Introduction to Control System

Er. Vinay Kumar

Department of Electronics Engineering
Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur (U.P.)
[email protected]

© 2022 Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Introduction :
A system is an arrangement, set, or collection of things connected or related in
such a manner as to form an entirety or whole.

A system is an arrangement of physical components connected or related in such

a manner as to form and/or act as an entire unit.

The word control is usually taken to mean regulate, direct, or command.

Combining the above definitions, we have

A control system is an arrangement of physical components connected or related

in such a manner as to command, direct, or regulate itself or another system.

© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Control System:
➢ In the most abstract sense it is possible to consider every physical object a
control system. Everything alters its environment in some manner, if not
actively then passively—like a mirror directing a beam of light shining on it at
some acute angle.
➢ The mirror (Fig.1) may be considered an elementary control system,
controlling the beam of light according to the simple equation “the angle of
reflection 𝛼 equals the angle of incidence 𝛼”

© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Control System:
➢ In engineering and science we usually restrict the meaning of control
systems to apply to those systems whose major function is to
dynamically or actively command, direct, or regulate.
➢ The system shown in Fig. 2, consisting of a mirror pivoted at one end
and adjusted up and down with a screw at the other end, is properly
termed a control system. The angle of reflected light is regulated by
means of the screw.
➢ It is important to note, however, that control systems of interest for
analysis or design purposes include not only those manufactured by
humans, but those that normally exist in nature, and control systems with
both manufactured and natural components.

© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Basic Terminologies :
A control system is a system of devices or set of devices, that manages, commands,
directs or regulates the behaviour of other device(s) or system(s) to achieve desire
results. In other words the definition of control system can be rewritten as A
control system is a system, which controls other system.
Disturbance

Command or Reference Controller/E.D/ Error

Plant output
input Controller Action Signal
+ –
Actuating Signal

Sensor /
Feedback element

© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Basic Terminologies :
Controlled Variable and Control Signal or Manipulated Variable : The controlled
variable is the quantity or condition that is measured and controlled. The control signal or
manipulated variable is the quantity or condition that is varied by the controller so as to
affect the value of the controlled variable. Normally, the controlled variable is the output of
the system.
Plant : A plant may be a piece of equipment, perhaps just a set of machine parts
functioning together, the purpose of which is to perform a particular operation. Any
physical object to be controlled (such as a mechanical device, a heating furnace, a chemical
reactor, or a spacecraft) a plant.
Processes : a process to be a natural, progressively continuing operation or development
marked by a series of gradual changes that succeed one another in a relatively fixed way
and lead toward a particular result or end; or an artificial or voluntary, progressively
continuing operation that consists of a series of controlled actions or movements
systematically directed toward a particular result or end.
© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Basic Terminologies :
Disturbances : A disturbance is a signal that tends to adversely affect the value of the
output of a system. If a disturbance is generated within the system, it is called internal,
while an external disturbance is generated outside the system and is an input.
Controllers : A controller is one which compares controlled values with the desired values
and has a function to correct the deviation produced.
Controller performs two works :
i. Error detection
ii. Control action
When feedback is present then controller performs the error detection and controlled
action.
When feedback is not present then only controlled action is done.

© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Feature of Control System:
The main feature of control system is
1. There should be a clear mathematical relation between input and output of the
system.
2. When the relation between input and output of the system can be represented by
a linear proportionality, the system is called linear control system.
3. Again when the relation between input and output cannot be represented by
single linear proportionality, rather the input and output are related by some
non-linear relation, the system is referred as non-linear control system.

© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Requirement of Good Control System :
Accuracy : Accuracy is the measurement tolerance of the instrument and defines the limits
of the errors made when the instrument is used in normal operating conditions. Accuracy
can be improved by using feedback elements. To increase accuracy of any control system
error detector should be present in control system.
Sensitivity : The parameters of control system are always changing with change in
surrounding conditions, internal disturbance or any other parameters. This change can be
expressed in terms of sensitivity. Any control system should be insensitive to such
parameters but sensitive to input signals only.
Noise : An undesired input signal is known as noise. A good control system should be able
to reduce the noise effect for better performance.
Stability : It is an important characteristic of control system. For the bounded input signal,
the output must be bounded and if input is zero then output must be zero then such a
control system is said to be stable system.

© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Requirement of Good Control System :
Bandwidth : An operating frequency range decides the bandwidth of control system.
Bandwidth should be large as possible for frequency response of good control system.
Speed : It is the time taken by control system to achieve its stable output. A good control
system possesses high speed. The transient period for such system is very small.
Oscillation : A small numbers of oscillation or constant oscillation of output tend to
system to be stable.

© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Open-loop And Closed-loop Control Systems:
➢ Control systems are classified into two general categories: open-loop and closed-loop
systems. The distinction is determined by the control action, that quantity responsible
for activating the system to produce the output.
➢ The term control action is classical in the control systems literature, but the word action
in this expression does not always directly imply change, motion, or activity. For
example, the control action in a system designed to have an object hit a target is usually
the distance between the object and the target. Distance, as such, is not an action, but
action (motion) is implied here, because the goal of such a control system is to reduce
this distance to zero.
An open-loop control system is one in which the control action is independent of the
output.
A closed-loop control system is one in which the control action is somehow dependent on
the output.

© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Open-loop Control Systems:
Controller output
Input Controller Process Output
Process input

➢ This is the system in which the output of the system is function of input only.
➢ Present output in such a system depends upon present input only.
➢ There are absence of error detecting element.

Practical example
➢ Electric Hand Drier : Hot air (output) comes out as long as you keep your hand
under the machine, irrespective of how much your hand is dried.
➢ Automatic Washing Machine : This machine runs according to the preset time
irrespective of washing is completed or not.
© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Open-loop Control Systems Examples :
➢ Bread Toaster : This machine runs as per adjusted time irrespective of toasting is
completed or not.
➢ Automatic Tea/Coffee Maker : These machines also function for pre adjusted time
only.
➢ Timer Based Clothes Drier : This machine dries wet clothes for pre – adjusted time,
it does not matter how much the clothes are dried.
➢ Light Switch : Lamps glow whenever light switch is on irrespective of light is
required or not.
➢ Volume on Stereo System : Volume is adjusted manually irrespective of output
volume level.

© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Open-loop Control Systems :
Advantages of Open Loop Control System
➢ Simple in construction and design
➢ Economical
➢ Easy to maintain
➢ Generally stable
➢ Convenient to use as output is difficult to measure.
Disadvantages of Open Loop Control System
❖ They are unreliable
❖ Any change in output cannot be corrected automatically
❖ Effect of non linearity is more
❖ This systems are inaccurate
❖ Output affected by parameter variation
❖ Output affected by noise variation

© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Close-loop Control Systems:
These are the system in which present output is function of present input as will as
previous output.
+
i/p Controller Process o/p
–

F.B.

Practical example
➢ Automatic Electric Iron : Heating elements are controlled by output temperature of
the iron.
➢ Servo Voltage Stabilizer : Voltage controller operates depending upon output voltage
of the system.
➢ Water Level Controller : Input water is controlled by water level of the reservoir.

© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Close-loop Control Systems:

Practical example….
➢ Missile Launched & Auto Tracked by Radar : The direction of missile is controlled
by comparing the target and position of the missile.
➢ An Air Conditioner : An air conditioner functions depending upon the temperature of
the room.
➢ Cooling System in Car : It operates depending upon the temperature which it
controls.

© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Close-loop Control Systems:
Advantages of Closed Loop Control System
➢ Closed loop control systems are more accurate even in the presence of non-linearity.
➢ Highly accurate as any error arising is corrected due to presence of feedback signal.
➢ Bandwidth range is large.
➢ Facilitates automation.
➢ The sensitivity of system may be made small to make system more stable.
➢ This system is less affected by noise.
➢ Accurate and reliable.

© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved
Close-loop Control Systems:
Disadvantages of Closed Loop Control System
❖ They are costlier.
❖ They are complicated to design.
❖ Required more maintenance.
❖ Feedback leads to oscillatory response.
❖ Overall gain is reduced due to presence of feedback.
❖ Stability is the major problem and more care is needed to design a stable closed
loop system.

© 2022 | Er. Vinay Kumar, Department of Electronics Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur. All rights reserved