Registered mark symbols.
• CTRL + ALT + S Splits the Document.
• CTRL + ALT + T ™ Trademark symbols.
• CTRL + ALT + V Paste Special.
• ALT + SHIFT + C Remove the document window split.
• ALT + SHIFT + D Insert current date.
• ALT + SHIFT + I Mark citation.
• ALT + SHIFT + L Show the first line of body text.
• ALT + SHIFT + O Mark a table of contents entry.
• ALT + SHIFT + T Insert current time.
• ALT + SHIFT + X Mark entry.
• ALT + SHIFT + Move selected paragraph up.
• ALT + SHIFT + Move selected paragraph down.
• SHIFT + Select one character to the left.
• SHIFT + Select one character to the right.
• ALT + F File menu options in current program.
• ALT + F8 Macros run.
• ALT + Left click Open research dialog box.
• ALT + Print Screen For screen shot.
• SHIFT + F3 Change case.
• SHIFT + F7 Runs a thesaurus check on the selected word.
• F5 Open the find, replace & go to windows.
• F7 Spelling & Grammar check.
• F12 Save as.
• Double Click Select the one word of the text.
• Triple Click Select the line or paragraph of the text.

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One Liners Of MS - Word
1. Ctrl + Page up is used to activate a browser tab to the left of the current tab in chrome
browser.
2. To delete one word to the right side, the shortcut used is - Ctrl + Del
3. To double spacing to a paragraph in MS-Word 2010, the shortcut used is - Ctrl+2
4. In MS-Word 2010, if we press tab key within a table, the cursor moves to the next cell of the
table.
5. In chrome browser, the shortcut used to open the Downloads window in chrome browser is
- Ctrl + J
6. F7 is used to run spell check in MS-Word 2010.
7. To centre align the text the shortcut used is - Ctrl+ E
8. Ctrl+ Tab is used to move through each of the open tabs going to the right in Chrome
browser.
9. For superscript in MS-Word we use - Ctrl + Shift + +
10. For sub script in MS- Word, we use - Ctrl + +
11. A table in MS-Word can have unlimited rows and a maximum of 63 columns.
12. Maximum zoom percentage in MS-Word 2010 application is 500%.
13. Minimum zoom percentage in MS-Word 2010 application is 10%.
14. Ctrl + Q is used to remove paragraph formatting from highlighted paragraph.
15. Ctrl + 0 is used to reset Google Chrome Browser zoom to default.
16. The keyboard shortcut key to close MS-Word 2010 document is - Ctrl + W
MS-Excel
• Spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft.
Features: calculation, graphic tools, pivot tables and a macro programming language called visual
basic for applications.
Tabs: File, Home, Insert, Page layout, Formula, Data, Review, and View
HOME: Clipboard, Font, Alignment, Number, Style, Cells, Editing
INSERT: Tables, Illustrations (Pictures, online pictures), add-ins (charts, 3 D maps), spark lines
(line, column, win/loss), Filters etc.
Formulas: Insert function, function library, defined names: formula auditing, calculation
View: Workbook views (Normal, Page break preview, page layout) show (gridlines, ruler, formula
bar, headings), zoom etc.

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Facts:
1. Intersection of a row and a column is called a cell.
2. The cell in which we are currently working is called active cell.
3. Shortcut to insert a new worksheet = ALT + Shift + F1 or Shift + F11

Functions used in EXCEL

IF: tests a user defined condition and returns one result if the condition is true, and another result
if the condition is false.
ABS: returns the absolute value of a supplied number
SUM: Returns the sum of a supplied list of numbers
PRODUCT: Returns the product of a supplied list of numbers
POWER: Returns the result of a given number raised to a supplied power
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MOD: Returns the remainder from a division between two supplied numbers
SUMIF: Adds the cells in a supplied range, that satisfy a given criteria
COUNT: Returns the number of numerical values in a supplied set of cells or values
COUNTIF: Returns the number of cells (of a supplied range), that satisfy a given criteria.
MAX: Returns the largest value from a list of supplied numbers
MIN: Returns the smallest value from a list of supplied numbers
AVERAGE: Returns the smallest value from a list of supplied numbers
Shortcut Keys for MS-Excel
• F1 Displays the Office Assistant or (Help > Microsoft Excel Help).
• F2 Edits the active cell, putting the cursor at the end.
• F3 Displays the (Insert > Name > Paste) dialog box.
• F4 Repeats the last worksheet action (Edit > Repeat).
• F5 Displays the (Edit > Go To) dialog box.
• F6 Moves to the next pane in a workbook (if the window is split).
• F7 Displays the (Tools > Spelling) dialog box.
• F8 Toggles whether to extend a selection with the arrow keys.
• F9 Calculates All the worksheets in All the open workbooks.
• F10 Toggles the activation of the Menu Bar.
• F11 Displays the (Insert > Chart) dialog box.
• F12 Displays the (File > Save As) dialog box.
• Shift + F2 Inserts or edits a cell comment (Insert > Comment).
• Shift + F3 Displays the (Insert > Function) dialog box.
• Shift + F4 Repeats the last Find, the same as (Edit > Find Next).
• Shift + F5 Displays the (Edit > Find) dialog box.
• Shift + F6 Moves to the previous pane in a workbook (if the window is split).
• Shift + F8 Toggles between switching Add Mode on or off*.
• Shift + F9 Calculates just the active worksheet.
• Shift + F10 Displays the (Shortcut) menu for the selected item.
• Shift + F11 Inserts a new worksheet (before the active sheet).
• Shift + F12 Saves, Displays the (File > Save As) dialog box if a new workbook.
• Ctrl + F1 Closes and reopens the current task pane (ribbon in 2007).
• Ctrl + F2 Print Preview.

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• Ctrl + F3 Displays the (Insert > Name > Define) dialog box.
• Ctrl + F4 Closes the selected workbook window.
• Ctrl + F5 Restores the size of the active workbook or window.
• Ctrl + F6 Moves to the next open workbook or window.
• Ctrl + F7 Activates the Move window command.
• Ctrl + F8 Activates the Resize window command.
• Ctrl + F9 Minimizes the size of the active workbook or window.
• Ctrl + F10 Maximizes the size of the active workbook or window.
• Ctrl + F12 Displays the (File > Open) dialog box.
• Alt + F1 Creates a chart (on a chart sheet) using the highlighted range.
• Alt + F2 Displays the (File > Save As) dialog box.
• Alt + F4 Closes all the workbooks (saving first) and exits Excel (File > Exit).
• Alt + F8 Displays the (Tools > Macro > Macros) dialog box.
• Alt + F11 Toggles between the Visual Basic Editor window and the Excel window.
• Alt + Ctrl + F9 Calculates All cells on All worksheets in All workbooks.
• Alt + Shift + F2 Displays the (File > Save As) dialog box.
• Alt + Shift + F4 Closes all the workbooks (saving first) and exits Excel (File > Exit).
• Alt + Shift + F10 Displays the drop-down menu for the corresponding smart tag.
• Alt + Shift + F11 Activates the Microsoft Script Editor window.
• Ctrl + Shift + F3 Displays the (Insert > Name > Create) dialog box.
• Ctrl + Shift + F6 Moves to the previous open workbook or window.
• Ctrl + Shift + F10 Activates the Menu Bar or Shortcut Characters in 2007.
• Ctrl + Shift + F12 Displays the (File > Print) dialog box.
• Ctrl + Shift + 0 Unhide the columns in the current selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + 2 Enters the value from the cell directly above into the active cell.
• Ctrl + Shift + 8 Selects the current region (surrounded by blank rows and columns).
• Ctrl + Shift + 9 Unhide the rows in the current selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + F Activates the Font Tab of the format cells.
• Ctrl + Shift + O Selects all the cells with comments.
• Ctrl + Shift + P Activates the Font Size tab of the format cells.
• Ctrl + 0 Hides the columns in the current selection.

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• Ctrl + 1 Displays the formatting dialog box.
• Ctrl + 2 Toggles bold on the current selection.
• Ctrl + 3 Toggles italics on the current selection.
• Ctrl + 4 Toggles underlining on the current selection.
• Ctrl + 5 Toggles the strikethrough of text on the current selection.
• Ctrl + 6 Toggles between hiding, displaying.
• Ctrl + 8 Toggles the display of Outline symbols on the active worksheet.
• Ctrl + 9 Hides the rows in the current selection (Format > Row > Hide).
• Ctrl + A Selects the whole worksheet or current date.
• Ctrl + B Toggles bold on the current selection.
• Ctrl + C Copies the current selection to the clipboard.
• Ctrl + D Copies the first cell in the selection downwards.
• Ctrl + F Displays the Find dialog box.
• Ctrl + G Displays the Go To dialog box.
• Ctrl + H Displays the Replace dialog box.
• Ctrl + I Toggles italics on the current selection.
• Ctrl + K Displays the Insert Hyperlink dialog box.
• Ctrl + L Displays the Create Table dialog box.
• Ctrl + N Creates a new workbook.
• Ctrl + O Displays the Open dialog box.
• Ctrl + P Displays the Print dialog box.
• Ctrl + R Copies the leftmost cell in the selection to the right.
• Ctrl + S Saves, Displays the Save As dialog box if a new workbook.
• Ctrl + U Toggles underlining on the current selection.
• Ctrl + V Pastes the entry from the clipboard.
• Ctrl + W Closes the active workbook or window.
• Ctrl + X Cuts the current selection to the clipboard.
• Ctrl + Y Repeats the last workbook action.
• Ctrl + Z Undo/Redo the last workbook action.
• Shift + Enter Enters the contents of the active cell and moves to the cell above (by
default).
• Tab Enters the contents of the active cell and moves one cell to the right.
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• Shift + Tab Enters the contents of the active cell and moves one cell to the left.
• Alt + = Enters the SUM() function (AutoSum) to sum the adjacent block of
cells.
• Alt + Enter Enters a new line (or carriage return) into a cell.
• Ctrl + ' Enters the contents from the cell directly above into the active cell.
• Ctrl + ; Enters the current date into the active cell.
• Ctrl + Shift + ; Enters the current time into the active cell.
• Ctrl + Shift + Enter Enters the formula as an Array Formula.
• Shift + Insert Enters the data from the clipboard.
• Alt + Down Arrow Displays the Pick From List drop-down list.
• Esc Cancels the cell entry and restores the original contents.
• Delete Deletes the selection or one character to the right.
• Backspace Deletes the selection or one character to the lift.
• Shift + Delete Cuts the selection to the clipboard.
• Ctrl + Delete Deletes text to the end of the line.
• Ctrl + - Displays the Delete dialog box.
• Ctrl + Shift + = Displays the Cells dialog box.
• Ctrl + \ Selects the cells in a selected row that do not match the value in the
active cell.
• Ctrl + Shift + \ Selects the cells in a selected column that do not match the value in the
active cell.
• Ctrl + / Selects the array containing the active cell.
• Alt + ; Selects the visible cells in the current selection.
• Ctrl + * Selects the current region (using the * on the number keyboard).
• Ctrl + [ Selects all the cells that are directly referred to by the formula in the
active cell.
• Ctrl + Shift + [ Selects all the cells that are directly (or indirectly) referred to by the
formula in the active cell.
• Ctrl + ] Selects all the cells that directly refer to the active cell (dependents).
• Ctrl + Shift + ] Selects all the cells that directly (or indirectly) refer to the active cell.

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• Ctrl + Shift + Arrow Key Extends the selection to the next cell adjacent to a
blank cell in that direction.
• Ctrl + Shift + Page Down Selects the active worksheet and the one after it.
• Ctrl + Shift + Page Up Selects the active worksheet and the one before it.
• Ctrl + Shift + Spacebar Selects all the objects on the worksheet when an object is
selected.
• Ctrl + Spacebar Selects the current column.
• Shift + Arrow keys Selects the active cell and the cell in the given direction.
• Shift + Backspace Selects the active cell when multiple cells are selected.
• Shift + Spacebar Selects the current row.
• Ctrl + Shift + End Extends the selection to the last used cell on worksheet.
• Ctrl + Shift + Home Extends the selection to the beginning of the worksheet.
• Shift + Arrow Keys Extends the selection by one cell in that direction.
• Shift + Home Extends the selection to the first column.
• Shift + Page Down Extends the selection down one screen.
• Shift + Page Up Extends the selection up one screen.
• End + Shift + Arrow Keys Extends the selection to the next non-blank cell in that
direction.
• End + Shift + End Extends the selection to the last cell in the current row*.
• End + Shift + Home Extends the selection to last used cell on the worksheet.
• Alt + ' Displays the Style dialog box.
• Ctrl + Shift + ( ' or ) Applies the Time format "HH:MM" to the selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + (5 or %) Applies the Percentage format "0%" to the selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + (# or ~) Applies the General format to the selection.
• Ctrl + (# or ~) Applies the Custom Date format "DD-MM-YY" to the
selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + (7 or &) Applies the outline border to the selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + (- or _ ) Removes all the borders from the selection.
• Ctrl + Tab Moves to the next open workbook or window.
• Alt + Tab Moves to the next application open on your computer.
• Alt + Shift + Tab Moves to the previous application open on your
computer.

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• End + Arrow Keys Moves to the next non empty cell in that direction.
• End + Enter Moves to the last cell in the current row that is not blank.
• End + Home Moves to the last used cell on the active worksheet*.
• End + Home Moves to the last used cell on the active worksheet*.
• Page Down Moves to the next screen of rows down.
• Page Up Moves to the previous screen of rows up.
• Shift + Enter Moves to the cell directly above (opposite direction to Enter).
• Shift + Tab Moves to the cell directly to the left (opposite direction to Tab).
• Alt + Page Down Moves you one screen of columns to the right.
• Alt + Page Up Moves you one screen of columns to the left.
• Ctrl + Home Moves to cell "A1" on the active sheet.
• Ctrl + End Moves to the last used cell on the active worksheet*.
• Ctrl + Up Arrow Moves to the first row in the current region.
• Ctrl + Down Arrow Moves to the last row in the current region.
• Ctrl + Left Arrow Moves to the first column in the current region.
• Ctrl + Right Arrow Moves to the last column in the current region.
• Ctrl + Page Up Moves to the previous worksheet in the workbook.
• Ctrl + Page Down Moves to the next worksheet in the workbook.
• Ctrl + Shift + Tab Moves to the previous open workbook or window.
• Scroll Lock + Arrow Keys
Moves the workbook or window one cell the corresponding
direction.
• Scroll Lock + End Moves to the last cell in the current window.
• Scroll Lock + Home Moves to the first cell in the current window.
• Scroll Lock + Page Down Moves you down one screen (current selection unchanged.
• Scroll Lock + Page Up Moves you up one screen (current selection unchanged).
• Ctrl + . Moves clockwise to the next corner within a selection.
• Shift + Tab Moves from right to left within a selection (opposite direction to
Tab).
• Alt + Ctrl + Left Arrow Moves to the left between non adjacent cells in a selection.
• Alt + Ctrl + Right Arrow Moves to the right between non adjacent cells in a selection.
• = Starts a Formula.
• Ctrl + ` Toggles between the value layer and the formula layer.
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• Ctrl + Insert Copies the current selection to the clipboard.
• Ctrl + Shift + ( Unhide any hidden rows within the selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + ) Unhide any hidden columns within the selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + \ Select unequal cells.
• Alt Toggles the activation of the old Menu Bar.
• Alt + Shift + Left Arrow Displays the (Data > Group and Outline > Ungroup) dialog box.
• Alt + Shift + Right Arrow Displays the (Data > Group and Outline > Group) dialog box.
• Alt + Spacebar Activates the Control Box in the top left corner.

One Liners Of MS-Excel

1. In MS-Excel 2010, command used to hide the columns - Ctrl + 0
2. In MS-Excel 2010, command used to hide a row - Ctrl + 9
3. Hide option is present in View tab in MS-Excel 2010 ribbon bar.
4. LEN function in MS-Excel 2010 returns the total number of characters in a string –
LEN (1236) = 4
5. Default alignment of numeric values that are entered into the cell of MS-Excel 2010 - Right
6. Shortcut to collapse the ribbon – Ctrl + F1
7. Alt + Enter is used to start a new line of text or add spacing between lines or paragraphs of
text in a worksheet cell.
8. The SUM formula is used to sum all the numbers in a specific cell.
9. To rename a table in MS-Excel 2010, the shortcut used is – Ctrl + R
10. The maximum number of characters that can be typed in a cell of MS-Excel 2010
Worksheet are - 32767
11. To go to view tab shortcut we use is – Alt + W
12. When we select a range of cells (for eg: B3:G9), then in the name box only the name of first
cell is shown. i.e. B3 will be shown only.
13. Maximum zoom percentage in MS-Excel 2010 is 400%.
14. The tables created through table feature of MS-Excel 2010 allow users to filter column by
different values.
15. F2 is used to edit a cell.
16. To replace text within the sheet we use Ctrl + H.

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17. To represent the absolute address of a cell, we use the symbol $ before both co-ordinates.
18. To insert a new worksheet in an existing MS-Excel 2010 workbook the shortcut used is –
Shift + F11
19. Counting the number of cells in a range with specific criteria in MS-Excel 2010 can be done
by using - COUNTIF
20. To display current date with time in the cell of MS-Excel 2010 worksheet we use Now ().
21. To save an open file, we use Shift + F12.
22. In MS-Excel 2010, the AUTOSUM feature helps us to add the contents (numeric value) of a
cluster of adjacent cells.
23. In MS-Excel 2010, MATCH looks up values in reference or array.
24. FLOOR function is used in MS-Excel 2010 for rounding the number down. (Lower)
FLOOR (27,6) = 24
25. CEILING function is also used in MS-Excel 2010 for rounding off the number. (Greater)
CEILING (27,6) = 30
26. Shortcut to select a row = Shift + Spacebar
27. Shortcut to go to Data tab = Alt + A
28. Ctrl + A is used to select the entire worksheet.
29. Upper function is used in MS Excel to change all the characters of the text to Uppercase.
30. To select one or more non-adjacent worksheets, click the tab for first worksheet, then hold
down the Ctrl key on your keyboard while you click the tabs of the other sheets you want to
select.
31. Datevalue() is used to convert a date that is stored as text to a serial number that Excel
recognizes as a date.
32. PROPER function capitalizes the first letter in each word of a text value.
33. There are 1,048,576 rows and 16,384 columns in a worksheet of MS-Excel 2010 and 65536
rows and 256 columns in MS-Excel 2003
34. EXACT checks whether two strings are exactly same or not.
35. Minimum zoom percentage in MS-Excel 2010 is 10%.
36. Ctrl + F4 is used to close a workbook in MS-Excel 2010.
37. Shift + Tab is used to move to the previous cell in a row of the table.
38. Shortcut to go to insert tab = Alt + N
39. Ctrl + T is used to display the create table dialog box.
40. CONCATENATE function is used to join several text items into one text item cell.
41. To preview the worksheet before we print, the shortcut used is Ctrl + F2.
42. The shortcut to open the delete dialog box to delete selected cells is Ctrl + -
43. The keyboard shortcut key to open the format cells dialog box is Ctrl + Shift + F
44. The remove duplicate function is found in the ribbon under the Data tab.
45. ROUND function is used to round off the digits to a particular significant value.
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ROUND (5.23692,4) = 5.2369
46. EVEN function is used to find the nearest even digit. (Greater one)
EVEN (11) = 12
EVEN (-9) = -10
47. ODD function is used to find the nearest odd digit. (Greater one)
ODD (8) = 9
48. To find total Cells = Row × Columns
Example : Total cells in the range A4:C10= Rows×Columns = [(10-4)+1] ×3= 21
49. The limit of font size in MS-Excel is 8-72 and its manual limit is 1-409.
50. The alphabet data is entered on the left side by default whereas the numerical data is
entered on the right side in MS-Excel.
51. Shortcut keys:
Date= Ctrl + ;
Time= Ctrl + Shift + ;
52. Minimum worksheets in a workbook = 3 and maximum worksheets = 255
53. By default the size and the font in MS-Excel are set to be 11 and Calibri.

Ms Powerpoint
• Slideshow presentation program.
Tabs: File, Home, Insert, Design, Transition, Animation, Slideshow, Review and View
FILE: We can open, save, share, export, print and manage our presentation.
Home: Clipboard, Slides, Font, Paragraph, Drawing and Editing
• Slides group contains commands to insert new slide, choose slide layout, reset the positions
and formatting the slide.
INSERT: We can add pictures, shapes, charts, links, text boxes, video in the slides.
DESIGN: We can add theme or colour scheme, or format the slide background.
TRANSITIONS: Set up how your slides change from one to the next on the transitions tab.
ANIMATION: Used to choreograph the movements of things on the slides.

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SLIDE SHOW: Sets up the way that we want to show our presentation to others.
REVIEW: Lets you to add comments, run spell- check, or compare the presentation with another
and language translation features also.
VIEW: Allows us to look at our presentation in different ways.
• View names are Normal, outline view, slide sorter, note page, etc.
Shortcut Keys for Power Point
• Ctrl + N Create a new presentation
• Ctrl + O Open an existing presentation
• Ctrl+ S Save a presentation
• Ctrl+ F4 Close a presentation
• Ctrl + Q Save and close a presentation
• Ctrl + Z Undo an action
• Ctrl + Y Redo an action
• Ctrl + F2 Print preview view
• F7 Check spelling
• Ctrl + F Find and replace in a presentation
• Esc End the slideshow
• F5 Start the presentation form the beginning

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Class – 4
Internet
Internet

• Global system of interconnected computer networks.

• Uses the standard protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several
billion devices worldwide.
History of Internet
1969: APRANET (Advance research project agency) was the first network of world.
1971: Email by Ray Tomlinson
1983: TCP/IP became the standard communication method for APRANET
1989: WWWC (World Wide Web Consortium)
1990-91: First web browser called world wide web created by Sir Tim Berners Lee
1995: Internet launched in India by VSNL
Domain names

• Used to identify services provided through the internet, such as websites, email services and
more.
• There are two types of domains:
➢ Top level domain
➢ Sub domain
Lists of domains
.com commercial organizations
.org non-profit organizations
.info information service providers
.edu educational institutions
.gov government websites
.def defence sites
.co.in commercial in India
.net network centres

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URL

• Stands for Uniform Resource Locator

• It’s the web address of an online resource.
Eg: http://www.xyz.com/asdef/jopl?color=jk&positivity=false
Web Browsers
• Example of application software
• Provides a platform to access the services of internet or network.
Example: www (world wide web) which was later renamed as NEXUS, opera, Mozilla
Firefox, google chrome, safari etc.

Web Browsers Search Engine

Search Engine
• Online tool that searches for results in database based on the search query (keyword)
submitted by the internet user.
• These find the results in their database, sort them and make an ordered list of these results
based on the search algorithm.
• This list is generally called the search engine results page (SERP).
• First ever search engine in the world was Archie which was developed by Alan Emtage
Examples: yahoo, google, etc.
Hyperlink

• Reference to a data that the reader can directly follow either by clicking or by hovering or
that is followed automatically.

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Website

• Set of related web pages served from a single web domain.

Hyperlink Website

Home page

• Also known as index page or main page

Downloading

• Transmission of a file or data from one computer to another over a network, usually from a
larger server to a user server.
• It refers to the general transfer of data or to transferring a specific file.
• Download manager is used which manages the downloading of files from the internet which
may be built into a web browser or as a usually more sophisticated program.

Uploading

• Means data is being sent from your computer to the internet.

• It includes sending email, posting photos on a social media site etc.
• Even clicking on a link on a web page sends a tiny data upload.

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Managing an email account

• Email management involves the systematic control of the quality and quantity of electronic
messages that are sent from within, and received by an organization.
• Emails allows users to send information in letter format.
• These include text, documents and multimedia like photos and videos.
How to compose an email
➢ Go to G-mail.
➢ At the top left, click on compose
➢ In the “To” field, add recipients.
➢ Add a subject
➢ Write your message.
➢ At the bottom of the page, click send.
BCC and CC

• Bcc means blind carbon copy

• CC means carbon copy
• Through BCC and CC we can include more people as recipients in an email.
• CC is used when you want to send content to a particular recipient (for whom it is meant to
be) but you want to make other recipients also aware of that content.
• The only difference between CC and BCC is that we can see the list of recipients when CC is
used while we shall not be able to see that someone else has been sent a copy of the email in
case of BCC.

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Features of e-mail
Inbox

• Where we see the E-mail we receive.

• Emails are listed with the name of the sender, the
subject of the message and the date received.
Signature

• We can choose to create a signature that will appear at the end of every email we send. It
includes a name and contact information like a phone number, website or professional title.

Attachments

• It is a file (like an image or document) that is send along with an email message.

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Navigation menu
• It includes our contact lists, calendar and more.
Drafts
• These are the messages that we have composed but not sent.
• When composing a message, we can choose to save our message as a draft and finish it later.
Spam
• We are likely to receive junk or spam emails in our inbox which may carry virus or scams.
• These emails will usually filter as suspicious emails in our spam folder.
Trash
• We can delete any email from our inbox by moving it to trash which can be retrieved for a
short time.
• Emails will be permanently deleted after a certain amount of time in the trash.
Archive
• This removes email from the inbox but does not delete them.
Forward
• Whenever we want to share an email we received, we can use the forward command to send
the message to another person.
Reply
• On receiving an email, we can click on reply to respond to the message.

Reply all
• When we receive emails addressed to us and several other recipients, then we if we want to
reply to everyone included in the original email, we use reply all command.
E-Banking
• Product designed for the purposes of online banking that enables you to have easy and safe
access to your bank account.
• Major types of e-banking includes online internet banking, mobile banking, automated
teller machine (ATM), debit and credit cards.
• Different types of online financial transactions are:
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National electronic fund transfer (NEFT)

• Nation wise payment system facilitating one to one funds transfer.
• Individual, firm and corporates can electronically transfer funds from any bank to any
individual, firm or corporates.
• Even such individuals who do not have bank accounts (walk-in customers) can also deposit
cash at the NEFT enabled branches to transfer funds using NEFT.
Real Time Gross settlement (RTGS)
• Continuous settlement of funds transfers individually on an order basis (without netting).
• It means processing of instructions at the time they are received rather than at some time
later.
• Funds settlement takes place in the books of RBI so they are final and irrevocable.
• System is meant for large value transactions (min. amount is 2 lakh)
Electronic Clearing System (ECS)
• ECS is an alternative method for effecting payment transactions in respect of the utility-bill-
payments such as telephone bills, electricity bills, etc., which would obviate the need for
issuing and handling paper instruments and thereby facilitate improved customer service
by banks / companies / corporations / government departments, etc., collecting / receiving
the payments.
Immediate Payment Service (IMPS)
• IMPS offers an instant, 24X7, interbank electronic fund transfer service through mobile
phones. IMPS is an emphatic tool to transfer money instantly within banks across India
through mobile, internet and ATM which is not only safe but also economical both in
financial and non-financial perspectives.

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Class – 5
Networking & Cyber Security
Data Communication
• Exchange of data between two or more devices.
• It depends on four characteristics:
Delivery - The system must deliver data to the correct destination.
Accuracy - The system must deliver the data accurately.
Timeliness - The system must deliver data in a timely manner.
Jitter - Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time.

Component used in data communication

• Sender, Receiver,
• Transmission medium,
• Message and Protocol

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Signals
• To be transmitted, data must be transformed to electromagnetic signals.
• Data can be analogue or digital.
• Analog data refers to information that is continuous. Ex: Human Voice, Analog clock.
• Digital data refers to information that has discrete state. Ex: Digital clock, Computer.
Network
• Collection of two or more nodes and devices linked together for exchanging information,
data or resources.
Types Of Networks
• Mainly there three networks in networking (LAN, MAN, WAN)

LAN (Local area network)

• A LAN is a group of computer and devices which are connected in a limited area such as
school, home, and office building. Ethernet, bus network are the most common examples of
LAN.
MAN (Metropolitan area network)
• MAN is consisting of a computer network across an entire city. The size of the Metropolitan
area network is larger than LANs and smaller than WANs, but covers the larger area of a
city or town. Eg: Cable TV is an example of MAN.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
• A WAN can cover large geographical area such as country, continent or even a whole
world. Internet connection is an example of WAN.

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PAN (Personal Area Network)
• PAN offers to make connections of multiple devices or other equipment under the single
user’s environment within 10 meters to 30 feet. PAN network enables with few computer
devices, telephones, electronic devices, laptop, PDAs, printers, smart phone, and other
wearable computer devices.

CAN (Campus Area Network)

• CAN network helps to link couples of LANs with small geographical space such as schools,
university campuses, and corporate buildings.

SAN (Storage Area Network)

• SAN is a specialized, high-speed network that provides block-level network access to
storage.
VPN (virtual private network)
• VPN extends a private network across a public network, such as the Internet. It enables
users to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if their computing
devices were directly connected to the private network.

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Types of connection
• Point-to-point connection – In which a dedicated link is provided between two devices.
• Multipoint connection – In which more than two devices share a single link.

Network Topology
• Arrangement of the various elements (links,
nodes, etc.) of a computer network.
• Two basic categories of network topologies
are: Physical topologies and Logical topologies.
• Various types of topologies are: Bus, ring, star,
mesh and tree.

1. Bus topology
Also called as a linear bus topology.
All computers are connected to a central cable with Multipoint connection. Break in the
cable cause whole network failure.
Transmission speed is slow in bus topology.
Terminators are used at the end of central cable.

2. Ring topology
The structure of the network is formed similar to as of a “Ring”.
Nodes are connected in a circular manner to each other.
Transmission speed is slow.
In order for all computers to communicate with each other, all computers must be turned
on.
3. Star topology
All the nodes/devices are connected to a centralized device known as HUB in the structure
Easily add and/or remove devices.
Problem identification is easy in star topology.
Data communication is fast due to the HUB/Switch connectivity.
If central device fails, entire network will shut down.
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4. Mesh Topology
Each node provides an individual link to another node.
It means, every node in the entire network is directly connected to every other node in the
network making it the most complex topology among all the other topologies.
Data communication speed is fast in mesh topology.
Any fault in the network doesn’t affect the entire network.
Most expensive topology due to the amount of cables.
5. Tree topology
Tree topology is a combination of bus and star topology.
Tree topology is made by connecting various star topologies via central bus backbone cable.
It is also known a expended star topology.
If central backbone cable or root devices gets a problem then the whole network stops
functioning.

6. Hybrid topology
Hybrid topology uses a combination of any two or more topologies in such a way that the
resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies.
Cloud computing
• A type of Internet-based computing that provides shared computer processing resources
and data to computers and other devices on demand.

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IP address
IP address is used to uniquely identify a system in a network.
It is also known as Logical address of our system.
It is of two types: IPV4 (32bits/4Bytes) and IPV6 (128bits/16Bytes).

OSI MODEL OSI (Open system interconnection) model

• An architecture or model, not a protocol.
• Describes “How to transfer the data from sender to receiver”.
• It is a seven layered Model.

Functions of Layers
• Physical layer – To define the specifications of medium.
To convert the data in the form of bits and transmit it
over medium. To define topologies, medium, speed,
transmission modes.
• Data Link Layer – Construction of data frame. Error
detection and controlling. Data flow controlling. Physical
addressing (Mac Addressing).

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• Network layer – Logical addressing (IP addressing),
Routing and Packet delivery.
• Transport layer – It provides a reliability of error free, end to end data delivery and correct
destination. Segmentation and reassembly.
• Session layer – Time management, communication controlling, Synchronization.
• Presentation layer – Data is presented in the form size, type, encryption-decryption and
compression.
• Application layer – It provides a user interface or platform to transmit or receive the data.
Example: web browser.

Protocols and standards work on OSI Layers

Connecting Devices

• Gateway – It works on all the layers of OSI model. Gateway is a combination of Software
and hardware. It is used to connect different types of two or more networks having different
protocols, services and environments.
• Bridge - It works on data link layer of OSI Model. It is used to connect same or similar
types of two or more networks. It is also used to divide a big network into two or more small
networks.

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• Router - It works at the Network Layer. It sends the data packets to desired destination by
choosing the best path available thus reducing network traffic Router works as a data
traffic controller in a network. Addressing and routing are the functions of Router.

• MODEM - Modulator and demodulator is the full-form of MODEM. It works on Physical

layer. The function of MODEM is Modulation and demodulation. Modulation means Digital
to analogue or Demodulation means analogue to digital. It is used to connect computers for
communication via telephone lines.
• Hub: It works at the Physical layer. It just acts like a connector of several computers i.e.
simply connects all the devices on its ports together. It broadcasts all the data packets
arriving at it with no filtering capacity.

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• Switch: It works at the Data Link Layer. It is used for dividing a network into segments
called subnets. It provides filtering of data packets and prevents network traffic also. A
switch is also known as an intelligent hub.
• Repeater – It works in physical layer. Repeaters are used to recharge or regenerate or re-
boost the week signals to transmits the signals for long distance.
• MAC address - It is also known as Physical address of our system. The size of MAC address
is 48 Bits/6 Bytes.MAC address works on Data link layer of OSI model.MAC address is of
Hexadecimal format. Format of MAC address is
07 : 01 : 02 : 22 : 3C : 4D
Manufacturer ID Ethernet Card Serial Number.

• Malware – Malware is stands for malicious software. It is small program that can come in
our system form anywhere and then infects or harms our system. Virus, Worm, Trojan
horse, Spyware, Adware, Rootkit, Key loggers, Logic bomb, Ransomware.

VIRUS (Vital Information resource under siege)

• A virus is a program that replicates its own code by attaching itself to other executable files
in such a way that the virus code is executed when the infected executable file is executed.
Almost all viruses are attached to an executable file, which means the virus may exist on a

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system but will not be active or able to spread until a user runs or opens the malicious host
file or program. Types of viruses are File Virus, Macro Virus, Multipartite Virus, Boot
sector Virus/Master Boot Record Virus, Stealth Virus, Cavity (Space Filler) Virus,
Tunnelling Virus, Polymorphic Virus, Cluster Virus.

WORM (Write once read many): A computer worm is a program

that replicates itself and makes use of a PC's network
connectivity to transfer a copy of itself to other computers
within that network. Worms are distinct from viruses in that
they do not require a host program to run.

Trojan Horse: In computing, Trojan horse, or Trojan, is any malicious computer program which
is used to hack into a computer by misleading users of its true intent. A Trojan does not self-
replicate.

Spyware is a type of malware that is installed on a user's computer to collect personal information
or monitor internet browsing activities.

Rootkit is an application that hides its own presence or presence of other malwares on the
computer, using some of the lower layers of the operating system (API function redirection,
using of undocumented OS functions, etc.), which makes them almost undetectable by
common anti-malware software.

Adware is software that contains advertisements embedded in the application. Adware is

considered a legitimate alternative offered to consumers who do not wish to pay for
software.

Keylogger - A keylogger is a type of surveillance software that has the capability to record every
keystroke you make to a log file, usually encrypted. A key logger recorder can record
instant messages, e-mail, and any information you type at any time using your keyboard.

Logic Bomb - A logic bomb is a piece of code inserted into an operating system or software
application that implements a malicious function after a certain amount of time, or specific
conditions are met.

Ransomware- It is a type of malicious software designed to block access to a computer system until
a sum of money is paid.

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Hacking, Hacker and Cracker - In computer networking, hacking is any technical effort to
manipulate the normal behaviour of network connections and connected systems. A hacker
is any person engaged in hacking. Malicious attacks on computer networks are officially
known as cracking.

Types of Hacking
➢ Ethical hacking (Legal hacking)
➢ Non-ethical hacking (Illegal)

Types of hackers
1. White hat hackers (Ethical hacking)
2. Black hat hackers (Non-ethical hacking)
3. Gray Hat hackers (Combination of both black and white hat hackers)
4. Script Kiddie (not a professional, but use download software for hacking).

Phishing - Phishing is the attempt to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords,
and credit card details (and sometimes, indirectly, money) by masquerading as a
trustworthy entity in an electronic communication.

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Packet Sniffing -Packet sniffing is the act of capturing packets of data flowing across a computer
network. The software or device used to do this is called a packet sniffer.
Spoofing– A spoofing attack is when an attacker or malicious program successfully acts on another
person’s (or program’s) behalf by impersonating data. Some common types of spoofing
attacks include ARP spoofing, DNS spoofing and IP address spoofing. These types of
spoofing attacks are typically used to attack networks, spread malware and to access
confidential information and data.
Snooping – Snooping refers to listening to a conversation. For example, if you login to a website
that uses no encryption, your username and password can be sniffed off the network by
someone who can capture the network traffic between you and the web site.

Firewall–A computer firewall is a software program that prevents unauthorized access to or from
a private network. Firewalls are tools that can be used to enhance the security of computers
connected to a network, such as LAN or the Internet.

Authentication – To verify the user id and password

Authorization – To verify permission, rights and authority assigned to a particular user to perform
some tasks.

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Class – 6
Data Representation
Number System
➢ It is a technique to represent numbers in the computer system architecture.
Types of Number System
Binary Number System:
• It contains only two unique digits 0’s and 1’s
• It is also known as Base 2 system.
For example. (10101)2
Decimal Number System:
• It consists of 10 digits from 0 to 9. It is also known as Base 10 system or positional number
system.
For example, (1275)10
Octal Number System:
• It consists of 8 digits from 0 to 7. It is also known as Base 8 system.
For example, (234)8
Hexadecimal Number System:
• It provides us with a shorthand method of working with binary numbers. There are 16
unique digits available in this system.
• These are 0 to 9 and A to F, where A denotes 10, B denotes 11, F denotes 15.
• It is also known as Base 16 system or simply Hex
For example, (F9D)16

Conversion
1) Binary -divide by 2
2) Decimal – Multiply with powers of base value
3) Octal -Deduce
4) Hexadecimal
Conversion between the Number Systems
Decimal to Binary
➢ Step 1 Divide the given number by 2.
➢ Step 2 Note the quotient and remainder. Remainder should be 0 or 1.

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➢ Step 3 If quotient # 0, then again divide the quotient by 2 and back to step 2. If quotient = 0,
then stop the process.
➢ Step 4 First remainder is called as Least Significant Bit (LSB) and last remainder is called
as Most Significant Bit (MSB).
➢ Step 5 Arrange all remainders from MSB to LSB.
Example (43)10 = (?)2
Binary to Decimal
• To convert binary to decimal, following steps are Involved
➢ Step 1 Multiply the binary digits by powers of 2
➢ Step 2 The power for integral part will be positive and for fractional part will be negative.
➢ Step 3 Add all the multiplying digits
Example (1101.10)2 =(?)10
Binary to Octal
➢ Step 1 Make the group of 3 bits from right to left. If the left most group has less than 3 bits,
put in the necessary number of leading zeroes on the left.
➢ Step 2 Now, convert each group to decimal number.
Octal to Binary
• Convert every digit of the number from octal to binary in the group of 3 bits.
Binary to Hexadecimal
➢ Step 1 Start making the group of4 bits each from right to left from the given binary
number. If the left most group has less than 4 bits, put in the necessary number of leading
0's on the left.
➢ Step 2 Now, each group will be converted to decimal number.
Hexadecimal to Binary
• For this type of hexadecimal digit to 4 bits binary equivalent.
Decimal to Octal
➢ Step 1 Divide the given number by 8.
➢ Step 2 Note the quotient and remainder. Digits of remainder will be from 0 to 7.
➢ Step 3 If quotient # 0, then again divide the quotient by 8 and go back to step 2.
➢ Step 4 If quotient = 0 or less than 8 then stop the process.
➢ Step 5 Write each remainder from left to right starting from MSD (Most Significant Digit)
to LSD (Least Significant Digit)
Octal to Decimal
➢ Step 1 Multiply each digit of octal number with powers of 8.
➢ Step 2 These powers should be positive for integral part and negative for fractional part
➢ Step 3 Add the all multiplying digits.

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Decimal to Hexadecimal
➢ Step 1 (Divide the given number by 16.
➢ Step 2 Note the quotient and remainder. Digits of remainder will be 0 to 9 or A to F.
➢ Step 3 If quotient #0, then again divide the quotient by 16 and go back to step 2.
➢ Step 4 if quotient = 0 or less than 16, then stop the process.
➢ Step 5 Write each remainder from left to right starting from MSD (Most Significant Digit)
to LSD (Least Significant Digit)
Hexadecimal to Decimal
➢ Step 1 Multiply each digit of hexadecimal number with powers of 16.
➢ Step 2 These powers should be positive for integral part and negative for fractional part.
➢ Step 3 Add the all multiplying digits
Octal to Hexadecimal
➢ Step 1 Convert each digit of octal number to binary number.
➢ Step 2 Again, convert each binary digit to hexadecimal number.
Hexadecimal to Octal
➢ Step 1 Convert each digit of the hexadecimal number to binary number.
➢ Step 2 Again, convert each binary digit to octal number.

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Class – 7
Computer Codes
Computer Codes

• In computer, any character like alphabet, digit or special character is represented by

collection of 1’s and 0's in a unique coded pattern.
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
• This system was developed by IBM. It is a number system where four bits are used to
represent each decimal digits.
• BCD is a method of using binary digits to represent the decimal digits (0-9). In BCD system,
there is no limit on size of a number.)
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
• Basically, ASCII codes are of two types, which are as follows
1. ASCI-7 It is a 7-bit standard ASCII code. It allows 27 = 128 (from 0 to 127) unique
symbols or characters.
2. ASCII-8 It is an extended version of ASCI-7. It is an 8-bit code, allows 28 = 256 (0 to 255)
unique symbols or characters.
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange (EBCDIC)
• In EBCDIC, characters are represented by eight bits. These codes store information which
is readable by other computers. It allows 28 = 256 combination of bits.

Logic Gates
• It is a basic building block of a digital circuit that has
two inputs and one output. The relationship between
the input and the output are based on a certain logic.
These gates are implemented using electronic switches
like transistors, diodes.

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There are various types of logic gate as follows:
AND Gate
• This gate is also represented by (.), ie. (A . B). It returns
True only if both the conditions or inputs are True otherwise
it returns False.

OR Gate
• This is represented by (+), i.e. (A+ B) It returns True if any one of the conditions or inputs is
True and if both conditions are False, then it returns False.

Inverter or NOT Gate

• This gate is also represented by (‘), i.e. A'. It returns True if the input is false and vice-versa.
NAND Gate
• It is basically the inverse of the AND gate. This gate is designed by combining the AND and
NOT gates. It returns False only if the both conditions or inputs are True otherwise it
returns True.

NOR Gate:
• It is inverse of the OR gate. This gate is designed by combining the OR and NOT gates.
Note: NAND and NOR gates are also called universal gates.

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Exclusive - OR or XOR Gate
• It performs based on the operation of OR gate.
• It returns True only if one condition is true from both the conditions otherwise it returns
False.

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RBE APP

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https://www.instagra ore/apps/details?id=com.r
m.com/shubh_rbe/ evolution.education
By Shubham Jain Sir
 INDEX
(10 October to 20 October)
Click on the link to access file
10-Oct Shift-1 17-Oct Shift-1

10-Oct Shift-2 17-Oct Shift-2

10-Oct Shift-3 17-Oct Shift-3

12-Oct Shift-1 18-Oct Shift-1

12-Oct Shift-2 18-Oct Shift-2

12-Oct Shift-3 18-Oct Shift-3

13-Oct Shift-1 19-Oct Shift-1

13-Oct Shift-2 19-Oct Shift-2

13-Oct Shift-3 19-Oct Shift-3

14-Oct Shift-1 20-Oct Shift-1

14-Oct Shift-2 20-Oct Shift-2

14-Oct Shift-3 20-Oct Shift-3

 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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 Shubham Sir Maths

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Delhi Police Head Constable AWO/TPO
(2022)
(Exams held in October 2022)
All 6 shi*s
Computer Fundamentals Mock form
(in English Language)
RBE- Revolu*on By Educa*on
JOIN US (click on Image) ON:-
Free important job
details
& Free lectures
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All previous year

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h"ps://t.me/RBE_S

RBE APP

h8ps://play.google.com/st
h"ps://www.instagra ore/apps/details?id=com.r
m.com/shubh_rbe/ evolu9on.educa9on
By Shubham Jain Sir
 INDEX
(10 October to 20 October)
Click on the link to access file

27-Oct Shift-1

27-Oct Shift-2

27-Oct Shift-3

28-Oct Shift-1

28-Oct Shift-2

28-Oct Shift-3
 27/10/2022-> (9:00 AM - 10:30 AM)

Q.1)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.2)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.3)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.4)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.5)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.6)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.7)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.8)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.9)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.10)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.1 1 Q.2 4 Q.3 1 Q.4 4 Q.5 4

Q.6 2 Q.7 3 Q.8 4 Q.9 2 Q.10 1
Telegram (Previous year papers PDFs [SSC,Railway,DSSSB,UP SI]): https://t.me/RBE_S
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 27/10/2022-> (12:30 PM - 2:00 PM)

Q.1)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.2)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.3)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.4)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.5)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.6)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.7)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.8)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.9)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.10)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.1 4 Q.2 3 Q.3 4 Q.4 1 Q.5 4

Q.6 3 Q.7 1 Q.8 4 Q.9 3 Q.10 3
Telegram (Previous year papers PDFs [SSC,Railway,DSSSB,UP SI]): https://t.me/RBE_S
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 27/10/2022-> (4:00 PM - 5:30 PM)

Q.1)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.2)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.3)-

1. 2. 3.
4.

Q.4)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.5)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.6)-

1. Save 2. Paste 3. Filter 4. Table

Q.7)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.8)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.9)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Telegram (Previous year papers PDFs [SSC,Railway,DSSSB,UP SI]): https://t.me/RBE_S

YouTube (Free lectures and job updates): https://www.youtube.com/c/RBERevolutionByEducation
 Q.10)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer key

Q.1 2 Q.2 1 Q.3 4 Q.4 1 Q.5 3

Q.6 3 Q.7 4 Q.8 4 Q.9 4 Q.10 4

For SSC Exams Complete Preparation (Download RBE Application)

(Learn from those who have cleared the exam themselves)
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 28/10/2022-> (9:00 AM - 10:30 AM)

Q.1)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.2)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.3)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.4)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.5)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.6)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.7)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.8)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.9)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.10)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

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YouTube (Free lectures and job updates): https://www.youtube.com/c/RBERevolutionByEducation
 Q.1 4 Q.2 3 Q.3 4 Q.4 4 Q.5 4
Q.6 3 Q.7 2 Q.8 4 Q.9 3 Q.10 2

28/10/2022-> (12:30 PM - 2:00 PM)

Q.1)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.2)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.3)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.4)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.5)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.6)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.7)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.8)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.9)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.10)-

1. 2. 3. 4.
Telegram (Previous year papers PDFs [SSC,Railway,DSSSB,UP SI]): https://t.me/RBE_S
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 Q.1 2 Q.2 4 Q.3 2 Q.4 3 Q.5 2
Q.6 4 Q.7 1 Q.8 2 Q.9 4 Q.10 2

28/10/2022-> (4:00 PM - 5:30 PM)

Q.1)-

1. 2. 3.
4.

Q.2)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.3)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.4)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.5)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.6)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.7)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Telegram (Previous year papers PDFs [SSC,Railway,DSSSB,UP SI]): https://t.me/RBE_S

YouTube (Free lectures and job updates): https://www.youtube.com/c/RBERevolutionByEducation
 Q.8)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.9)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Q.10)-

1. 2. 3. 4.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer key

Q.1 2 Q.2 3 Q.3 1 Q.4 4 Q.5 3

Q.6 1 Q.7 2 Q.8 2 Q.9 1 Q.10 3

Telegram (Previous year papers PDFs [SSC,Railway,DSSSB,UP SI]): https://t.me/RBE_S

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 Delhi Police Constable
Executive 2020
(Exams held in November 2020)
All shifts
Computer Fundamentals Mock form
(in English Language)
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