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Physics 301 Lecture 4 1

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12 views17 pages

Physics 301 Lecture 4 1

Uploaded by

talal.saadaa
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS II!

COMPLEX ALGEBRA!
LECTURE 4"
Complex Functions"
Multivalued complex functions-a
• Let’s get a complex number z in polar form. The
following holds because we can add to the phase any
integral multiple of 2!."

z = reiθ = rei (θ + 2nπ ) , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ...


• Let’s calculate its logarithm"
ln z = ln rei (θ + 2nπ ) = ln r + i (θ + 2nπ )

• This means that the logarithm is a multivalued


function having an infinite number of values
for a single pair of real values r and θ."
Multivalued complex functions-b"
• To avoid any ambiguity, we usually agree to
set n=0 and limit the phase to an interval "
(-!,!). "
• The value of lnz with n=0 is called the
principal value of lnz"
• A multivalued function can be considered as
a set of singlevalued functions. Any such a
singlevalued function member of this set is
called a branch. "
Elementary complex functions-a"
• Polynomial functions"
P(z) = an z n + an−1 z n−1 + ... + a0 , n ∈ N, an ≠ 0
• Rational functions"
P(z)
f (z) =
Q(z)
where P(z), Q(z) are polynomials"
• Exponential functions "
f (z) = ez
Elementary complex functions-b"
• Trigonometric functions"
eiz − e−iz eiz + e−iz
sin z = cos z =
2i 2

tan z =
sin z
=
e (
iz
− e −iz
) cot z =
cos z i
= iz
e(iz
+ e −iz
)
(
cos z i eiz + e−iz ) sin z (
e − e−iz )

Quiz: The functions sinz and cosz are entirely


analytical. Can you explain why? Could you
claim the same for tanz or cotz?"
Elementary complex functions-c"
• We may show that the following relations are
valid for complex trigonometric functions"
sin 2 z + cos 2 z = 1
sin(−z) = − sin z, cos(−z) = cos(z), tan(-z) = − tan z
sin(z1 ± z2 ) = sin z1 cos z2 ± cos z1 sin z2
cos(z1 ± z2 ) = cos z1 cos z2 ∓ sin z1 sin z2
tan z1 ± tan z2
tan ( z1 ± z2 ) =
1 ∓ tan z1 ⋅ tan z2
Elementary complex functions-d"
• The hypebolic functions"
e z − e−z e z + e−z
sinh z = cosh z =
2 2
sinh z ( ) cosh z ( )
z −z z −z
e − e e + e
tanh z = = z −z coth z = = z −z
cosh z ( e + e ) sinh z ( e − e )
Elementary complex functions-e"
• We may show that the following relations are
valid:"
cosh 2 − sinh 2 z = 1
sinh(−z) = − sinh z, cosh(−z) = cosh(z), tanh(-z) = − tanh z
sinh(z1 ± z2 ) = sinh z1 cosh z2 ± cosh z1 sinh z2
cosh(z1 ± z2 ) = cosh z1 cosh z2 ∓ sinh z1 sinh z2
tanh z1 ± tanh z2
tanh ( z1 ± z2 ) =
1 ∓ tanh z1 ⋅ tanh z2
Elementary complex functions-f"

• Between the trigonometric and the


hyperbolic functions we have the
following relations:"
sin iz = i sinh z cos iz = cosh z tan iz = i tanh z
sinh iz = i sin z cosh iz = cos z tanh iz = i tan z
Elementary complex functions-g"
• Logarithmic functions"
z = a w ⇒ w = log a z
a > 0, a ≠ 0, 1

• Functions with complex exponents. For any


c
z
complex number c, the function is defined
by:"
z c = exp ( c log z ) , z ≠ 0
Elementary complex functions-h"

• Inverse trigonometric functions"


• These are all multivalued functions and
we give here only their principal values:
1 1
−1

i
(
sin z = ln iz + 1 − z 2 ) (
cos z = ln z + 1 − z 2
−1

i
)
−1 1 " 1 + iz % −1 1 " z + i%
tan z = ln $ ' cot z = ln $ '
2i # 1 − iz & 2i # z − i &
Elementary complex functions-i"

• Inverse hyperbolic functions."


• These are all multivalued functions and
we give here only their principal values "

(
sinh −1 z = ln z + 1 + z 2 ) (
cosh −1 z = ln z + z 2 − 1 )
−1 1 "1+ z% −1 1 " z + 1%
tanh z = ln $ ' coth z = ln $ '
2 #1− z& 2 # z − 1&
Branching points-a
• A point zo of a function f(z) is called a branching
point if a complete turn of the variable z around zo
does not return the function to its original value."
• A function has branching points when it is
multivalued. In this case it has several branches. The
branching points are those points where different
branches meet."
• The order of a branching point is n if the minimum
number of turns that are needed to return the
function at its original value is n+1. "
Branching points-b"
• Example: Multivalued functions arise naturally as
the inverse functions of single valued functions. For
2 1/2
example let the function, z = w in this case w = z ."
• We can show that as z goes around a closed path
centered at z = 0, then w does not return to its original
value. We need to perform another one rotation in
order to return to the original value. The point z = 0 is
a branching point of w. "
• We can also show that z = ∞ is also a branching
point of w."
Branching points-c"
• A multivalued function, as we said in
the beginning, can be considered as a
set of singlevalued functions. Any such
a singlevalued function member of this
set is called a branch. "
• The study of multivalued functions is
considerably facilitated when they are
expressed as singlevalued functions."
Sections
• Section of a complex function is called any
line on the complex plane which connects two
branching points."
• A function is fully defined if we define its
value at a point which does not lie on a section.
If we do not cross the section the function
remains single valued."
• In the squared root function in the previous
slide the real axis x is a section since it
connects the points z = 0 and z = ∞ ."
Turning a multivalued function in a
single valued one."

z = re0i

x"
z = re2 π i

• We limit the multivalued function in a certain region


of x-y plane. For the square root function we take out
the real axis number and the points z = 0 and z = ∞ "

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