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Explain DDA line drawing algorithm.consider a line segment from A(2,1) to B (7,8) use DDA line drawing algorithim to rasterize this line.

DDA (Digital Differential Analyzer) Line Drawing Algorithm:

The Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) is a line drawing algorithm that uses incremental methods to calculate intermediate points between two given endpoints of a line. This algorithm works by calculating the smaller steps required in
both the x and y directions to plot a straight line, interpolating between the endpoints.

Algorithm Steps:

1. Calculate the differences between the coordinates of the two endpoints A(x1 , y1 ) and B(x2 , y2 ):
​ ​ ​ ​

Δx = x2 − x1 ​ ​ and Δy = y2 − y1 ​ ​

2. Determine the number of steps required to draw the line. The number of steps is the maximum of Δx or Δy :

Steps = max(∣Δx∣, ∣Δy∣)

3. Calculate the increments for each step in both x and y directions:

Δx Δy
xincrement = and yincrement =
Steps Steps
​ ​ ​ ​

4. Start at the initial point (x1 , y1 ), and add the increments to the x and y coordinates for each step to get the next point.
​ ​

5. Round the calculated x and y values to the nearest integers to determine the pixel positions.

6. Repeat the process until you reach the final point (x2 , y2 ).
​ ​

Example: Rasterizing the Line from A(2, 1) to B(7, 8)

Let’s consider a line segment from point A(2, 1) to point B(7, 8). We'll use the DDA algorithm to rasterize this line.

Step 1: Calculate Δx and Δy :

Δx = x2 − x1 = 7 − 2 = 5 ​ ​

Δy = y2 − y1 = 8 − 1 = 7​ ​

Step 2: Determine the number of steps:

The number of steps is the maximum of Δx and Δy :

Steps = max(∣Δx∣, ∣Δy∣) = max(5, 7) = 7

Step 3: Calculate the increments per step:

Δx 5
xincrement = = ≈ 0.714
Steps 7
​ ​ ​

Δy 7
yincrement = = =1
Steps 7
​ ​ ​

Step 4: Initialize the starting point and rasterize the line:

Start at (x1 , y1 )
​ ​ = (2, 1).
At each step, add the calculated increments to the current x and y coordinates to find the next point.

Round the x and y values to the nearest integers to determine the pixel positions.

Let's calculate the pixel positions:

Step x (floating-point) y (floating-point) x (rounded) y (rounded) Plotted Pixel (x, y)

0 2.000 1.000 2 1 (2, 1)

1 2.714 2.000 3 2 (3, 2)

2 3.429 3.000 3 3 (3, 3)

3 4.143 4.000 4 4 (4, 4)

4 4.857 5.000 5 5 (5, 5)

5 5.571 6.000 6 6 (6, 6)

6 6.286 7.000 6 7 (6, 7)

7 7.000 8.000 7 8 (7, 8)

Final Rasterized Line:

The pixels plotted to form the line are:
(2, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6), (6, 7), (7, 8).

Conclusion:
The DDA algorithm works by incrementing both the x and y coordinates by small steps and rounding them to determine the pixel locations. In this example, the line from (2, 1) to (7, 8) is rasterized by plotting points at the calculated
coordinates. The DDA algorithm is easy to implement but can suffer from floating-point errors, which makes it less efficient and less accurate compared to Bresenham’s algorithm.

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