Filter Design: We study the filter and amplifier designs because the filter and amplifier are very

important in Radar
design. For example in FMCW radar as in figures below:

Fig. a. FMCW Radar

1 Dr. Ahmed H. Reja Radar Systems
 Fig.b. Block diagram of the Ku-band FMCW radar system

2 Dr. Ahmed H. Reja Radar Systems

Introduction to Basic filter types

Fig. c. A basic of the four major filter types

3 Dr. Ahmed H. Reja Radar Systems

 Figure d. Response curves for the four major filter types.

4 Dr. Ahmed H. Reja Radar Systems

5 Dr. Ahmed H. Reja Radar Systems
 Filters Symbols and its Responses

Fig. e. Filters symbols and its responses

6 Dr. Ahmed H. Reja Radar Systems

 Passive RC Filters Equivalent Circuits
LPF HPF

BPF BSF or BRF or Notch

Fig. f. Passive RC Filters Equivalent Circuits

7 Dr. Ahmed H. Reja Radar Systems

 Passive RLC Filters Equivalent Circuits
LPF HPF

BPF BSF or BRF or Notch

Fig. g. Passive RLC Filters Equivalent Circuits

8 Dr. Ahmed H. Reja Radar Systems

Meaning of Lumped Elements

Meaning of Distributed Elements

Fig. h. Distributed Elements and its equivalent circuits

9 Dr. Ahmed H. Reja Radar Systems

 Fig. i. PCB Substrate as material a base of design

Fig. j. Substrate material as a base of design

10 Dr. Ahmed H. Reja Radar Systems

Some Microstrip Filters
1-Stepped impedance filter 2-Open stub filter 3- Semi lumped filter

4- End coupled filter 5- Parallel coupled filter 6-Hairpen line filter

7- Interdigital filter 8- Combline filter 9- Pseudo ID filter

Fig. k. Design of some microstrip filters

11 Dr. Ahmed H. Reja Radar Systems

Chapter 5 LPF Design

Lowpass Filter (LPF)

crowave applications.

first one is to select an appropriate lowpass prototype. The element values of the
lowpass prototype filter, which are usually normalized to make the parameters;

element filter.
Chapter 5 LPF Design
Chapter 5 LPF Design
Chapter 5 LPF Design

Notes:
1- Circuit Symbols and Frequency Response of Filter Types

2-

3- Chebyshev lowpass prototype filters

Chapter 5 LPF Design

4-
Chapter 5 LPF Design

5-
Electromechanical Engineering Dept. – Navigation and Guidance Engineering Branch – 2019/2020
Radar Systems

Example 2 for Stepped Impedance Low Pass Filter (SI-LPF)

Design a 3rd order SI-LPF having a cutoff frequency of 1 GHz and 0.1 dB equal ripple response
with Z0 = 50 Ω, Z0L = 93 Ω and Z0C = 24 Ω. The substrate material FR-4 is used that having εr =
10.8 and the thickness is 1.27 mm with Ω𝑐 is 1. (a) Find the lumped elements. (b) Find the
distributed elements of the LPF .

Solution :

(a) Lumped elements are the values of capacitor and indicator based on the equations (1) and (2)
that depends on the number of order, pass band ripple and table shown below.

Table 1. Element value for passband ripple 0.1dB

n 𝐠𝟏 𝐠𝟐 𝐠𝟑 𝐠𝟒 𝐠𝟓 𝐠𝟔 𝐠𝟕 𝐠𝟖 𝐠𝟗 𝐠 𝟏𝟎
1 0.3052 1.0
2 0.8431 0.6220 1.3554
3 1.0316 1.1474 1.0316 1.0
4 1.1088 1.3062 1.7704 0.8181 1.3554
5 1.1468 1.3712 1.9750 1.3712 1.1468 1.0
6 1.1681 1.4040 2.0562 1.5171 1.9029 0.8618 1.3554
7 1.1812 1.4228 2.0967 1.5734 2.0967 1.4228 1.1812 1.0
8 1.1898 1.4346 2.1199 1.6010 2.1700 1.5641 1.9445 0.8778 1.3554
9 1.1957 1.4426 2.1346 1.6167 2.2054 1.6167 2.1346 1.4426 1.1957 1.0

gο = g4 = 1, g1 = g3 = 1.0316, g2= 1.1474. These values depend on the ripple and the number of
order. fc = 1 GHz.

Z0 Ωc
𝐿1 = 𝐿3 = ( ) (
g0 2πfc
) g1 …………………. (1)

g0 Ωc
𝐶2 = ( ) (
Z0 2πfc
) g 2 …………………………..(2)

By solving these equation to find the lumped element the values of these equation will be

𝐿1 = 𝐿3 = 8.209*10−9 H = 8.209 nH

𝐶2 = 3.652*10−12F = 3.652 pF

1 Assist prof. Dr. Ahmed H. Reja - Radar Systems - 4th Class- Navigation and Guidance Eng.
Electromechanical Engineering Dept. – Navigation and Guidance Engineering Branch – 2019/2020
Radar Systems

Figure 1. Lumped elements of SI-LPF

(b) Distributed elements (stepped impedance) are the width and the length of the high impedance
(indicator), low impedance (capacitor), and the source/load impedance on microstrip layout.

Figure 2. Stepped impedance on microstrip layout

To design a stepped impedance low pass we shall obtain the width, εre , λg , and the length of
1- Source/load. 2- Indicator. 3- Capacitor, as shown in the above figure.

Sets of equation are important in the design of stepped impedance low pass filter that will be
discussed in solving the source/load, indicator, and capacitor.

1- Source/load : The width of the distributed element can be calculated by sets of equation,
𝐖
If ( ) ≤ 2 then equations 3 are used:
𝐡

Z0 εr +1 εr −1 0.11 W 8eA
A= √ + [0.23 + ]…..(3a) = …. (3b)
60 2 εr +1 εr h e2𝐴 −2

𝐖
If ( ) ≥ 2 then equations 4 are used:
𝐡

60 𝜋2
B= ………(4a)
𝑍0 √εr

W 2 εr −1 0.61
= {(B − 1) − ln(2𝐵 − 1) + [ln(𝐵 − 1) + 0.39 − ]}…… (4b)
h 𝜋 2εr εr

By solving equation 3, εr = 10.8 and Z0 = 50 Ω:

2 Assist prof. Dr. Ahmed H. Reja - Radar Systems - 4th Class- Navigation and Guidance Eng.
Electromechanical Engineering Dept. – Navigation and Guidance Engineering Branch – 2019/2020
Radar Systems
W
A = 2.223, ( h )= 0.886, and since h=1.27 mm therefore W0 = 1.1 mm

Now the εre calculated by using a sets of equations.

𝐖
If ( 𝐡 ) ≤ 1 then equation 5 are used:

𝜀𝑟 +1 𝜀𝑟 −1 ℎ −0.5 𝑊 2
𝜀𝑟𝑒 = + {(1 + 12 𝑊) + 0.04 (1 − ) }………….(5a)
2 2 ℎ

ƞ 8ℎ 𝑊
𝑍𝐶 = ln( + 0.25 )……………… (5b)
2𝜋√𝜀𝑟𝑒 𝑊 ℎ

Where ƞ = 120 𝜋 is the wave impedance in free space.

𝐖
If ( 𝐡 ) ≥ 1 then equations 6 are used:

𝜀𝑟 +1 𝜀𝑟 −1 h −0.5
εre = + (1 + 12 W) …….......... (6a)
2 2

ƞ 𝑊 𝑊 −1
𝑍𝐶 = { + 1.393 + 0.677𝑙𝑛 ( + 1.444)} ……………(6b)
√εre ℎ ℎ

Where ƞ = 120 𝜋 is the wave impedance in free space.

W
( h ) equals 0.886 therefore equations 5 are used.

By solving equation 5, εre = 7.1748656

300
λg = 𝑓(𝐺𝐻𝑧)√ε mm ………. (7)
re

By solving equation 7, λg0 of source/load = 112 mm

2- Indicator: The indicator and capacitor used the same equations that used for source/load.

To obtain the width of the indicator equations 3 are used with Z0L = 93 Ω is placed of Z0

By solving equation 3, WL = 0.2 mm

By solving equations 6 and 7, λgL = 118 mm

3- Capacitor: The indicator and capacitor used the same equations that used for source/load.

To obtain the width of the capacitor equations 3 are used with Z0C = 24 Ω is placed of Z0

3 Assist prof. Dr. Ahmed H. Reja - Radar Systems - 4th Class- Navigation and Guidance Eng.
Electromechanical Engineering Dept. – Navigation and Guidance Engineering Branch – 2019/2020
Radar Systems

By solving equation 3, WC = 4 mm

By solving equations 6 and 7 λgC = 105 mm

Table 2. Summarized parameters of stepped impedance SI-LPF

Characteristics
impedance (Ω) Z0C = 24 Ω Z0L = 93 Ω Z0 = 50 Ω
Guided wavelength
(𝛌𝐠 ) λgC = 105 mm λgL = 118 mm λg0 = 112 mm

Microstrip line width

(W) WC = 4 mm WL = 0.2 mm W0 = 1.1 mm

Now the length of the indicator and capacitor are obtained by equations 9. note that the length of
the source/load impedance is 7 mm which is constant. Note that 𝜔𝑐 in the equations below
considered as (2𝜋𝑓).

λgL 𝜔𝑐 L
Ll = sin−1 ( )……. (9a) Ll = 11.04 mm
2π Z0L

λgC
𝐿𝐶 = sin−1 (𝜔𝑐 𝐶 𝑍0𝐶 ) …… (9b) LC = 9.75 mm
2𝜋

The result in equations 9 do not take into account the series reactance of low impedance line and
shunt suspetance of high impedance line. To include these effects the length of low impedance
and high impedance are obtained in equations 10: (HW for students)

2𝜋Ll 𝜋𝐿
𝜔𝑐 𝐿 = Z0L sin (
λgL
) + Z0C tan ( λ 𝐶 )…. (10a) Ll = 9.81 mm
gC

1 2𝜋𝐿𝐶 1 𝜋Ll
𝜔𝑐 𝐶 = sin ( ) + 2× tan ( )…(10b) LC = 7.11 mm
Z0C λgC Z0L λgL

4 Assist prof. Dr. Ahmed H. Reja - Radar Systems - 4th Class- Navigation and Guidance Eng.
Electromechanical Engineering Dept. – Navigation and Guidance Engineering Branch – 2019/2020
Radar Systems

Example 3 for Stepped Impedance Low Pass Filter (SI-LPF)

Design a 3rd order stepped impedance low pass filter (SI-LPF) having a cutoff frequency of 1.8
GHz and 0.1 dB equal ripple response with Z0 = 50 Ω, Z0L = 93 Ω and Z0C = 24 Ω. The substrate
material is FR-4, having εr = 4.4 and the thickness of the substrate is 1.6 mm with Ω𝑐 is 1. (a)
Find the lumped elements. (b) Find the distributed elements of the SI-LPF.

Solution:

(a) Lumped elements are the values of capacitor and indicator based on the equations (1) and (2)
that depends on the number of order, pass band ripple and table shown below.

Table 1. Element value for passband ripple 0.1 dB

n 𝐠𝟏 𝐠𝟐 𝐠𝟑 𝐠𝟒 𝐠𝟓 𝐠𝟔 𝐠𝟕 𝐠𝟖 𝐠𝟗 𝐠 𝟏𝟎
1 0.3052 1.0
2 0.8431 0.6220 1.3554
3 1.0316 1.1474 1.0316 1.0
4 1.1088 1.3062 1.7704 0.8181 1.3554
5 1.1468 1.3712 1.9750 1.3712 1.1468 1.0
6 1.1681 1.4040 2.0562 1.5171 1.9029 0.8618 1.3554
7 1.1812 1.4228 2.0967 1.5734 2.0967 1.4228 1.1812 1.0
8 1.1898 1.4346 2.1199 1.6010 2.1700 1.5641 1.9445 0.8778 1.3554
9 1.1957 1.4426 2.1346 1.6167 2.2054 1.6167 2.1346 1.4426 1.1957 1.0

gο = g4 = 1, g1 = g3 = 1.0316, g2= 1.1474. These values depend on the ripple and the number of
order. fc = 1.8 GHz.

Z0 Ωc
𝐿1 = 𝐿3 = ( ) (
g0 2πfc
) g1 …………………. (1)

g0 Ωc
𝐶2 = ( ) (
Z0 2πfc
) g 2 …………………………..(2)

By solving these equation to find the lumped element the values of these equation will be

𝐿1 = 𝐿3 = 4.560*10−9 H = 4.560 nH

𝐶2 = 2.029*10−12F = 2.029 pF

5 Assist prof. Dr. Ahmed H. Reja - Radar Systems - 4th Class- Navigation and Guidance Eng.
Electromechanical Engineering Dept. – Navigation and Guidance Engineering Branch – 2019/2020
Radar Systems

Figure 1. Lumped elements of LPF

(b) Distributed elements (stepped impedance) are the width and the length of the high impedance
(indicator), low impedance (capacitor), and the source/load impedance on microstrip layout.

Figure 2. stepped impedance on microstrip layout

To design a stepped impedance low pass we shall obtain the width, εre , λg , and the length of
1-source/load. 2-indicator. 3-capacitor, as shown in the above figure.

Sets of equation are important in the design of stepped impedance low pass filter that will be
discussed in solving the source/load, indicator, and capacitor.

1-source/load

The width of the distributed element can be calculated by sets of equation,

𝐖
If ( ) ≤ 2 then equations 3 are used:
𝐡

Z0 εr +1 εr −1 0.11 W 8eA
A= √ + [0.23 + ]…..(3a) = …. (3b)
60 2 εr +1 εr h e2𝐴 −2

𝐖
If ( ) ≥ 2 then equations 4 are used:
𝐡

60 𝜋2
B= ………(4a)
𝑍0 √εr

W 2 εr −1 0.61
= {(B − 1) − ln(2𝐵 − 1) + [ln(𝐵 − 1) + 0.39 − ]}…… (4b)
h 𝜋 2εr εr

6 Assist prof. Dr. Ahmed H. Reja - Radar Systems - 4th Class- Navigation and Guidance Eng.
Electromechanical Engineering Dept. – Navigation and Guidance Engineering Branch – 2019/2020
Radar Systems

By solving equations 3 with εr = 4.4 and Z0 = 50 :

W
A = 1.529 , ( h )= 1.9148, and since h=1.6 mm therefore W0 = 3 mm

𝐖
Now the εre calculated by using a sets of equations. If ( 𝐡 ) ≤ 1 then equation 5 are used:

𝜀𝑟 +1 𝜀𝑟 −1 ℎ −0.5 𝑊 2
𝜀𝑟𝑒 = + {(1 + 12 𝑊) + 0.04 (1 − ) }………….(5a)
2 2 ℎ

ƞ 8ℎ 𝑊
𝑍𝐶 = ln( + 0.25 )……………… (5b)
2𝜋√𝜀𝑟𝑒 𝑊 ℎ

Where ƞ = 120 𝜋 is the wave impedance in free space.

𝐖
If ( 𝐡 ) ≥ 1 then equations 6 are used:

𝜀𝑟 +1 𝜀𝑟 −1 h −0.5
εre = + (1 + 12 W) …….......... (6a)
2 2

ƞ 𝑊 𝑊 −1
𝑍𝐶 = { + 1.393 + 0.677𝑙𝑛 ( + 1.444)} ……………(6b)
√εre ℎ ℎ

Where ƞ = 120 𝜋 is the wave impedance in free space.

W
( h ) equals 1.9148 therefore equations 6 are used.

By solving equation 6 εre = 3.325

300
λg = 𝑓(𝐺𝐻𝑧)√ε mm ………. (7)
re

By solving equation 7. λg0 of source/load = 91.36 mm

The length of source/load impedance (L0) is 7 mm. note the length of source/load is constant.

2- Indicator: The indicator and capacitor used the same equations that used for source/load.

To obtain the width of the indicator equations 3 are used with Z0L = 93 Ω is placed of Z0

By solving equation 3, WL = 0.85

By solving equations 6 and 7 λgL = 95.28 mm

7 Assist prof. Dr. Ahmed H. Reja - Radar Systems - 4th Class- Navigation and Guidance Eng.
Electromechanical Engineering Dept. – Navigation and Guidance Engineering Branch – 2019/2020
Radar Systems

3- Capacitor the indicator and capacitor used the same equations that used for source/load.

To obtain the width of the capacitor equations 3 are used with Z0C = 24 Ω is placed of Z0

By solving equation 3, WC = 8.7 mm

By solving equations 6 and 7 λgC = 87 mm

Table 2. Summarized parameters of stepped impedance SI-LPF

Characteristics
impedance (Ω) Z0C = 24 Ω Z0L = 93 Ω Z0 = 50 Ω
Guided wavelength
(𝛌𝐠 ) λgC = 87 mm λgL = 95.28 mm λg0 = 91.36 mm

Microstrip line width

(W) WC = 8.7 mm WL = 0.85 mm W0 = 3 mm

Now the length of the indicator and capacitor are obtained by equations 9. Note that the length of
the source/load impedance is 7 mm which is constant. Note that 𝜔𝑐 in the equations below
considered as (2𝜋𝑓).

λgL 𝜔𝑐 L
Ll = sin−1 ( )……. (9a) Ll = 9 mm
2π Z0L

λgC
𝐿𝐶 = sin−1 (𝜔𝑐 𝐶 𝑍0𝐶 ) …… (9b) LC = 8.68 mm
2𝜋

The result in equations 9 do not take into account the series reactance of low impedance line and
shunt suspetance of high impedance line. To include these effects the length of low impedance
and high impedance are obtained in equations 10: (HW for students)

2𝜋Ll 𝜋𝐿
𝜔𝑐 𝐿 = Z0L sin (
λgL
) + Z0C tan ( λ 𝐶 )…. (10a) Ll = 11 mm
gC

1 2𝜋𝐿𝐶 1 𝜋Ll
𝜔𝑐 𝐶 = sin ( ) + 2× tan ( )…(10b) LC = 8.68 mm
Z0C λgC Z0L λgL

8 Assist prof. Dr. Ahmed H. Reja - Radar Systems - 4th Class- Navigation and Guidance Eng.
 Low Pass Filter

Question : Design a 3rd order stepped impedance low pass filter having a cutoff frequency of
2.458 GHz and passband ripple 0.01 dB with Z0 = 50 Ω, Z0L = 120 Ω and Z0C = 20 Ω. Layout of
the microstrip implementation of filter on FR-4 substrate having εr = 4.7 and the thickness of the
substrate is 1.6 mm with normalized frequency (Ω𝑐 ) is 1. (a) Find the lumped elements. (b) Find
the distributed elements of the low pass filter.

Element value for Passband ripple 0.01dB

Solution:

1- 3rd Order Law Pass Filter

(a) Lumped elements are the values of capacitor and indicator based on the equations (1) and (2)
that depend on the number of order, pass band ripple and table shown above.

g0 = g4 = 1, g1 = g3 = 0.6292, g2= 0.9703. These values depend on the ripple and the number of
order. fc = 2.458 GHz.

Z0 Ωc
𝐿1 = 𝐿3 = ( ) ( ) g1 …………………. (1)
g0 2πfc

g0 Ωc
𝐶2 = ( ) ( ) g 2 …………………………..(2)
Z0 2πfc

By solving these equation to find the lumped element the values of these equation will be

𝐿1 = 𝐿3 = 2.037 nH

𝐶2 = 1.257 pF
 Figure 1. Lumped Elements

(b) Distributed elements(stepped impedance) are the width and the length of the high impedance
( indicator),low impedance ( capacitor), and the source/load impedance on microstrip layout.

Figure 2. Distributed Elements

To design a stepped impedance low pass we shall obtain the width, εre , λg , and the length of
1_ source/load. 2_ indicator. 3_ capacitor. as shown in the above figure.

sets of equation are important in the design of stepped impedance low pass filter that will be
discussed in solving the source/load, indicator, and capacitor.

1- source/load
W
The width of the distributed element can be calculated by sets of equation, if ( ) ≤ 2 then
h
equations 3 are used :

Z0 εr +1 εr −1 0.11 W 8eA
A= √ + [0.23 + ]…..(3a) = …. (3b)
60 2 εr +1 εr h e2𝐴 −2
 W
if ( ) ≥ 2 then equations 4 are used:
h

60 𝜋 2
B= ………(4a)
𝑍0 √εr

W 2 εr −1 0.61
= {(B − 1) − ln(2𝐵 − 1) + [ln(𝐵 − 1) + 0.39 − ]}…… (4b)
h 𝜋 2εr εr

By solving equations 3 with εr = 4.7 and Z0 = 50 :

W W
A = 1.41, ( h )= 2.216, and since ( h ) > 2 then equation 4 must be used

W
B = 5.463, ( h )= 1.82 and since h = 1.6 then Wc = 2.91 mm

W
Now the εre calculated by using a sets of equations. if ( h ) ≤ 1 then equation 5 are used:

𝜀𝑟 +1 𝜀𝑟 −1 𝑊 −0.5 𝑊 2
𝜀𝑟𝑒 = + {(1 + 12 ) + 0.04 (1 − ) }………….(5a)
2 2 ℎ ℎ

ƞ 8ℎ 𝑊
𝑍𝐶 = ln( + 0.25 )……………… (5b)
2𝜋√𝜀𝑟𝑒 𝑊 ℎ

Where ƞ = 120 𝜋 is the wave impedance in free space.

W
and if ( h ) ≥ 1 then equations 6 are used:

𝜀𝑟 +1 𝜀𝑟 −1 h −0.5
εre = + (1 + 12 ) …….......... (6a)
2 2 W

ƞ 𝑊 𝑊 −1
𝑍𝐶 = { + 1.393 + 0.677𝑙𝑛 ( + 1.444)} ……………(6b)
√εre ℎ ℎ

Where ƞ = 120 𝜋 is the wave impedance in free space.

W
( h ) equals 1.8 therefore equations 6 are used.

By solving equation 6 εre = 3.520

300
λg = 𝑓(𝐺𝐻𝑧)√ε mm ………. (7)
re

By solving equation 7. λg0 of source/load = 65.05 mm

2- indicator: The indicator and capacitor used the same equations that used for source/load.

to obtain the width of the indicator equations 3 are used with Z0L = 120 Ω is placed of Z0

By solving equations 3.

WL = 0.37 mm

By solving equations 5 and 7

εre = 3.846 λgL = 62.23 mm

3- capacitor: The indicator and capacitor used the same equations that used for source/load.

to obtain the width of the capacitor equations 3 are used with Z0C = 20 Ω is placed of Z0

By solving equations 4.

WC = 10.68 mm

By solving equations 6 and 7

εre = 3.956 λgC = 61.36 mm

Table 2. Summarized parameters of stepped impedance low pass filter

Characteristics
impedance (Ω) Z0C = 20 Ω Z0L = 120 Ω Z0 = 50 Ω
Guided wavelength
(𝛌𝐠 ) λgC = 61.36 mm λgL = 62.23 mm λg0 = 65.05 mm

Microstrip line width

(W) WC = 10.68 mm WL = 0.37 mm W0 = 2.9 mm

Now the length of the indicator and capacitor are obtained by equations 9. Note that WC in the
equations below considered as (2𝜋𝑓).

λgL WC L
Ll = sin−1 ( )……. (9a) Ll = 2.627 mm
2π Z0L

λgC
𝐿𝐶 = sin−1(𝑊𝐶 𝐶 𝑍0𝐶 ) …… (9b) LC = 3.8942 mm
2𝜋
The result in equations 9 do not take into account the series reactance of low impedance line and
shunt suspetance of high impedance line. To include these effects the length of low impedance
and high impedance are obtained in equations 10:

2𝜋Ll 𝜋𝐿 𝐶
𝑊𝐶 𝐿 = Z0L sin ( ) + Z0C tan ( )…. (10a) Ll = 2.3204 mm
λgL λgC

1 2𝜋𝐿𝐶 1 𝜋Ll
𝑊𝐶 𝐶 = sin ( ) + 2× tan ( )…(10b) LC = 3.48 mm
Z0C λgC Z0L λgL