2nd Module Java Solution

1.
Java Garbage Collection Mechanism: 3 Generations of Java Heap (6

marks)
Java uses Garbage Collection (GC) to automatically manage memory by reclaiming

memory used by objects that are no longer needed. Java heap memory is divided into three
generations to optimize GC performance:
1. Young Generation:
o Newly created objects are allocated in this region.
o Divided into Eden Space and Survivor Spaces (S0 and S1).
o Most objects are short-lived and quickly become eligible for garbage
collection.
o Minor GC occurs when the Young Generation fills up, and live objects are
moved to the Old Generation.
2. Old (Tenured) Generation:
o Objects that survive multiple GC cycles in the Young Generation are moved to
the Old Generation.
o Major GC or Full GC happens here less frequently but takes more time.
3. Permanent Generation (Metaspace):
o Contains metadata required by the JVM (such as class definitions, method
objects).
o In Java 8 and later, Metaspace replaces PermGen, which dynamically adjusts
in size, improving performance.
2. Java Program to Find Area of Rectangle, Circle, and Triangle Using

Method Overloading (10 marks)
java
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public class AreaCalculator {
// Area of rectangle
public static double area(double length, double width) {
return length * width;
}
// Area of circle
public static double area(double radius) {
return Math.PI * radius * radius;
}
// Area of triangle
public static double area(double base, double height, String triangle)
{
return 0.5 * base * height;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {

// Example inputs
System.out.println("Area of Rectangle: " + area(5, 7)); //
Rectangle: length=5, width=7
System.out.println("Area of Circle: " + area(3)); //
Circle: radius=3
System.out.println("Area of Triangle: " + area(5, 12, "t")); //
Triangle: base=5, height=12
}
}
3. General Form of Class with Example (4 marks)
The general form of a class in Java consists of:
 Modifiers (optional)
 Class Keyword followed by the class name
 Fields (variables) to store object states
 Methods to perform actions
Example:
java
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public class MyClass {
// Fields (or instance variables)
int num;
String name;
// Constructor
public MyClass(int num, String name) {
this.num = num;
this.name = name;
}
// Method to display data

public void display() {
System.out.println("Num: " + num + ", Name: " + name);
}

MyClass obj = new MyClass(10, "Alice");
obj.display();
}
}
4. Explanation of Keywords: this and static (8 marks)
a. this Keyword:
 Refers to the current object instance.

 Used to differentiate between instance variables and method parameters with the same
name.
Example:
java
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public class Demo {
int num;
Demo(int num) {
this.num = num; // `this` refers to the current object instance
}
void display() {
System.out.println("Number: " + this.num);
}
}
b. static Keyword:
 Used for class-level variables and methods.

 static members belong to the class, not individual instances.
Example:
java
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public class DemoStatic {
static int count = 0; // Static variable
DemoStatic() {
count++; // Increment count whenever a new object is created
}
static void displayCount() {

System.out.println("Count: " + count); // Static method accessing
static variable
}

new DemoStatic();
new DemoStatic();
DemoStatic.displayCount(); // Output: Count: 2
}
}
5. Java Program to Create Employee Class and Read/Write Employee

Information (10 marks)
java
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import java.util.Scanner;
public class Employee {

String name, designation;
int empid;
double basicSalary;
// Method to read employee information

public void read(Scanner sc) {
System.out.print("Enter name: ");
name = sc.nextLine();
System.out.print("Enter designation: ");
designation = sc.nextLine();
System.out.print("Enter employee ID: ");
empid = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter basic salary: ");
basicSalary = sc.nextDouble();
sc.nextLine(); // Consume the leftover newline
}
// Method to display employee information

public void write() {
System.out.println("Employee ID: " + empid);
System.out.println("Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Designation: " + designation);
System.out.println("Basic Salary: " + basicSalary);
}

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
Employee[] employees = new Employee[5];
// Read and write information for 5 employees

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
employees[i] = new Employee();
System.out.println("Enter details for employee " + (i + 1) +
":");
employees[i].read(sc);
}
System.out.println("\nEmployee Information:");
for (Employee emp : employees) {
emp.write();
System.out.println();
}
sc.close();
}
}
6. Types of Constructors with Example (4 marks)
There are two main types of constructors in Java:
1. Default Constructor: Provided by Java if no constructor is defined.

2. Parameterized Constructor: Takes arguments to initialize the object.
Example:
java
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public class Person {
String name;
// Default constructor
public Person() {
name = "Unknown";
}
// Parameterized constructor
public Person(String name) {
this.name = name;
}

System.out.println("Name: " + name);
}

Person p1 = new Person(); // Calls default constructor
Person p2 = new Person("Alice"); // Calls parameterized
constructor
p1.display(); // Output: Name: Unknown

p2.display(); // Output: Name: Alice
}
}
7. Method Overloading in Java with Example (8 marks)
Method Overloading occurs when multiple methods have the same name but different
parameter lists.
Example:
java
Copy code
public class Calculator {
// Overloaded method to add two integers

public int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
// Overloaded method to add three integers

public int add(int a, int b, int c) {
return a + b + c;
}

Calculator calc = new Calculator();
System.out.println("Sum of 2 numbers: " + calc.add(10, 20)); //
Output: 30
System.out.println("Sum of 3 numbers: " + calc.add(10, 20, 30)); //
Output: 60
}
}
8. Stack Class with Push, Pop, and Display Methods (12 marks)
java
Copy code
class Stack {
private int maxSize;
private int[] stackArray;
private int top;
// Constructor to initialize stack

public Stack(int size) {
maxSize = size;
stackArray = new int[maxSize];
top = -1;
}
// Push element onto stack

public void push(int value) {
if (top < maxSize - 1) {
stackArray[++top] = value;
System.out.println(value + " pushed onto stack.");
} else {
System.out.println("Stack is full, cannot push.");
}
}
// Pop element from stack

public int pop() {
if (top >= 0) {
int value = stackArray[top--];
System.out.println(value + " popped from stack.");
return value;
} else {
System.out.println("Stack is empty, cannot pop.");
return -1;
}
}
// Display stack elements

if (top >= 0) {
System.out.println("Stack elements:");
for (int i = top; i >= 0; i--) {
System.out.println(stackArray[i]);
}
} else {
System.out.println("Stack is empty.");
}
}

Stack stack = new Stack(5);
stack.push(10);
stack.push(20);
stack.push(30);
stack.display(); // Displays 30, 20, 10
stack.pop(); // Pops 30
stack.display(); // Displays 20, 10
}
}

2nd Module Java Solution

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1.

Java Garbage Collection Mechanism: 3 Generations of Java Heap (6

Java uses Garbage Collection (GC) to automatically manage memory by reclaiming

2. Java Program to Find Area of Rectangle, Circle, and Triangle Using

public static void main(String[] args) {

3. General Form of Class with Example (4 marks)

The general form of a class in Java consists of:

// Method to display data

public static void main(String[] args) {

4. Explanation of Keywords: this and static (8 marks)

 Refers to the current object instance.

 Used for class-level variables and methods.

static void displayCount() {

public static void main(String[] args) {

5. Java Program to Create Employee Class and Read/Write Employee

public class Employee {

// Method to read employee information

// Method to display employee information

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Read and write information for 5 employees

6. Types of Constructors with Example (4 marks)

There are two main types of constructors in Java:

1. Default Constructor: Provided by Java if no constructor is defined.

public void display() {

public static void main(String[] args) {

p1.display(); // Output: Name: Unknown

7. Method Overloading in Java with Example (8 marks)

// Overloaded method to add two integers

// Overloaded method to add three integers

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Constructor to initialize stack

// Push element onto stack

// Pop element from stack

// Display stack elements

public static void main(String[] args) {

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