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9 views6 pages

Class 7

Lol..

Uploaded by

shdwshew
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hanish statistics and training institute 8185815527

R Math
Simple Math
In R, you can use operators to perform common mathematical operations on
numbers.

The + operator is used to add together two values:

Example
10 + 5

Try it Yourself »

And the - operator is used for subtraction:

Example
10 - 5

Try it Yourself »
You will learn more about available operators in our R Operators Tutorial.

Built-in Math Functions


R also has many built-in math functions that allows you to perform
mathematical tasks on numbers.

For example, the min() and max() functions can be used to find the lowest or
highest number in a set:

Example

Hanish statistics and training institute 8185815527


Hanish statistics and training institute 8185815527

max(5, 10, 15)

min(5, 10, 15)

Try it Yourself »

sqrt()
The sqrt() function returns the square root of a number:

Example
sqrt(16)

Try it Yourself »

abs()
The abs() function returns the absolute (positive) value of a number:

Example
abs(-4.7)

Try it Yourself »

ceiling() and floor()


The ceiling() function rounds a number upwards to its nearest integer, and
the floor() function rounds a number downwards to its nearest integer, and
returns the result:

Example
Hanish statistics and training institute 8185815527
Hanish statistics and training institute 8185815527

ceiling(1.4)

floor(1.4)

Try it Yourself »

R Strings
String Literals
Strings are used for storing text.

A string is surrounded by either single quotation marks, or double quotation


marks:

"hello" is the same as 'hello':

Example
"hello"
'hello'

Try it Yourself »

Assign a String to a Variable


Assigning a string to a variable is done with the variable followed by the <-
operator and the string:

Example
str <- "Hello"
str # print the value of str

Hanish statistics and training institute 8185815527


Hanish statistics and training institute 8185815527

Try it Yourself »

Multiline Strings
You can assign a multiline string to a variable like this:

Example
str <- "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt
ut labore et dolore magna aliqua."

str # print the value of str

Try it Yourself »

However, note that R will add a "\n" at the end of each line break. This is called
an escape character, and the n character indicates a new line.

If you want the line breaks to be inserted at the same position as in the code,
use the cat() function:

Example
str <- "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt
ut labore et dolore magna aliqua."

cat(str)

Try it Yourself »

Hanish statistics and training institute 8185815527


Hanish statistics and training institute 8185815527

Escape Characters
To insert characters that are illegal in a string, you must use an escape
character.

An escape character is a backslash \ followed by the character you want to


insert.

An example of an illegal character is a double quote inside a string that is


surrounded by double quotes:

Example
str <- "We are the so-called "Vikings", from the north."

str

Result:

Error: unexpected symbol in "str <- "We are the so-called "Vikings"

Try it Yourself »

To fix this problem, use the escape character \":

Example
The escape character allows you to use double quotes when you normally would
not be allowed:

str <- "We are the so-called \"Vikings\", from the north."

str
cat(str)

Try it Yourself »
Hanish statistics and training institute 8185815527
Hanish statistics and training institute 8185815527

Hanish statistics and training institute 8185815527

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